AP Environmental
U6 - the half-life of thorium-227 is 19 days. a sample has an activity level of 8 curies. how long until the activity level is only 1 curie?
57 days
U8 - the ld-50 for this chemical is approximately 20 mg/kg. what is the closest to the threshold dose for the chemical shown in the graph
7 mg/kg
U6 - renewable energy accounts for approximately what percent of total energy use in the United States
7%-11%
U8 - mining and oil and gas production produces over ___ percent of solid waste in the US
70
U6 - fossil fuels account for approximately ___ percent of energy use in the US
80
U5 - a European company has developed a new pesticide and wants to market it in the United States. What act should they be most concerned with
FIFRA
U5 - what act required increased labeling on pesticides
FIFRA
U5 - the legislation requiring a "reasonable certainty of no harm" for all oesticides used on food is called the
FQPA
U5- pesticides used on apples would be most likely regulated according to the ___
FQPA
u8 - what act primarily regulates hazardous waste
RCRA
U6 - who is considered to be the mother of the modern environmental movement
Rachel Carson
U7 - dust from agricultural processes and construction constitutes what type of air pollution 5
SPM
U6 - what has the largest petroleum reserves
Saudi Arabia
U6 - what country groups are the largest oil producers in the world
Saudi Arabia, Russia, US
U8 - what is not a government entity invoved with the manufactoring, trasnportation and/or disposal of hazardous waste
US fish and wildlife service
U8 - when it comes to matter, what type of a system is earth
a closed system
U9 - about how long have scientists been keeping a written record of weather and climate on earth
a couple hundred years
U8 - what is most likely to jhave a wetland
a floodplain of the mississippi river
U9 - what agreement would be the best approach to resolving the thinning of the ozone layer
a global agreement
U6 - what is the best choice for providing energy to thousands of homes from a single solar energy source
a high temperature solar energy array
U7 - what atmospheric conditions lead to a temperature inversion (such as the one shown here)
a layer of warm air capping a layer of cool air at the earth's surface
U8 - surface impoundments are more likely to leak into the groundwater if they do not have ____
a liner
U8 - surface impoundments for hazardous waste require ____
a liner
U5 - when a habitat is destroyed and replaced with one species, a monoculutre, this directly results in
a loss of biodiversity
U9 - what would result in an increase of the melting of ice and snow layers on earth
a lower albedo
U8 - what is POP
a persistent organic pollutant
U6 - what is something that is known to use vampire energy
a phone charger that is plugged in but not charging anything
U7 - what is an example of a mobile source of air pollution
a train
U8 - the convention on the protection and use of transboundary watercourses and international lakes of 1992 established laws to govern all water that transect the US _____
and canada
U8 - atrazine, a herbicide, is commonly found in well water in the midwestern and western united states. what is the source of this groundwater pollutant
agricultural activities
U4 - what is another name for a soil scientist
agronomist
U9 - ____ is the proportion of the incident light or radiation that is reflected by a surface, typically that of a planet or moon
albedo
U9 - man-made chemicals have been shown to interact with the ozone layer causing a thinning of that layer. what means "man-made"
anthropogenic
U8 - cultural eutrophication can ultimately cause dissolved oxygen levels to ___
approach zero
U5 - which of these is an advantage associated with aquaculture
aquaculture reduces the pressure on wild populations of fish, shellfish, plants, and crustaceans
U5 - identify the method of soil preservation. planting in rowd or on the humps of soil separating rows that resemvle bowling lanes is:
alley cropping
U8 - wetlands are benefical ecologically because they
are environmental regulators
U5 - in reference to mitigating of the impacts of urban runoff, what are "aquatic buffers"
areas on either side of urban streams that are allowed to remain natural to help filter pollutants
U7 - what is an impurity in coal
arsenic
U6 - if natural gas is transported by ship, under what conditions is it contained on the ship
as a refrigerated liquid
U2 - populations tend to grow
as fast as possible
U9 - CFCs were used ___
as refrigerants
U7 - what is most likely to be a health effect of air pollution
asthma
U1 - the thin veil of gases that surrounds the planet is called the
atmosphere
U8 - what is the best approach to controlling water pollution globally
avoidance of water pollution
U4 - what best describes a watershed
an area of land that drains into a body of water such as a stream, river, lake, wetland or estuary
U5 - if a population's ecological footprint exceeds the region's biocapacity, that region has what
an ecological deficit
U8- what is a "stenothermic" organism
an organism that is only capable of living or surviving within a narrow temperature range
U6 - most fossil fuels derive their energy from prehistoric processes of ____
anaerobic decomposition
U8 - what is one good thing that came out of the exxon valdex and deepwater horizon events e
awareness about the environement was raised and environmental laws were enacted
U8 - what is MOST responsible for controlling point source sollution
awareness, laws and technology
U6 - fission ____
breaks nuclei apart
U6 - all of the following are possible effects of radiation exposure except
broken bones
U7 - what device uses centripetal force to cause particulates to slam into the side and lose momentum and drop to the bottom
cyclone
U7 - in 1948 in donora, pennsylvania, a temperature inversion caused pollution to build up so high that several people _____
died
U6 - a bus that runs solely on hydrogen power (no hydrocarbons) will produce which of these colorless and ordorless chemical compounds as a product
dihydrogen monoxide
U7 - the EPA states that there is a(n) ____ link between noise and health
direct
U7 - bituminous coal is also known as
dirty coal
U8 - tertiary sewage treatment removes
disease-causing organisms
U8 - after leachate is collected from a landfill, it must be ___
disposed of on or off site
U7 - noise is undesirable when it ____ normal activity
disturbs
U6 - iceland has copious amounts of geothermal energy due to the country sitting on top of what type of plate boundary
divergent
U8 - complete this sating about items used by older generations that lived through the great depression: "use it up, wear it out, make it do or"
do without
U8 - the graph shown is known as a ____ graph
dose - response
U7 - acid deposition falls ___ from primary pollutants
downwind
