AP Environmental

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U6 - the half-life of thorium-227 is 19 days. a sample has an activity level of 8 curies. how long until the activity level is only 1 curie?

57 days

U8 - the ld-50 for this chemical is approximately 20 mg/kg. what is the closest to the threshold dose for the chemical shown in the graph

7 mg/kg

U6 - renewable energy accounts for approximately what percent of total energy use in the United States

7%-11%

U8 - mining and oil and gas production produces over ___ percent of solid waste in the US

70

U6 - fossil fuels account for approximately ___ percent of energy use in the US

80

U5 - a European company has developed a new pesticide and wants to market it in the United States. What act should they be most concerned with

FIFRA

U5 - what act required increased labeling on pesticides

FIFRA

U5 - the legislation requiring a "reasonable certainty of no harm" for all oesticides used on food is called the

FQPA

U5- pesticides used on apples would be most likely regulated according to the ___

FQPA

u8 - what act primarily regulates hazardous waste

RCRA

U6 - who is considered to be the mother of the modern environmental movement

Rachel Carson

U7 - dust from agricultural processes and construction constitutes what type of air pollution 5

SPM

U6 - what has the largest petroleum reserves

Saudi Arabia

U6 - what country groups are the largest oil producers in the world

Saudi Arabia, Russia, US

U8 - what is not a government entity invoved with the manufactoring, trasnportation and/or disposal of hazardous waste

US fish and wildlife service

U8 - when it comes to matter, what type of a system is earth

a closed system

U9 - about how long have scientists been keeping a written record of weather and climate on earth

a couple hundred years

U8 - what is most likely to jhave a wetland

a floodplain of the mississippi river

U9 - what agreement would be the best approach to resolving the thinning of the ozone layer

a global agreement

U6 - what is the best choice for providing energy to thousands of homes from a single solar energy source

a high temperature solar energy array

U7 - what atmospheric conditions lead to a temperature inversion (such as the one shown here)

a layer of warm air capping a layer of cool air at the earth's surface

U8 - surface impoundments are more likely to leak into the groundwater if they do not have ____

a liner

U8 - surface impoundments for hazardous waste require ____

a liner

U5 - when a habitat is destroyed and replaced with one species, a monoculutre, this directly results in

a loss of biodiversity

U9 - what would result in an increase of the melting of ice and snow layers on earth

a lower albedo

U8 - what is POP

a persistent organic pollutant

U6 - what is something that is known to use vampire energy

a phone charger that is plugged in but not charging anything

U7 - what is an example of a mobile source of air pollution

a train

U8 - the convention on the protection and use of transboundary watercourses and international lakes of 1992 established laws to govern all water that transect the US _____

and canada

U8 - atrazine, a herbicide, is commonly found in well water in the midwestern and western united states. what is the source of this groundwater pollutant

agricultural activities

U4 - what is another name for a soil scientist

agronomist

U9 - ____ is the proportion of the incident light or radiation that is reflected by a surface, typically that of a planet or moon

albedo

U9 - man-made chemicals have been shown to interact with the ozone layer causing a thinning of that layer. what means "man-made"

anthropogenic

U8 - cultural eutrophication can ultimately cause dissolved oxygen levels to ___

approach zero

U5 - which of these is an advantage associated with aquaculture

aquaculture reduces the pressure on wild populations of fish, shellfish, plants, and crustaceans

U5 - identify the method of soil preservation. planting in rowd or on the humps of soil separating rows that resemvle bowling lanes is:

alley cropping

U8 - wetlands are benefical ecologically because they

are environmental regulators

U5 - in reference to mitigating of the impacts of urban runoff, what are "aquatic buffers"

areas on either side of urban streams that are allowed to remain natural to help filter pollutants

U7 - what is an impurity in coal

arsenic

U6 - if natural gas is transported by ship, under what conditions is it contained on the ship

as a refrigerated liquid

U2 - populations tend to grow

as fast as possible

U9 - CFCs were used ___

as refrigerants

U7 - what is most likely to be a health effect of air pollution

asthma

U1 - the thin veil of gases that surrounds the planet is called the

atmosphere

U8 - what is the best approach to controlling water pollution globally

avoidance of water pollution

U4 - what best describes a watershed

an area of land that drains into a body of water such as a stream, river, lake, wetland or estuary

U5 - if a population's ecological footprint exceeds the region's biocapacity, that region has what

an ecological deficit

U8- what is a "stenothermic" organism

an organism that is only capable of living or surviving within a narrow temperature range

