AP CSP Semester Final Review

.png is what kind of file extension?

(Portable Network Graphics) a raster graphics file format that supports lossless data compression.

.wav is what kind of file extension?

(Waveform Audio File Format) an audio coding format standard for storing an audio bitstream of uncompressed audio data.

.gif is what kind of file extension?

(acronym for Graphics Interchange Format) a bitmap image format which uses the LZW lossless data compression technique to reduce the file size without degrading the visual quality. Supports 8 bits per pixel for each image and animations.

.jpg or .jpeg is what kind of file extension?

(acronym for Joint Photographic Experts Group), a commonly used lossy compression format for digital images, particularly for those images produced by digital photography. The format supports adjustable degrees of compression.

.bmp is what kind of file extension?

(bitmap image file or bitmap) is a raster graphics image file format used to store digital images.

How many bytes in a Gigabyte (GB)?

1 billion (or 1000 megabytes) - an example would be an hour of video

How many bytes in a Megabyte (MB)?

1 million (or 1000 kilobytes) - an example would be a .jpeg or 1 min of audio

How many bytes in a Terabyte (TB)?

1 trillion (or 1000 gigabytes) - an example would be a large hard drive

How many bytes in a Kilobyte (KB)?

1000 (however, in binary it's really 1024) - an example would be a .txt file

Convert to decimal value: BIN 1110

14

Convert to decimal value: HEX F

15

How many symbols are there for each place value in the Hexadecimal Number System?

16 distinct symbols — 0-9 and A-F — which can occur in each place value.

What is Lossy Compression?

A compression scheme in which "useless" or less-than-totally-necessary information is thrown out in order to reduce the size of the data. The eliminated data is unrecoverable.

What is a bit?

A contraction of "Binary Digit". A bit is the single unit of information in a computer, typically represented as a 0 or a 1

What is an IP address?

A number assigned to any item that is connected to the internet

What is an algorithm?

A precise sequence of instructions for processes that can be executed by a computer

What is a prototype?

A preliminary sketch of an idea or model for something new. It's the original drawing from which something real might be built or created.

What is protocol?

A set of rules governing the exchange or transmission of data between devices (you have made many protocols in working with groups)

What is an abstraction?

A simplified representation of something more complex.

What is a function?

A type of abstraction - a reusable set of programming commands.

What color is #000000 in hex?

Black

What color is penRGB(0,0,0)?

Black

What color is #0000FF in hex?

Blue

What is metadata?

Data that describes other data. For example, a digital image my include metadata that describe the size of the image, number of colors, or resolution.

What is DNS?

Domain Name Service: that translates URL's to IP addresses

What color is #00FF00 in hex?

Green

Give an example of a higher level protocol that uses a lower level without needing to understand how the lower level works.

HTTP (higher level) uses IP addresses (lower level); DNS (higher level) uses TCP/IP (lower level)

Who is Vint Cerf?

Internet pioneer who believed the Internet should be free and available to everyone

What color is #FF0000 in hex?

Red

Binary Code

Representation of computer processor instructions using any two-symbol system, but often the numbers 0 and 1.

What is a pixel?

Short for "picture element" it is the fundamental unit of a digital image, typically a tiny square or dot which contains a single point of color of a larger image.

What is a Loop?

The action of doing something over and over again.

What is hexadecimal?

The number system is base 16, using only digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, and F.

What is ASCIII?

The universally recognized raw text format that any computer can understand

What is a For Loop?

Typically, a for loop defines a counting variable that is checked and incremented on each iteration in order to loop a specific number of times.

What color is #FFFFFF in hex?

White

What color is penRGB(255,255,255)?

White

What are the minimum and maximum values in RGB?

a 256-range (or 8-bit range) of values from light to dark on each of the three color channels (R,G,B); a minimum of 0 and a maximum of 255

What is a programming library?

a collection of commands / functions, typically with a shared purpose

What is API?

a collection of commands made available to a programmer

.txt is what kind of file extension?

a computer format that is structured as a sequence of lines of electronic text.

What is a router?

a computer which receives messages traveling across a network and redirects them towards their intended destination based on the addressing information included with the message.

What is Lossless Compression?

a data compression algorithm that allows the original data to be perfectly reconstructed from the compressed data.

What is a binary message?

a message that can have only one of two values

What is a heuristic?

a problem solving approach (algorithm) to find a satisfactory solution where finding an optimal or exact solution is impractical or impossible.

What is a binary question?

a question where there are only two possible answers

What is code documentation?

a resource that gives descriptions of the behavior of a command, function, library, API, etc.

What is a parameter?

a value or variable passed through a function so that it can be customized at different points

.zip is what kind of file extension?

an archive file format that supports lossless data compression; may contain one or more files or directories.

.mp3 is what kind of file extension?

an audio coding format for digital audio which uses a form of lossy data compression which works by reducing (or approximating) certain components of the audio that are considered to be beyond audible human hearing.

What is a URL?

an easy to remember address for calling a web page

What is HTTP?

hypertext transfer protocol: the protocol used for transmitting web pages over the internet

What is iteration?

repeating a process - in computer science this term often implies each repetition comes closer to an end point or final answer.

What is a Byte

technical term for 8 bits of data

What does RGB represent?

the color model that uses varying intensities of (R)ed, (G)reen, and (B)lue light added together in order to reproduce a broad array of colors.

What are file extensions?

the endings of file names that indicate to the computer the format for how the underlying bits are organized (following the .)

What is a bit rate?

the number of bits that are conveyed or processed per unit of time.

What is net neutrality?

the principle that all Internet traffic should be treated equally by Internet Service Providers

Why is redundancy used in transmission of information?

to reduce errors in transmission

What is TCP?

transmission control protocol: provides reliable, ordered and error checked delivery of a stream of packets in the internet