U6 - all of the following are advantages of hydrogen fuel cells except that it is
expensive
U6 - the decomissioning of nuclear power plants is ____
expensive
U8 - incineration facilities are ____
expensive
U5 - what type of aquaculture system typically involves raising fish from eggs then selling them once they are big enough
fish hatchery
U8 - ____ is a gentle rotation period following a rapid coagulation mix
flocculation
U9 - all elements except ____ are known to be involved in the depletion of the ozone layer
gold
U7 - indoor air pollution is usually a ____ threat to human health than outdoor air pollution
greater
U8 - trout and salmon are most likely to live in ecosystems with dissolved oxygen levels of ___
greater than 10 ppm
U9 - ____ is an EPA partnership with food retailers to reduce refrigerant emissions and decrease their impact on the ozone layer and climate change
green chill
U9 - the ____ occurs when incoming solar radiation strikes earth and slows down becoming unable to escape earth's atmosphere due to greenhouse gases
greenhouse effect
U6 - nuclear waste that is buried underground and leaks out of its containment could contaminate
groundwater
U8 - approximately 1/2 of the US population receives its drinking water from ___
groundwater
U6 - an environmental consequence of drilling for oil is ____
habitat destruction on land and in the ocean
U4 - the uneven heating of the earth's surface causes six areas of huge circulating air known as
hadley, mid latitude, and polar cells
U9 - the term used to describe the group of chemicals known to deplete the ozone layer are ____
halocarbons
U9 - ozone depleting chemicals are most likely to belong to what group on the periodic table
halogens
U8 - an advantage of a landfill for waste disposal is that landfills ___
have cheaper disposal fees
U8 - an ____ is the process of examining evidence and linking a potential hazard to its harmful effects
hazard assessment
U6 - what must be added to separate crude oil into its various components
heat
U8 - what does the term "thermal" relate to in the context of environmental science
heat
U6 - what best represents the flow of energy up to and through a geothermal power plant
heat>inetic>mechanical>eletrical
U8 - what is not a strategy for controlling water pollution
hiding storm drains
U6 - accidents from nuclear pwoer plants have a ____ environmental impact
high
U6 - what is a disadvantage of hydroeletric dams
high construction costs
U6 - all of the following are advantages of nuclear power except
high environmental impact from accidents
U7 - all of the following reduce emissions of air pollutants except _
high sulfur fuels
U6 - "small mirrors arranged in concentric rings around a tall central tower that track the sun and focus it on a heat absorber on top of the tower" describes what system
high temperature solar energy
U9 - we can examine ____ to see past climate patterns
ice cores
U6 - as a biomass souce, why are forests considered to be potentially renewable
if not managed carefully, forests are depletable an dused up faster than they can re-grow
U8 - untreated effluent from a factory dumping straight into a river is considered ____ in the US
illegal
U5 - what statement is most accurate regarding aquaculture
in addition to various fish species, aquaculture also involves growing mollusks and crustaceans
U6 - the light bulbs with the cheapest upfront cost are
incadescent
U6 - what is a way that waste is converted to energy
incinerators burn waste, creating electricity
U6 - an environmental consequence of burning coal is
increased air pollution
U6 - what is an environmental consequence of hydrogen sulfide in natural gas
increased air pollution
U5 - all of the following are effects of deforestation except
increased carbon sink
U6 -peat, a carbon-based fuel used in Ireland and other similar countries is ___ dense than coal
less
U8 - the water in the US is ____ than it was 50 years ago
less polluted
U8 - you see a fish gulping oxygen from the air. what is most likely to be the dissolved oxygen levels in the fish's environment
less than 6 ppm
U8 - what best describes "LD-50"
lethal dose 50
U6 - highly efficient light bulbs produce more ____ than heat
light
U4- from the earth's surface to the center of the earth, what is the correct sequence for the layers of the earth
lithosphere --> asthenosphere --> mantle --> core
U8 - all are applicable only in the US except
london convention on the prevention of marine pollution
U6 - if a power plant uses 100 units of energy to create electricity and the output is 5 units, where does the 95% of the energy input go
lost as heat
U6 - what is an advantage of hydroeletric dams
low cost eletricity
U6 - nuclear power has ____ carbon dioxide emissions than fossil fuels
lower
U8 - what chemical is least persistent
malathion
U6 - what is not a type of ocean energy
mangroves
U8 - the ____ is a piece of legislation in the US that stopped ocean dumping
marine protection, research, and santuaries act
U8 - what is a source of endocrine disruptors in aquatic ecosystems
medicatiosn taken by humans being present in aquatic ecosystems
U6 - what heavy metal is most commonly found in coal deposits
mercury
U7 - what impurity from bituminous coal can biomagnify up the food chain
mercury
U8 - in minamata bay in jaoan, a fertilizer manufacturing plant put waste containing ____ into the bay, contaminating the water
mercury
U9 - ___ and nitrous oxide were the same concentration in ice cores until about the mid-1800s
methan
U9 - what is a greenhouse gas
methan
U8 - a landfill's gas monitoring system primarily detects ____
methane
U6 - biogas is composed of ___
methane and carbon dioxide
U5 - in this type of tilling practice, the farmer harvests his crops but he does not openly till the soil in order to replant a new crop
no-till agriculture
U6 - if a natural resource is replaced at a constate rate, regardless of how much is used, it is considered to be
non-depletable
U6 - 92% of the energy produced in the United States is from this source of energy
non-renewable
U8 - solid waste is ___
nonhazardous
U6 - fossil fuels are considered
nonrenewable
U6 - fission and fusion are both types of ____ energy
nuclear
U6 - what process shows promise for enrgy production but has yet to be controlled by scientists
nuclear fusion
U6 - fission powers ___
nuclear power plants
U6 - terrorists could produce a dirty nuclear bomb from ____
nuclear waste
U9 - all of the following have high albedo except
oceans
U6 - the ____ causes materials to absorb photos of light and release electrons
photoeletric effect
U4 - freezing, thawing, water movement and wind action are all what types of weathering
physical
U9 - what marine organism are most likely to be affected with a decrease in the ozone layer
plankton
U8 - what is the best choice of material for storing HAZMAT underground in barrels?