U6 - most fossil fuels derive their energy from prehistoric processes of ____

anaerobic decomposition

U8 - what is one good thing that came out of the exxon valdex and deepwater horizon events e

awareness about the environement was raised and environmental laws were enacted

U8 - what is MOST responsible for controlling point source sollution

awareness, laws and technology

U6 - fission ____

breaks nuclei apart

U6 - all of the following are possible effects of radiation exposure except

broken bones

U7 - what device uses centripetal force to cause particulates to slam into the side and lose momentum and drop to the bottom

cyclone

U7 - in 1948 in donora, pennsylvania, a temperature inversion caused pollution to build up so high that several people _____

died

U6 - a bus that runs solely on hydrogen power (no hydrocarbons) will produce which of these colorless and ordorless chemical compounds as a product

dihydrogen monoxide

U7 - the EPA states that there is a(n) ____ link between noise and health

direct

U7 - bituminous coal is also known as

dirty coal

U8 - tertiary sewage treatment removes

disease-causing organisms

U8 - after leachate is collected from a landfill, it must be ___

disposed of on or off site

U7 - noise is undesirable when it ____ normal activity

disturbs

U6 - iceland has copious amounts of geothermal energy due to the country sitting on top of what type of plate boundary

divergent

U8 - complete this sating about items used by older generations that lived through the great depression: "use it up, wear it out, make it do or"

do without

U8 - the graph shown is known as a ____ graph

dose - response

U7 - acid deposition falls ___ from primary pollutants

downwind

U6 - all of the following are advantages of hydrogen fuel cells except that it is

expensive

U6 - the decomissioning of nuclear power plants is ____

expensive

U8 - incineration facilities are ____

expensive

U5 - what type of aquaculture system typically involves raising fish from eggs then selling them once they are big enough

fish hatchery

U8 - ____ is a gentle rotation period following a rapid coagulation mix

flocculation

U9 - all elements except ____ are known to be involved in the depletion of the ozone layer

gold

U7 - indoor air pollution is usually a ____ threat to human health than outdoor air pollution

greater

U8 - trout and salmon are most likely to live in ecosystems with dissolved oxygen levels of ___

greater than 10 ppm

U9 - ____ is an EPA partnership with food retailers to reduce refrigerant emissions and decrease their impact on the ozone layer and climate change

green chill

U9 - the ____ occurs when incoming solar radiation strikes earth and slows down becoming unable to escape earth's atmosphere due to greenhouse gases

greenhouse effect

U6 - nuclear waste that is buried underground and leaks out of its containment could contaminate

groundwater

U8 - approximately 1/2 of the US population receives its drinking water from ___

groundwater

U6 - an environmental consequence of drilling for oil is ____

habitat destruction on land and in the ocean

U4 - the uneven heating of the earth's surface causes six areas of huge circulating air known as

hadley, mid latitude, and polar cells

U9 - the term used to describe the group of chemicals known to deplete the ozone layer are ____

halocarbons

U9 - ozone depleting chemicals are most likely to belong to what group on the periodic table

halogens

U8 - an advantage of a landfill for waste disposal is that landfills ___

have cheaper disposal fees

U8 - an ____ is the process of examining evidence and linking a potential hazard to its harmful effects

hazard assessment

U6 - what must be added to separate crude oil into its various components

heat

U8 - what does the term "thermal" relate to in the context of environmental science

heat

U6 - what best represents the flow of energy up to and through a geothermal power plant

heat>inetic>mechanical>eletrical

U8 - what is not a strategy for controlling water pollution

hiding storm drains

U6 - accidents from nuclear pwoer plants have a ____ environmental impact

high

U6 - what is a disadvantage of hydroeletric dams

high construction costs

U6 - all of the following are advantages of nuclear power except

high environmental impact from accidents

U7 - all of the following reduce emissions of air pollutants except _

high sulfur fuels

U6 - "small mirrors arranged in concentric rings around a tall central tower that track the sun and focus it on a heat absorber on top of the tower" describes what system

high temperature solar energy

U9 - we can examine ____ to see past climate patterns

ice cores

U6 - as a biomass souce, why are forests considered to be potentially renewable

if not managed carefully, forests are depletable an dused up faster than they can re-grow

U8 - untreated effluent from a factory dumping straight into a river is considered ____ in the US

illegal

U5 - what statement is most accurate regarding aquaculture

in addition to various fish species, aquaculture also involves growing mollusks and crustaceans

U6 - the light bulbs with the cheapest upfront cost are

incadescent

U6 - what is a way that waste is converted to energy

incinerators burn waste, creating electricity

U6 - an environmental consequence of burning coal is

increased air pollution

U6 - what is an environmental consequence of hydrogen sulfide in natural gas

increased air pollution

U5 - all of the following are effects of deforestation except

increased carbon sink

U6 -peat, a carbon-based fuel used in Ireland and other similar countries is ___ dense than coal

less

U8 - the water in the US is ____ than it was 50 years ago

less polluted

U8 - you see a fish gulping oxygen from the air. what is most likely to be the dissolved oxygen levels in the fish's environment

less than 6 ppm

U8 - what best describes "LD-50"

lethal dose 50

U6 - highly efficient light bulbs produce more ____ than heat

light

U4- from the earth's surface to the center of the earth, what is the correct sequence for the layers of the earth

lithosphere --> asthenosphere --> mantle --> core

U8 - all are applicable only in the US except

london convention on the prevention of marine pollution

U6 - if a power plant uses 100 units of energy to create electricity and the output is 5 units, where does the 95% of the energy input go

lost as heat

U6 - what is an advantage of hydroeletric dams

low cost eletricity

U6 - nuclear power has ____ carbon dioxide emissions than fossil fuels

lower

U8 - what chemical is least persistent

malathion

U6 - what is not a type of ocean energy

mangroves

U8 - the ____ is a piece of legislation in the US that stopped ocean dumping

marine protection, research, and santuaries act

U8 - what is a source of endocrine disruptors in aquatic ecosystems

medicatiosn taken by humans being present in aquatic ecosystems

U6 - what heavy metal is most commonly found in coal deposits

mercury

U7 - what impurity from bituminous coal can biomagnify up the food chain

mercury

U8 - in minamata bay in jaoan, a fertilizer manufacturing plant put waste containing ____ into the bay, contaminating the water

mercury

U9 - ___ and nitrous oxide were the same concentration in ice cores until about the mid-1800s

methan

U9 - what is a greenhouse gas

methan

U8 - a landfill's gas monitoring system primarily detects ____

methane

U6 - biogas is composed of ___

methane and carbon dioxide

U5 - in this type of tilling practice, the farmer harvests his crops but he does not openly till the soil in order to replant a new crop

no-till agriculture

U6 - if a natural resource is replaced at a constate rate, regardless of how much is used, it is considered to be

non-depletable

U6 - 92% of the energy produced in the United States is from this source of energy

non-renewable

U8 - solid waste is ___

nonhazardous

U6 - fossil fuels are considered

nonrenewable

U6 - fission and fusion are both types of ____ energy

nuclear

U6 - what process shows promise for enrgy production but has yet to be controlled by scientists

nuclear fusion

U6 - fission powers ___

nuclear power plants

U6 - terrorists could produce a dirty nuclear bomb from ____

nuclear waste

U9 - all of the following have high albedo except

oceans

U6 - the ____ causes materials to absorb photos of light and release electrons

photoeletric effect

U4 - freezing, thawing, water movement and wind action are all what types of weathering

physical

U9 - what marine organism are most likely to be affected with a decrease in the ozone layer

plankton

U8 - what is the best choice of material for storing HAZMAT underground in barrels?

plastic

U7 - scrubbers, used to remove sulfur from combustion emissions in power plants, is an example of which of these

pollution control technology

U5 - what type of aquaculture involves a standing water system in which fish are raised to maturity then harvested

ponds

U6- the polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) allows only ____ to pass through it to help create an eletric current

positively charged ions

U6 - an arrow is pulled back, waiting to be shot. the arrow has __ energy

potential

U8 - a student recycles and thinks he is doing the best for the environment. what would be even better than recycling

reducing his waste

U5 - what is a negatvie effect of deforestation

reduction in biodiversity

U5 - what is not an advantage of clearcutting

reduction in biodiversity

U6 - an energy resource that is replaced by natural processes at a rate comparable or faster than its rate of consumption is considered to be

renewable

U7 - a shift towards which of these would most help resolve the air pollution problems associated with power plants

renewable energy

U8 - some medications can dissolve in water and make their way into surface waters. these medications most often disrupt animal

reproduction

U6 - a disadvantage of biomass energy is that it _____

requires large areas of land

U6 - large-scale dams have a ____. small-scale dams do not

reservoir

U8 - a riparian area is located along

river

U8 - decreasing impervious surfaces would reduce what type of water pollution

runoff

U8 - why are salt formations in arid areas the best choice for underground storage of hazardous waste

salt formations usually occur in dry areas and a lack o fmoisture helps reduce potential leakages