plastic
U7 - scrubbers, used to remove sulfur from combustion emissions in power plants, is an example of which of these
pollution control technology
U5 - what type of aquaculture involves a standing water system in which fish are raised to maturity then harvested
ponds
U6- the polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) allows only ____ to pass through it to help create an eletric current
positively charged ions
U6 - an arrow is pulled back, waiting to be shot. the arrow has __ energy
potential
U8 - a student recycles and thinks he is doing the best for the environment. what would be even better than recycling
reducing his waste
U5 - what is a negatvie effect of deforestation
reduction in biodiversity
U5 - what is not an advantage of clearcutting
reduction in biodiversity
U6 - an energy resource that is replaced by natural processes at a rate comparable or faster than its rate of consumption is considered to be
renewable
U7 - a shift towards which of these would most help resolve the air pollution problems associated with power plants
renewable energy
U8 - some medications can dissolve in water and make their way into surface waters. these medications most often disrupt animal
reproduction
U6 - a disadvantage of biomass energy is that it _____
requires large areas of land
U6 - large-scale dams have a ____. small-scale dams do not
reservoir
U8 - a riparian area is located along
river
U8 - decreasing impervious surfaces would reduce what type of water pollution
runoff
U8 - why are salt formations in arid areas the best choice for underground storage of hazardous waste
salt formations usually occur in dry areas and a lack o fmoisture helps reduce potential leakages
U8 - in regards to dose response cures and threshold levels, why is some pollution allowed in municipal drinking water
science has shown that small amount of pollutants do not exceed the threshold level of humans
U6 - the __ law of thermodynamics states that in every energy transformation, some energy is lost
second
U7 - sulfuric acid in acid rain is a ____
secondary pollutant
U7 - what are formed in reactions between primary pollutants and atmospheric compounds
secondy pollutants
U8 - homeowners can allow fertilizers and sewage to penetrate groundwater if they have an improperly functioning ____
septic system
U2 - a single stage of succession in any given ecosystem is technically referred to as a ___
sere
U8 - what is the main reason for sewage treatment plants
sewage treatment plants serve as a barrier between human waste and the natural environment
U9 - the ___ the wavelength, the more harmful the radiation
shorter
U6 - moderators can ve made out of all of the following except
silicon
U6 - photoeletric cells are often made of
silicon
U7 - ___ is a primary pollutant that forms sulfuric acid in the atmosphere
sulfur dioxide
U7 - burning coal -- especially "dirty" coal -- releases which of thse products that is implicated in the production of acid rain
sulfur dioxide
U6 - what is considered to be the ultimate source of energy for sources such as wood, coal and hydropower
the sun
U8 - if you were to measure the dissolved oxygen of a body of water and find the levels to be 12 ppm, what type of fish would you expect to find in the wter
trout and salmon only
U8 - what infectious disease is caused by a bacteria and affects mainly the lungs of a human sometimes leading to death
tuberculosis
U1 - the Artic National Wildlife Refuge (A.N.W.R) is found in the ___ biome
tundra
U9 - what interacts with both oxygen and ozone in the stratosphere to cause a reversible reaction resulting in a loop of ozone formation and decomposition
ultraviolet radiation
U6 - what is a disadvantage of using natural gas for energy
unburned methane can escape to atmosphere
U3- environmental resistance includes biotic/abiotic factors that are ___ to life
unfavorable
U6 - radon has a half-life of 3.8 dyas, polonium-218 has a half-life of 3 minutes, raidum has a half-life of 1600 years, and uranium has a half-life of 4.5 billion years. starting with 1 kilogram of each, which would be the most radioactive after 10 billion years
uranium
U8 - one of the best ways to reduce the likelihood of cultural eutrophication is to do what
use less fertilizer
U8 - what is not recommended as a way to avoid exposure to Bisphenol A (BPA)
use microwaves to heat food in plastics that may contain BPA
U8 - a student wants to save energy and reduce the amount of waste she creates. what would you recommend
use reusable silicone straws and wash after each use
U6 - which of the statements is the most accurate
useful energy out of a system is always less tahn the energy input of that system
U6 - nuclear power plants are ____ to build
very expensive
U7 - acid depostion kiss things ____
very slowly
U7 - VOC is the acronym for which of these
volatile organic compunds
U9 - what component of the earths atmosphere is most analogous to the glass on a greenhouse
water vapor
U9 - three types of UV radiation are known. on what basis are the three types classified
wavelength
U8 - what natural system is most analogous to a sewage treatment plant
wetlands
U9 - what color absorbs the least energy
white
U9 - what color has maximum reflectivity
white
U9 - how does painting the roof of a school bus white help the students riding in the bus
white has a higher albedo than yellow causing more light and, thus, heat to be reflected away
U8 - what is not a factor that helps determine the impact of exposure to a pollutant
wholesale cost of the pollutant
U5 - heavy rain and ___ can remove topsoil
winds
U8 - no human activity has ___ percent risk
zero
U5 - in what decade did the american dust bowl occur
1930's
U5 - the green revolution began around
1950-1970
U9 - what greenhouse gas lasts the longest in the atmosphere
CFCs
U9 - what is known to deplete the ozone layer
CFCs
U6 - molecules of this compound are always emitted when fossil fuels are burned
CO2
U9 - what color absorbs the most energy
black
U6 - what can be found in natural gas
carbon
U6 - petroleum releases ___ when burned
carbon dioxide
U6 - tides cause strong ____ in and out of coastal basins and rivers
currents
U6 - this type of lightbulb produces the least amount of heat
led
U6 - what impurity can lead to acid rain in the atmsophere
sulfur
U8 - what LD-50 shown indicates the chemical that is the most toxic
.01 mg/kg of body weight
U1- about what percent of the Earth's atmosphere is carbon dioxide
.03%
U6 - how many nuclear power plants have been built in the US since Three Mile Island's accident
0
U6 - arsenic-74 has a half life of 18 days. if the initial sample was 1g, how much is left after 54 days
0.125g
U6 - uranium-235 has a half-life of 700 million years. how long will it take 3/4 of a sample to decay leaving only 1/4
1.4 billion years
U5 - what proportion of the human population currently lives in urban areas
1/3
U8 - agriculture produces around ___ percent of solid waste in the US
10%
U7 - 100% concentration is equal to ______
10/10 concentration
U8 - how many waste sites does CERCLA have left to clean up
100s
U6 - solar panels cost $18,00. your previous electric bull was $100/month and you sell $20/month back to the electric company. what is the payback period for the solar panels
12.5
U6 - if a power plant uses 100 units of energy to create electricty and the output is 15 units, what is the energy effiency of the power plant
15%
U7 - this international treaty protected the ozone by phasing out the prodcution of numerous substances believed to be responsible for the depletion of the ozone layer
1987 montreal protocol
U6 - in what century did coal become the dominate resource of energy in the United States
19th
U7 - if you have 99 ml of water mixed with 1 ml of pollutant, the concentration of pollutant is _____
1:100
U8 - sometimes, two chemicals can have interactions in living oranisms. what represents an additive response
2+2=4
U6 - the half life of iodine-131 is 8 days. how long does it take a 40g sample to decay to 5g?