U8 - in regards to dose response cures and threshold levels, why is some pollution allowed in municipal drinking water

science has shown that small amount of pollutants do not exceed the threshold level of humans

U6 - the __ law of thermodynamics states that in every energy transformation, some energy is lost

second

U7 - sulfuric acid in acid rain is a ____

secondary pollutant

U7 - what are formed in reactions between primary pollutants and atmospheric compounds

secondy pollutants

U8 - homeowners can allow fertilizers and sewage to penetrate groundwater if they have an improperly functioning ____

septic system

U2 - a single stage of succession in any given ecosystem is technically referred to as a ___

sere

U8 - what is the main reason for sewage treatment plants

sewage treatment plants serve as a barrier between human waste and the natural environment

U9 - the ___ the wavelength, the more harmful the radiation

shorter

U6 - moderators can ve made out of all of the following except

silicon

U6 - photoeletric cells are often made of

silicon

U7 - ___ is a primary pollutant that forms sulfuric acid in the atmosphere

sulfur dioxide

U7 - burning coal -- especially "dirty" coal -- releases which of thse products that is implicated in the production of acid rain

sulfur dioxide

U6 - what is considered to be the ultimate source of energy for sources such as wood, coal and hydropower

the sun

U8 - if you were to measure the dissolved oxygen of a body of water and find the levels to be 12 ppm, what type of fish would you expect to find in the wter

trout and salmon only

U8 - what infectious disease is caused by a bacteria and affects mainly the lungs of a human sometimes leading to death

tuberculosis

U1 - the Artic National Wildlife Refuge (A.N.W.R) is found in the ___ biome

tundra

U9 - what interacts with both oxygen and ozone in the stratosphere to cause a reversible reaction resulting in a loop of ozone formation and decomposition

ultraviolet radiation

U6 - what is a disadvantage of using natural gas for energy

unburned methane can escape to atmosphere

U3- environmental resistance includes biotic/abiotic factors that are ___ to life

unfavorable

U6 - radon has a half-life of 3.8 dyas, polonium-218 has a half-life of 3 minutes, raidum has a half-life of 1600 years, and uranium has a half-life of 4.5 billion years. starting with 1 kilogram of each, which would be the most radioactive after 10 billion years

uranium

U8 - one of the best ways to reduce the likelihood of cultural eutrophication is to do what

use less fertilizer

U8 - what is not recommended as a way to avoid exposure to Bisphenol A (BPA)

use microwaves to heat food in plastics that may contain BPA

U8 - a student wants to save energy and reduce the amount of waste she creates. what would you recommend

use reusable silicone straws and wash after each use

U6 - which of the statements is the most accurate

useful energy out of a system is always less tahn the energy input of that system

U6 - nuclear power plants are ____ to build

very expensive

U7 - acid depostion kiss things ____

very slowly

U7 - VOC is the acronym for which of these

volatile organic compunds

U9 - what component of the earths atmosphere is most analogous to the glass on a greenhouse

water vapor

U9 - three types of UV radiation are known. on what basis are the three types classified

wavelength

U8 - what natural system is most analogous to a sewage treatment plant

wetlands

U9 - what color absorbs the least energy

white

U9 - what color has maximum reflectivity

white

U9 - how does painting the roof of a school bus white help the students riding in the bus

white has a higher albedo than yellow causing more light and, thus, heat to be reflected away

U8 - what is not a factor that helps determine the impact of exposure to a pollutant

wholesale cost of the pollutant

U5 - heavy rain and ___ can remove topsoil

winds

U8 - no human activity has ___ percent risk

zero

U5 - in what decade did the american dust bowl occur

1930's

U5 - the green revolution began around

1950-1970

U9 - what greenhouse gas lasts the longest in the atmosphere

CFCs

U9 - what is known to deplete the ozone layer

CFCs

U6 - molecules of this compound are always emitted when fossil fuels are burned

CO2

U9 - what color absorbs the most energy

black

U6 - what can be found in natural gas

carbon

U6 - petroleum releases ___ when burned

carbon dioxide

U6 - tides cause strong ____ in and out of coastal basins and rivers

currents

U6 - this type of lightbulb produces the least amount of heat

led

U6 - what impurity can lead to acid rain in the atmsophere

sulfur

U8 - what LD-50 shown indicates the chemical that is the most toxic

.01 mg/kg of body weight

U1- about what percent of the Earth's atmosphere is carbon dioxide

.03%

U6 - how many nuclear power plants have been built in the US since Three Mile Island's accident

0

U6 - arsenic-74 has a half life of 18 days. if the initial sample was 1g, how much is left after 54 days

0.125g

U6 - uranium-235 has a half-life of 700 million years. how long will it take 3/4 of a sample to decay leaving only 1/4

1.4 billion years

U5 - what proportion of the human population currently lives in urban areas

1/3

U8 - agriculture produces around ___ percent of solid waste in the US

10%

U7 - 100% concentration is equal to ______

10/10 concentration

U8 - how many waste sites does CERCLA have left to clean up

100s

U6 - solar panels cost $18,00. your previous electric bull was $100/month and you sell $20/month back to the electric company. what is the payback period for the solar panels

12.5

U6 - if a power plant uses 100 units of energy to create electricty and the output is 15 units, what is the energy effiency of the power plant

15%

U7 - this international treaty protected the ozone by phasing out the prodcution of numerous substances believed to be responsible for the depletion of the ozone layer

1987 montreal protocol

U6 - in what century did coal become the dominate resource of energy in the United States

19th

U7 - if you have 99 ml of water mixed with 1 ml of pollutant, the concentration of pollutant is _____

1:100

U8 - sometimes, two chemicals can have interactions in living oranisms. what represents an additive response

2+2=4

U6 - the half life of iodine-131 is 8 days. how long does it take a 40g sample to decay to 5g?

24 days

U8 - a farmer looks at the graph to the left for a particular pesticide. he wants to apply enough that it will kill more than 50% of the targeted pests. how much should he apply

25 mg/kg

U4 - what line represents the area of the earth with the highest average annual temperature

3

U6 - what is approximate efficiency of coal-fired power plant (such as the one shown in this image)

35%

U9 - carbon dioxide concentrations have rised over ___ ppm

400

U6 - how many gallons of oil are typically in one barrel of oil

42

U6 - what is approxiamte efficiency of an incandescent light bulb (such as the one shown in this image)

5%

U6 - what percent of the heat within the eath comes from heat generated by the decay of long-lived radioactive isotopes

50%-70%

U8 - what identifies and cleans up hazardous waste sites

CERCLA

U8 - what provides for the liability of people responsible for the release of hazardous waste

CERCLA

U9 - not all greenhouse gases are equal when it comes to trapping heat from re-radiating solar energy. what greenhouse gases traps the most energy

CFCs

U5 - this soil consrvation measure provides governement susidies to farmers for not planting in environmentally sensitive e areas, such as a wetland or riparian zone

CRP

U6 - what country has the highest human population in the world

China

U8 - ___ is a chemcial that biomagnifies up the food chain

DDT

U6 - what was the topic of Rachel Carson's book, "Silent Spring"?

DDT (chemical pesticides) and it's effects on the environment

U8 - what is the best description of the negative effect of DDt that lead to that POP being banned in the US

DDT acted as an endocrine disruptor and caused eggshell thinning in raptors like bald eagles

U8 - what government agency is responsible for enforcing RCRA

EPA

U6 - during the oil embargo og the 1970s, which country was our ally

Israel

U8 - to whome is the following qoute attributed " when we try to pick out anything by itself, we find it hitched to everything else in the Universe"

John Muir

U8 - what POP was designed to be used in eletrical ballasts but has been banned in the US

PCBs

U6 - what was the name of Rachel Carson's book that was deemed the start of the modern environmental movement

Silent Spring

U9 - what most accurately predicts the effect on life of a total elimination of the ozone layer

UV radiation would increase resulting in the death of much of the life currently on earth

U9 - what type of UV radiation is responsible for delayed tanning and burning

UV-B

U9 - of the three types of ultraviolet radiation, what type is least able to reach the surface of the earth

UV-C

U7 - the EPA sometimes has to intervene because of indoor air pollution. what is a substance found in older public buildings that might necessitate action by the EPA

abestos

U5 - aquaculture produces about what percent of the seafood consumed globally

about 50%

U6 - historically in the United States, fossil fuel use has accounted for what percentage of energy resource use in the past 100 years

about 87%

U6 - which two environmental issues are main reasons for the switch from using coal in power plants to using natural gas

acid rain & climate change

U7 - a substance with a pH below 7 is considered ___

acidic

U2 - what is the best description of a behavioral adaption

actions of an organism that enable them to survive in their environment

U8 - secondary sewage treatment includes ____

activated sludge

U7 - what pollution control devices most like a vacuum in operation

baghouse filter

U6 - a ____ is a dam across an inlet or estuary. gates are opened to allow the basin to fill during the incoming tide. as tides recede, water is allowed to flow out through turbines