24 days
U8 - a farmer looks at the graph to the left for a particular pesticide. he wants to apply enough that it will kill more than 50% of the targeted pests. how much should he apply
25 mg/kg
U4 - what line represents the area of the earth with the highest average annual temperature
3
U6 - what is approximate efficiency of coal-fired power plant (such as the one shown in this image)
35%
U9 - carbon dioxide concentrations have rised over ___ ppm
400
U6 - how many gallons of oil are typically in one barrel of oil
42
U6 - what is approxiamte efficiency of an incandescent light bulb (such as the one shown in this image)
5%
U6 - what percent of the heat within the eath comes from heat generated by the decay of long-lived radioactive isotopes
50%-70%
U8 - what identifies and cleans up hazardous waste sites
CERCLA
U8 - what provides for the liability of people responsible for the release of hazardous waste
CERCLA
U9 - not all greenhouse gases are equal when it comes to trapping heat from re-radiating solar energy. what greenhouse gases traps the most energy
CFCs
U5 - this soil consrvation measure provides governement susidies to farmers for not planting in environmentally sensitive e areas, such as a wetland or riparian zone
CRP
U6 - what country has the highest human population in the world
China
U8 - ___ is a chemcial that biomagnifies up the food chain
DDT
U6 - what was the topic of Rachel Carson's book, "Silent Spring"?
DDT (chemical pesticides) and it's effects on the environment
U8 - what is the best description of the negative effect of DDt that lead to that POP being banned in the US
DDT acted as an endocrine disruptor and caused eggshell thinning in raptors like bald eagles
U8 - what government agency is responsible for enforcing RCRA
EPA
U6 - during the oil embargo og the 1970s, which country was our ally
Israel
U8 - to whome is the following qoute attributed " when we try to pick out anything by itself, we find it hitched to everything else in the Universe"
John Muir
U8 - what POP was designed to be used in eletrical ballasts but has been banned in the US
PCBs
U6 - what was the name of Rachel Carson's book that was deemed the start of the modern environmental movement
Silent Spring
U9 - what most accurately predicts the effect on life of a total elimination of the ozone layer
UV radiation would increase resulting in the death of much of the life currently on earth
U9 - what type of UV radiation is responsible for delayed tanning and burning
UV-B
U9 - of the three types of ultraviolet radiation, what type is least able to reach the surface of the earth
UV-C
U7 - the EPA sometimes has to intervene because of indoor air pollution. what is a substance found in older public buildings that might necessitate action by the EPA
abestos
U5 - aquaculture produces about what percent of the seafood consumed globally
about 50%
U6 - historically in the United States, fossil fuel use has accounted for what percentage of energy resource use in the past 100 years
about 87%
U6 - which two environmental issues are main reasons for the switch from using coal in power plants to using natural gas
acid rain & climate change
U7 - a substance with a pH below 7 is considered ___
acidic
U2 - what is the best description of a behavioral adaption
actions of an organism that enable them to survive in their environment
U8 - secondary sewage treatment includes ____
activated sludge
U7 - what pollution control devices most like a vacuum in operation
baghouse filter
U6 - a ____ is a dam across an inlet or estuary. gates are opened to allow the basin to fill during the incoming tide. as tides recede, water is allowed to flow out through turbines
barrage
U8 - why is OSHA involved with hazardous waste
because workers may encounter HAZMAT in the workplace
U6 - about how many nuclear reactors exist across the 31 countries in which they are located
betweeen 400 and 500
U8 - ___ occurs when an organism absorbs a toxic substance at a rate faster than the organism can lose it via excretion and catabolism
bioaccumulation
U8 - POPs work their way through the food chain by accumulation in the body fat of living organisms and becoming more concentrated as they move from one create to another. What is the term for this process
biomagnification
U6 - without careful planning and management, what source of energy is depletable
biomass
U6 - what type of coal is known as "dirty coal"
bituminous
U7 - the government wants to reduce highway noise reaching neighborhoods close to the highway. what would be the best course of action
building a wall along the edge of the highwall
U9 - what is an antropogenic source of greenhouse gases
burning fossil fuels
U6 - what is a disadvantage of using petroleum for energy
can leak or spill during transport
U7 - metals in streams and rivers causes a pH that is so low that they ____
cannot support sensitive populations of aquatic organisms
U6 - the combustion of fossil fuels is considered to be involved in climate change. what product from the combustion of fossil fuels is scientifically linked to climate change
carbon dioxide
U7 - what is an air pollutant
carbon dioxide
U9 - ___ is considered a greenhouse gas
carbon dioxide
U7 - in albuquerque, new mexico, the intersection of I-25 and I-40 (known as "the big I" ) was reconfigured to allow vehicles to move through faster to avoid production of which air pollutant
carbon monoxide
U3 - what characteristic is most closely associated with K-selected species such as these elephants shown here
care for their young
U7 - a family is installing new floors in their house. what flooring would absorb rather than echo noise
carpet
U9 - as the ozone layer gets thinner, ___ increase(s)
cataracts
U5 - what is an example of the tragedy of the commons
catching fish in the ocean with no oversight or regulations involved
U1 - herbivores and omnivores eat plants in order to gain ___ energy from plants
chemical
U6 - what is the correct sequence of energy transfers in a typical coal fired power plant
chemical - thermal - kinteic - mechanical - eletrical
U8 - based on the information in this table, what chemical is MOST likely to be regulated first
chemical 4
U6 - what major nuclear accident was caused by a reactor explosion
chernobyl
U6 - what nuclear accident caused the greatest loss of human life
chernobyl
U8 - a known disinfectant used to treat drinking water is ___
chlorine
U7 - what is not a health effect of air pollution
cholera
U8 - what type of soil is used in the bottom of landfills to help prevent leachate from entering groundwater
clay