barrage

U8 - why is OSHA involved with hazardous waste

because workers may encounter HAZMAT in the workplace

U6 - about how many nuclear reactors exist across the 31 countries in which they are located

betweeen 400 and 500

U8 - ___ occurs when an organism absorbs a toxic substance at a rate faster than the organism can lose it via excretion and catabolism

bioaccumulation

U8 - POPs work their way through the food chain by accumulation in the body fat of living organisms and becoming more concentrated as they move from one create to another. What is the term for this process

biomagnification

U6 - without careful planning and management, what source of energy is depletable

biomass

U6 - what type of coal is known as "dirty coal"

bituminous

U7 - the government wants to reduce highway noise reaching neighborhoods close to the highway. what would be the best course of action

building a wall along the edge of the highwall

U9 - what is an antropogenic source of greenhouse gases

burning fossil fuels

U6 - what is a disadvantage of using petroleum for energy

can leak or spill during transport

U7 - metals in streams and rivers causes a pH that is so low that they ____

cannot support sensitive populations of aquatic organisms

U6 - the combustion of fossil fuels is considered to be involved in climate change. what product from the combustion of fossil fuels is scientifically linked to climate change

carbon dioxide

U7 - what is an air pollutant

carbon dioxide

U9 - ___ is considered a greenhouse gas

carbon dioxide

U7 - in albuquerque, new mexico, the intersection of I-25 and I-40 (known as "the big I" ) was reconfigured to allow vehicles to move through faster to avoid production of which air pollutant

carbon monoxide

U3 - what characteristic is most closely associated with K-selected species such as these elephants shown here

care for their young

U7 - a family is installing new floors in their house. what flooring would absorb rather than echo noise

carpet

U9 - as the ozone layer gets thinner, ___ increase(s)

cataracts

U5 - what is an example of the tragedy of the commons

catching fish in the ocean with no oversight or regulations involved

U1 - herbivores and omnivores eat plants in order to gain ___ energy from plants

chemical

U6 - what is the correct sequence of energy transfers in a typical coal fired power plant

chemical - thermal - kinteic - mechanical - eletrical

U8 - based on the information in this table, what chemical is MOST likely to be regulated first

chemical 4

U6 - what major nuclear accident was caused by a reactor explosion

chernobyl

U6 - what nuclear accident caused the greatest loss of human life

chernobyl

U8 - a known disinfectant used to treat drinking water is ___

chlorine

U7 - what is not a health effect of air pollution

cholera

U8 - what type of soil is used in the bottom of landfills to help prevent leachate from entering groundwater

clay

U7 - all of the following are international except

clean air act

U7 - which of the following is only applicable in the US

clean air act

U7 - _____ is a revision of an original federal mandate that used incentives and grants to motivate state compliance to regulations regarding the reduction of critical air pollutants

clean air act 1970

U6 - antracite coal is a ___ coal

clean and hard

U8 - what is the best reason to reduce pollution rather than trying to clean polluted waters

cleaning polluted waters is difficult

U6 - carbon dioxide emissions have been linked to ___

climate change

U8 - as equatorial-type climate zones spread farther north and south of the equator, infectious diseases are appearing in places not seen previously. why are the equatorial-type climate zones spreading farther north and south of the equator

climate change is responsible for these zones spreading farther north and south from the equator

U9 - ____ disrupt solar energy from leaving earth

clouds

U8 - the first step in drinking water treatment is ____

coagulation/flocculation

U6 - what fossil fuel is most closely associated with acid rain due to the release of sulfur

coal

U6 - what fossil fuel is typically surface mined

coal

U6 - what fossil fuel releases the most carbon dioxide when burned

coal

U6 - what type of energy source produces the most carbon dioxide

coal

U6 - today, in the US, most power plants that deliver energy to homes, businesses and instiutions are powered by ____

coal or natural gas

U7 - what is the largest source of suspended particulate matter (SPM)

construction sites

U5- agricultural land plowed parallel to the curves of the land is known as what

contour plowing

U6 - the ____ is a cylindrical device that can be inserted between the fuel rods to absorb excess neutrons in a nuclear power plant

control rod

U1 - why does water vapor condense at higher elevations

cooling causes condensation

U7 - what is not one of the seven major air pollutants for which maximum ambient air levels are mandated

copper

U5 - identify the method of soil preservation. the aleternating planting of crops in a location to avoid mineral depletion is