U7 - all of the following are international except
clean air act
U7 - which of the following is only applicable in the US
clean air act
U7 - _____ is a revision of an original federal mandate that used incentives and grants to motivate state compliance to regulations regarding the reduction of critical air pollutants
clean air act 1970
U6 - antracite coal is a ___ coal
clean and hard
U8 - what is the best reason to reduce pollution rather than trying to clean polluted waters
cleaning polluted waters is difficult
U6 - carbon dioxide emissions have been linked to ___
climate change
U8 - as equatorial-type climate zones spread farther north and south of the equator, infectious diseases are appearing in places not seen previously. why are the equatorial-type climate zones spreading farther north and south of the equator
climate change is responsible for these zones spreading farther north and south from the equator
U9 - ____ disrupt solar energy from leaving earth
clouds
U8 - the first step in drinking water treatment is ____
coagulation/flocculation
U6 - what fossil fuel is most closely associated with acid rain due to the release of sulfur
coal
U6 - what fossil fuel is typically surface mined
coal
U6 - what fossil fuel releases the most carbon dioxide when burned
coal
U6 - what type of energy source produces the most carbon dioxide
coal
U6 - today, in the US, most power plants that deliver energy to homes, businesses and instiutions are powered by ____
coal or natural gas
U7 - what is the largest source of suspended particulate matter (SPM)
construction sites
U5- agricultural land plowed parallel to the curves of the land is known as what
contour plowing
U6 - the ____ is a cylindrical device that can be inserted between the fuel rods to absorb excess neutrons in a nuclear power plant
control rod
U1 - why does water vapor condense at higher elevations
cooling causes condensation
U7 - what is not one of the seven major air pollutants for which maximum ambient air levels are mandated
copper
U5 - identify the method of soil preservation. the aleternating planting of crops in a location to avoid mineral depletion is
crop rotation
U5 - when farmers regularly alternate the crops planets on an area, it is known as ____
crop rotation
U6 - ___ has sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen impurities
crude oil
U8 - the enrichment of a body of water with nutrients from human practices is known as ____
cultural eutrophication
U8 - who are liable for the cost of cleaning up a harzardous waste site
current owner/operator of the facility
U7 - one effect of acid rain is _____
damage to human strucutures
U7 - ___ is a unit used to measure sound level or the power of an electrical signal
decibel
U9 - if ice melts, exposing land, there will be less ice to reflect heat and more land to absorb heat. how would this affect earth's albedo
decrease earth's albedo
U5 - one way to decrease deforestation globally is to
decrease human population growth
U5- a benefit to free-range agriculture is ___
decrease prevalence of disease
U6 - an advantage of extending the keystone pipeline is
decreased energy costs
U1 - the ice on top of this frozen lake floats on liquid water because of what property of water
density
U2 - what of these is a great example of an anthropogenic activity that has disrupted ecosystem services, potentially resulting in economic and ecological consequences for a major ecosystem in the US
draining the everglades to create land to grow crops such as sugar cane
U8 - what best explains why higher-level carnivores (such as the bald eagle show here_ end up with higher levels of persistent chemicals such as ddt
due to bioaccumulation, carnivores have a greater chance of obtaining chermcials from their prey
U8 - all are legal methodsw of dealing with hazardous waste in the US except
dumping into waterways
U6 - "fracking" and its associated processes have been blamed for
earthquakes
U8 - overall, garbage bruns
easily
U6 - what usually drives a major change in energy source
economics and efficiency
U6 - what is a characteristic of green buildings
efficient management of energy
U8 - what is easiest to regulate
effluent from factories
U8 - what is heavily regulated in the US
effluent from factories
U6 - a hydrogen fuel cell (HFC) is an electro-chemical device that converts fuel such as hydrogen into ____ currents
electric
U6 - most renewable energy is captured in order to produce which of these
electrical energy
U8 - what is the first consideration when trying to eliminate the spread of an infectious disease
elimante the pathogen, if possible
U8 - what best explains why endocrine disruptors are a concern in environmental science
endocrine disruptors can lead to birth defects, developmental disorders, and gender imbalances
U6 - ___ is the capacity to do work
energy
U1 - the ultimate source for all energy in a terrestrial ecosystem is
energy from the sun
U7 - primary pollutants produced by factories in the cities such as altoona, pa, buffalo, ny, and new haven, ct are responsible for the acid rain that falls on
europe
U8 - what law required that EPA screen pesticide chemicals for their potential to produce effects similar to those produced by the female hormonese (estrogen) in humans and gave the EPA the authority to screen certain other chemicals for their potential endocrine effects
food quality protection act
U5 - fires are important parts of ___ ecosystems
forest and grassland
U7 - fossil fuels cause environmental impacts at every stage BUT ___
formation within the environment
U6 - "fracking" is the process of cracking the earth's bedrock to find
fossil fuels
U4 - under normal climatic conditions, what direction do the pacific ocean trade winds blow at the ocean's surface
from the east to west
U6 - during this nuckear accident, giant ocean waves flooded a nuclear power plant, and led to the contamination of the area's soil and water supply
fukushima daiichi
U6 - what major nuclear accident was caused by a 9.0 magniture, undersea, mega-thrust
fukushima daiichi
U5 - what type of irrigation is shown here (rows with water between)
furrow irrigation
U7 - most people store chemicals responsible for indoor air pollution in the ___, causing low air quality in this part of the house
garage
U1 - unlike carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen, phosphorus is not
gaseous
U6 - because of the oil embargo of the 1970s, ___
gasoline prices in the USA increased significantly
U6 - what part of the power plant convers mechanical to electrical energy
generator
U2 - biodiversity is defined by 3 components : 1: species biodiversity 2: ecosystem biodiversity 3: ____ biodiversity
genetic
U6 - ___ energy uses heat from within the earth either directly or indirectly to heat/cool a space or produce eletricity
geothermal
U6 - what is a type of renewable energy
geothermal
U6 - what is considered a renewable resource
geothermal energy
U6 - all of the following have an effect on wave and tidal activity except
geotherman energy
U7 - noise abatement is at the forefront of protecting human health and is a function of the epa and state or local authorities. what does "abatement" mean
getting rid of something
U9 - carbon dioxide concentrations have risen since the ____
industrial revolution
U8 - cholera, giardiasis, and typhoid fever are all examples of ___ water pollution
infectious agent
U8 - what class of water pollution includes human and animal waste products that contain living organisms
infectious agents
U9 - what 3 forms of light is most trapped by the earth's atmosphere after striking earth's surfaces resulting in increased atmospheric temperatures
infrared
U8 - the ____ requires that researchers prove harm before a chemical is restricted or banned
innocent until guilty principle
U7 - all are practical solutions to noise control except
installling commerical speakers in cars
U5 - when a farmer plants two or more crop species in the same area to promote a synergistic interaction, it is known as ___
intercropping
U8 - what is the relationship between heat and dissolved oxygen
inverse
U8 - what type of relationship exists between the amount of dissolved oxygen in water and the water's temperature
inverse
U8 - what is the relationship between LD-50 and how dangerous a given chemical is
inverse relationship
U7 - temperature ____ are layers of warm air in between cold air. they keep warm air from rising, and trap pollutants closer to earth's atmosphere
inversions
U6 - all of the following are advantages of using coal for energy except that
it burns clean
U6 - coal has a number of disadvantages as an energy source for producing electricity. what is not one of those disadvantages
it can contaminate groundwater
U6 - when the demand for oil increases globally due to increased human population, what happens to the price of oil
it increases
U8 - what best explains WHY it is important to distinguish between point source and nonpoint source pollution
it is important because alws and technology helps control one better than the other
U8 - why is a study of environmental risk included as part of the study of environmental science
it is included because understanding risks and hazards helps us make informed decisions about laws
U6 - how does the total amount of electrical energy from a power plant compare to the total amount of energy in the fuel that was burned to create that electricity
it is less
U8 - what is best represented by the EPA diagram shown here
it is the "cradle to grave" approach to handling HAZMAT
U8 - historically, how did humans deal with hazardous waste
it was dumped or pumped into the nearest waterway
U8 - why is the EPA's defintion of hazardous waste so complicated
it's complicated because compant profits and human health both play a role in identifying HAZMAT
U6 - keeping "the tragedy of the commons" in mind, what is the best reason to conserve energy
its important to conserve energy to extend the life of energy resources for future generations
U8 - minamata disease received its name from a mercury contaminated bay in which locale
japan
U5 - what is a major goal of using pesticides today
keep pests below an economical threshold level
U6 - the ____ was a heavily debated topic during the protests by the indigenous members of the Standing Rock Sioux Nation
keystone pipeline
U6 - with wind speeds of 11-26 mph, vertical axis wind turbines can produce 1.25 _____ hours of energy
kilowatt
U6 - ___ is the energy of motion
kinetic energy
U8 - the first step in drinking water treatment is removing ____
large items
U8 - primary sewage treatment removes ___
large objects
U8 - in the context of environmental science, what is the meaning of the word "persistent"
lasts a long time
U8 - the graph shown is known as a(n) ____ graph
ld-50
U7 - in the 1970s, ____ was removed as an additive from gasoline
lead
U7 - what element is also an air pollutant
lead
U6 - if you want to save money over the long term, what would be the best light bulb to purchase for your home
led
U8 - a highway was built through a wetland - because of the clean water act of 1972, the highway construction company was required to build an artifical wetland to replace the lost one. this is an example of which of these
mitigation
U7 - indoor air pollution comes in many forms. what is a biological form of indoor air pollution
mold
U8 - the amount of atmospheric oxygen is ____ the amount of dissolved atmospheric oxygen in water
more than
U8 - why is a reduction in dissolved oxygen levels a threat to organisms in aquatic ecosystems
most aquatic organisms need dissolved oxygen in order to survive
U7 - what part of a car will reduce noise from the vehicle
muffler
U7 - on automobiles, ____ were designed to reduce noise pollution
mufflers
U8 - what effect does excessive silt or sand have on an aquatic ecosystem
murky water blocks sunlight and affects plant growth
U8 - ____ disrupt or impact the genetic makeup of germ cells
mutagens
U6 - 'fracking' is used to remove ____ from the ground
natural gas
U6 - an environmental advantage of using natural gas instead of coal is that ___
natural gas burns cleaner
U5 - fires in forestse can be
natural or man-made
U6 - a major lesson learned from the nuclear accidents at Fukishima, Chernobly and Three Mile Island was that
nature and human error can both lead to nuclear accidents
U6 - what is used to describe the saving of one watt through energy conservation methods
negawatt
U3 - what country might have an age structure pyramid that looks similar to the one shown (wide base small top)
nigeria
U1 - in what stage of the nitrogen cycle is nitrogen coverted by plants into a usable form for the food chain
nitrification
U7 - catalytic converters are devices used on automobiles to reduce which of these emissions
nitrogen oxide
U6 - hydrogen fuel cells produce
no carbon dioxide
U6 - large-scale hydroeletric dams in tempertaure areas produce what level of carbon dioxide emissions
no carbon emissions
U4 - what best describes the difference between the heating and cooling of oceans compared to continental land masses