crop rotation

U5 - when farmers regularly alternate the crops planets on an area, it is known as ____

crop rotation

U6 - ___ has sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen impurities

crude oil

U8 - the enrichment of a body of water with nutrients from human practices is known as ____

cultural eutrophication

U8 - who are liable for the cost of cleaning up a harzardous waste site

current owner/operator of the facility

U7 - one effect of acid rain is _____

damage to human strucutures

U7 - ___ is a unit used to measure sound level or the power of an electrical signal

decibel

U9 - if ice melts, exposing land, there will be less ice to reflect heat and more land to absorb heat. how would this affect earth's albedo

decrease earth's albedo

U5 - one way to decrease deforestation globally is to

decrease human population growth

U5- a benefit to free-range agriculture is ___

decrease prevalence of disease

U6 - an advantage of extending the keystone pipeline is

decreased energy costs

U1 - the ice on top of this frozen lake floats on liquid water because of what property of water

density

U2 - what of these is a great example of an anthropogenic activity that has disrupted ecosystem services, potentially resulting in economic and ecological consequences for a major ecosystem in the US

draining the everglades to create land to grow crops such as sugar cane

U8 - what best explains why higher-level carnivores (such as the bald eagle show here_ end up with higher levels of persistent chemicals such as ddt

due to bioaccumulation, carnivores have a greater chance of obtaining chermcials from their prey

U8 - all are legal methodsw of dealing with hazardous waste in the US except

dumping into waterways

U6 - "fracking" and its associated processes have been blamed for

earthquakes

U8 - overall, garbage bruns

easily

U6 - what usually drives a major change in energy source

economics and efficiency

U6 - what is a characteristic of green buildings

efficient management of energy

U8 - what is easiest to regulate

effluent from factories

U8 - what is heavily regulated in the US

effluent from factories

U6 - a hydrogen fuel cell (HFC) is an electro-chemical device that converts fuel such as hydrogen into ____ currents

electric

U6 - most renewable energy is captured in order to produce which of these

electrical energy

U8 - what is the first consideration when trying to eliminate the spread of an infectious disease

elimante the pathogen, if possible

U8 - what best explains why endocrine disruptors are a concern in environmental science

endocrine disruptors can lead to birth defects, developmental disorders, and gender imbalances

U6 - ___ is the capacity to do work

energy

U1 - the ultimate source for all energy in a terrestrial ecosystem is

energy from the sun

U7 - primary pollutants produced by factories in the cities such as altoona, pa, buffalo, ny, and new haven, ct are responsible for the acid rain that falls on

europe

U8 - what law required that EPA screen pesticide chemicals for their potential to produce effects similar to those produced by the female hormonese (estrogen) in humans and gave the EPA the authority to screen certain other chemicals for their potential endocrine effects

food quality protection act

U5 - fires are important parts of ___ ecosystems

forest and grassland

U7 - fossil fuels cause environmental impacts at every stage BUT ___

formation within the environment

U6 - "fracking" is the process of cracking the earth's bedrock to find

fossil fuels

U4 - under normal climatic conditions, what direction do the pacific ocean trade winds blow at the ocean's surface

from the east to west

U6 - during this nuckear accident, giant ocean waves flooded a nuclear power plant, and led to the contamination of the area's soil and water supply

fukushima daiichi

U6 - what major nuclear accident was caused by a 9.0 magniture, undersea, mega-thrust

fukushima daiichi

U5 - what type of irrigation is shown here (rows with water between)

furrow irrigation

U7 - most people store chemicals responsible for indoor air pollution in the ___, causing low air quality in this part of the house

garage

U1 - unlike carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen, phosphorus is not

gaseous

U6 - because of the oil embargo of the 1970s, ___

gasoline prices in the USA increased significantly

U6 - what part of the power plant convers mechanical to electrical energy

generator

U2 - biodiversity is defined by 3 components : 1: species biodiversity 2: ecosystem biodiversity 3: ____ biodiversity

genetic

U6 - ___ energy uses heat from within the earth either directly or indirectly to heat/cool a space or produce eletricity

geothermal

U6 - what is a type of renewable energy

geothermal

U6 - what is considered a renewable resource

geothermal energy

U6 - all of the following have an effect on wave and tidal activity except

geotherman energy

U7 - noise abatement is at the forefront of protecting human health and is a function of the epa and state or local authorities. what does "abatement" mean