oceans and continents both heat up and cool off but oceans do both of these at a slower rate
U8 - the largest source of oil pollution into the ocean is ____
oil spills and natural leakage of oil
U8 - what best describes the difference between sewage treatment plants and water treatments plants
one is used to clean water after human use and the other is used to clean water before human use
U5 - humans have learned that stopping all fires in forest ecosystems can have a negative effect leading to a buildup of ___
organic debris which can result in over severe fires
U6 - what is a device for generating energy from the coean
over-topping device
U5 - in regards to sustainability in forests, what is "killing the goose that lays the golden egg"
overharvesting forest products at a rate that is not sustainable
U6 - the presence or absence of which of these MOST determines the rate and type of decomposition an organism undergoes when it dies
oxygen
U8 - organic waste such as animal manure is also known as what type of waste
oxygen-demanding
U7 - during sunny hours, a large amount of ____ can build up between the hours of 1-5 pm
ozone
U7 - in the United States during the hours of 1-5 pm, levels of _____ typically reach the highest levels
ozone
U5 - globally, an area of forest about the size of ___ is lost each year due to deforestation
panama
U7 - which of the following pieces of legislation was created most recently
paris agreement
U7 - PPM stands for
parts per million
U8 - what is the collective term for disease-causing bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites
pathogens
U8 - if you are found to be liable for the release of hazardous waste, you must ____
pay for the remediation of the ite
U6 - what type of coal is the least dense
peat
U5 - deforestation is ___
permanent
U8 - chemcials that stay in the environment for a long time are known as ____
persistent
U8 - what can cause cultural eutrophication when added to a body of water
phosphates
U6 - in the operation of a nuclear power plant, energy changes form many times. which of these best represents the seuqence of changes energy undergoes as it moves through a nuclear power plant
potential energy - heat - steam - mechanical - electrical
U6 - what is the most accurate path that enrgy takes as it moves through a hydroelectric dam such as the one shown here
potential>kinetic>mechanical> electrical
U5 - a fire that is deliberately set under controlled conditions to reduce debris accumulation is knwon as a __
prescribed burn
U5 - the main intent of the soil conservation act and conservation reserve program is to
preserve the quality of soil for future generations
U2 - after a landslide, only bare rock is left. what type of succession is this
primary
U7 - ____ air pollution standards provide public health protection, including protection of the health of sensitive populations
primary
U1 - cows eat grass. what is the trophic level of the cow
primary consumer
U1 - what organism eats the producers in this food chain
primary consumer
U2 - what is not one of three components of biodiversity
producer diversity
U6 - what usually happens when world-wide crude oil prices increase
production increases
U6- what is not an advantage of wind power
propeller noise
U6 - _____ can ionize DNA causing mutations that can alter genes
radiation
U8 - ____ water pollution can cause genetic mutations, miscarriages, brith defects, and certain kinds of cancers
radioactive material
U5 - rainforests are cleared to
raise livestock
U2 - in 2004, a tsunami struck the coast of southeast Asia resulting in thousands of human deaths. what time scale are tsunamis considered to be within natural disruptions to ecosystems
random
U8 - a valuable end-product of waste incineration is _____
recyclable metals
U8 - arrange the following from most amount of energy used to least energy used
recycle, reuse, reduce
U7 - how can we reduce the formation of photochemical smog
reduce the production of nitrogen dioxides
U9 - a reduction in the ozone layer would result in what impact on agricultural areas
reduced photosynthesis
U6 - what is an absolute must for the formation of fossil fuels
reducing conditions
U7 - a common term used to describe a combination of smoke and fog is ______
smog
U7 - the motto, "dilution is the solution to pollution," led to humans building very tall ____
smokestacks
U8 - why does the EPA have very specific defintions about what constitures solid waste and hazardous waste
so that effectvie environmental laws can be written to deal with each type of waste
U8 - all of the following can be used for disinfecting drinking water for public consumption except ____
sodium chloride
U6 - what is not a type of slar energy or used in collecting solar energy
solar cooling
U6 - the second law of thermodynamics tells us that when energy changes forms, ______
some of it is lost, usually as heat
U3 - which of these would exhibit a type 2/constant loss survivorship curve
songbird
U6 - a passive-solar house has large windows along the _____-facing wall
south
U9 - besides thinning of the ozone layer, what other mitigating factor might be involved with the increases in skin fcaner rates globally
spending more time outside
U7 - what is a method by which VOCs are emitted into the atmosphere
spray painting
U6 - what is a form of kinetic energy in coal fired power plants
steam
U8 - what two valuable products are produced by a waste-to-energy plant?
steam and electricity
U8 - what is an agreement between 127 nations to phase out, ban, or reduce 12 specific chemicals
stockholm convention
U9 - in what atmsopheric layers is the ozone layer located
stratosphere
U8 - freshwater inland and non-tidal wetlands are linked most directly to which of these
streams and riers
U8 - what is one of the ways we have reduced groundwater contamination
strictly regulating hazardous waste disposal
U8 - what is not recyclable
styrofoam
U5 - what aquaculture system requires divers to help check on and feed the aquatic animals being grown
submersible pen/cage systems
U5 - what is fishing for survival
subsistence fishing
U7 - of the primary pollutants that form an acid resulting in aicd rain, which is easiest to reduce resulting in decreaing amounts of this pollution from burning coal
sulfur dioxide
U9 - what is not a greenhouse gas
sulfuric acid
U7 - photochemical smog requires ____ to form
sunlight
U8 - CERCLA is also known as ____
superfund
U9 - the ozone layer
surrounds the entire planet
U5 - what means "to keep going, to be able to repeat a process indefinitely without using up or contaminating remaining resources?"
sustainability
U5- when we are able to repeat a process indefinitely without using up or contaminating the resources, it is known as ____
sustainable
U7 - when warm air forms a "cap" on top of the cold air below it, we call this a _____
temperature inversion
U8 - what directly impacts the formation of developing embryos or fetuses leading to birth defects
teratogens
U5 - what type of soil conservation method is shown in this image
terracing
U1 - in a food chain, which refers to an organism that eats only other than carnivores
tertiary consumers
U7 - when it comes to measuring water pollution, a serial dilution best substantiates which of these
that clear water is not necessarily clean water
U8 - when dealing with HAZMAT, which of these pays the initial cost for the clean-up of abandoned hazardous waste sites
the EPA
U8 - who is responsible for monitoring the air pollution produced by a waste-to-energy plant
the EPA
U9 - what involves recovering ozone-depleting substances from old refrigerators, freezers , air conditioners, and dehumidifers
the RAD
U6 - all of the following are disadvantages of wind power except ____
the ability to be located at sea
U5 - the EPA was formed partly in response to what concerns with the massive use of pesticides in american agriculture
the amercan's public concern
U6 - a coal - fired power plant produces 1 gigawatt of electricty - how does the amount of energy in the coal that was burned to produce that electricty compare to the amount of electricty produced
the coal had more energy
U6 - winds are created by the uneven heating of ____
the earth's surface
U6 - fracking has been associated with earthquakes. what specific process associated with fracking is thought to be the cause of earthquakes
the injection of the disposal water after the fracking process causes most of the earthquakes
U8 - what is the main reason for trying to either collect methane or avoid methane release from landfills
the methane can enter the atmosphere and contribute to climate change
U8 - infectious diseases are considered to be "density-dependent" limiting factors for populations. what best explains the reason for this designation
the more dense a population is, the easier it is for an infefctious disease to spread
U6 - the green building movement was a result of which of these events
the oil embargo of the 1970s
U6 - what event gave the US the impetus to begin using wind power
the oil embargo of the 1970s
U7 - setting maximum levels of pollutants has improved the quality of our nation's waters. however, there has been a drawback. a negative of these standards is that ___
the price of water went up
U6 - what best eplains why no new nuclear power plants have been built in the US since the accident at three mile island
the public perception of nuclear power was impacted negatively causing many to fear nuclear power
U8 - what law is used by the EPA to define hazardous waste
the resoruce conservation and recovery act of 1976
U5 - the method of sub-surface mining that involves the excavation of cavernous rooms while creating large pillars to support the rock and soil overhead is called
the room and pillar method
U6 - nuclear fission is the ____
the separation of the nuclei of atoms
U8 - what is one way that an endocrine disruptor affects a living organism once it is inside it
the stimulate or inhibit the endocrine system causing over- or underproduction of hormones
U6 - the energy found in biomass energy sources originally came from
the sun
U9 - why can the energy of sunlight pass through glass and the eath's atmosphere easily but cannot pass back out after striking a surface
the sunlight loses momentum and changes from a short wavelength to a longer wavelength
U6 - chernobly occured in
the ukraine
U6 - the surface mining control and reclamation act applies to __
the united states only
U6 - homeowners can save money with solar panels yet many will not opt to put them on their house. what is the main reason for this
the up-front costs
U6 - dams produce electricity by creating differentials in what aspect of two bodies on water
their heights
U8 - possible sources of excess nutrients entering waterways could be any of these except
thermal heat inflow from a power plant
U8 - abrupt changes in water temperatures associated with power plant water usage, can cause which of these in aquatic organisms
thermal shock
U8 - thermal pollution kills by sudden temperature changes that are beyond the tolerance limits of the metabolic systems of aquatic organisms. what is the term for this
thermal shock
U4 - what layer of the atmosphere would have the lowest atmospheric pressure
thermosphere
U6 - what do oil shale, tar sands, bitumen and kerogen all have in common
they are all organic and fossil fuels
U5 - how are natural forest fires (such as this one in Yellowstone National Park) currently viewed in the eyes of federal land managers such as the National Park Service
they are viewed as natural occurences and are allowed to burn unless they approach human buildings
U2 - how do barriers like the grand canyon or human-made highways impact species
they seperate the members of the species into seperate groups, causing a divergence in the species
U7 - _____ exhaust from vehicles contributes to the formation of ozone in the troposphere. why has the EPA continually lowered the acceptable level of ozone in their ambient air quality standards
this has happened because studies have shown the EPA that ozone is more damaging than once thought
U9 - what best describes the RAD program administered by the EPA
this is a voluntary partnership program designed to help protect the ozone layer
U9 - what best explains the intent of the albedo and reflectivity lab
this lab was to designed to show that different colored surfaces have different albedos
U6 - how long must you store high-level nuclear waste
thousands of years
U8 - normally, eutrophication of awuatic ecosystems takes ____ to occur
thousands of years
U6 - what major nuclear accident took place during the presidency of Jimmy Carter, the only US President to have worked and trained as a nuclear engineer
three mile island
U6 - what major nuclear accident was caused by the failure of plant instrumentation to provide an accurate measure of coolant levels
three mile island
U8 - what is "the time-weighted average pollutant concentration value beyond what exposure is likely to advrsely affect human health"
threshold level
U6 - what is the correct timeline for energy resource use in the United States
timber (wood), coal, hydroelectirc and nuclear
U5- Why should grain that has been treated with pesticides in order to protect against pest damage not be fed to livestock
to avoid biomagnification
U5 - what is the economic goal of integrated pest management
to keeo oest damage below a pre-determined threshold level to maximize profits
U6 - what is the main purpose of the containment building at a nuclear power plant
to protect against a possible meltdown
U5 - what is the main focus of pesticide-related laws in the USA
to protect the consumer from pesticides
U5- what is the main focus of sustainable agriculture
to raise crops and livestock with future generations in mind
U7 - what is one of the four most dangerous indoor air pollutants as identfified by the EPA
tobacco smoke
U7 - what is a recognized source of noise pollution
transportation systems in cities
U9 - a homeowner has an old air conditioning unit from the 1970s that has stopped working. the air conditioning repair technician that works on this unit MUST
trap refrigerant in a device meant to collect ODS
U9 - what atmospheric zone is known as the "weather sphere"
troposhere
U9 - what is the difference between tropospheric and stratospheric ozone
tropospheric ozone is harmful and stratospheric ozone is helpful
U8 - what two fish species are most susceptible to being affected by thermal pollution
trout and salmon