getting rid of something

U9 - carbon dioxide concentrations have risen since the ____

industrial revolution

U8 - cholera, giardiasis, and typhoid fever are all examples of ___ water pollution

infectious agent

U8 - what class of water pollution includes human and animal waste products that contain living organisms

infectious agents

U9 - what 3 forms of light is most trapped by the earth's atmosphere after striking earth's surfaces resulting in increased atmospheric temperatures

infrared

U8 - the ____ requires that researchers prove harm before a chemical is restricted or banned

innocent until guilty principle

U7 - all are practical solutions to noise control except

installling commerical speakers in cars

U5 - when a farmer plants two or more crop species in the same area to promote a synergistic interaction, it is known as ___

intercropping

U8 - what is the relationship between heat and dissolved oxygen

inverse

U8 - what type of relationship exists between the amount of dissolved oxygen in water and the water's temperature

inverse

U8 - what is the relationship between LD-50 and how dangerous a given chemical is

inverse relationship

U7 - temperature ____ are layers of warm air in between cold air. they keep warm air from rising, and trap pollutants closer to earth's atmosphere

inversions

U6 - all of the following are advantages of using coal for energy except that

it burns clean

U6 - coal has a number of disadvantages as an energy source for producing electricity. what is not one of those disadvantages

it can contaminate groundwater

U6 - when the demand for oil increases globally due to increased human population, what happens to the price of oil

it increases

U8 - what best explains WHY it is important to distinguish between point source and nonpoint source pollution

it is important because alws and technology helps control one better than the other

U8 - why is a study of environmental risk included as part of the study of environmental science

it is included because understanding risks and hazards helps us make informed decisions about laws

U6 - how does the total amount of electrical energy from a power plant compare to the total amount of energy in the fuel that was burned to create that electricity

it is less

U8 - what is best represented by the EPA diagram shown here

it is the "cradle to grave" approach to handling HAZMAT

U8 - historically, how did humans deal with hazardous waste

it was dumped or pumped into the nearest waterway

U8 - why is the EPA's defintion of hazardous waste so complicated

it's complicated because compant profits and human health both play a role in identifying HAZMAT

U6 - keeping "the tragedy of the commons" in mind, what is the best reason to conserve energy

its important to conserve energy to extend the life of energy resources for future generations

U8 - minamata disease received its name from a mercury contaminated bay in which locale

japan

U5 - what is a major goal of using pesticides today

keep pests below an economical threshold level

U6 - the ____ was a heavily debated topic during the protests by the indigenous members of the Standing Rock Sioux Nation

keystone pipeline

U6 - with wind speeds of 11-26 mph, vertical axis wind turbines can produce 1.25 _____ hours of energy

kilowatt

U6 - ___ is the energy of motion

kinetic energy

U8 - the first step in drinking water treatment is removing ____

large items

U8 - primary sewage treatment removes ___

large objects

U8 - in the context of environmental science, what is the meaning of the word "persistent"

lasts a long time

U8 - the graph shown is known as a(n) ____ graph

ld-50

U7 - in the 1970s, ____ was removed as an additive from gasoline

lead

U7 - what element is also an air pollutant

lead

U6 - if you want to save money over the long term, what would be the best light bulb to purchase for your home

led

U8 - a highway was built through a wetland - because of the clean water act of 1972, the highway construction company was required to build an artifical wetland to replace the lost one. this is an example of which of these

mitigation

U7 - indoor air pollution comes in many forms. what is a biological form of indoor air pollution

mold

U8 - the amount of atmospheric oxygen is ____ the amount of dissolved atmospheric oxygen in water

more than

U8 - why is a reduction in dissolved oxygen levels a threat to organisms in aquatic ecosystems

most aquatic organisms need dissolved oxygen in order to survive

U7 - what part of a car will reduce noise from the vehicle

muffler

U7 - on automobiles, ____ were designed to reduce noise pollution

mufflers

U8 - what effect does excessive silt or sand have on an aquatic ecosystem

murky water blocks sunlight and affects plant growth

U8 - ____ disrupt or impact the genetic makeup of germ cells

mutagens

U6 - 'fracking' is used to remove ____ from the ground

natural gas

U6 - an environmental advantage of using natural gas instead of coal is that ___

natural gas burns cleaner

U5 - fires in forestse can be

natural or man-made

U6 - a major lesson learned from the nuclear accidents at Fukishima, Chernobly and Three Mile Island was that

nature and human error can both lead to nuclear accidents

U6 - what is used to describe the saving of one watt through energy conservation methods

negawatt

U3 - what country might have an age structure pyramid that looks similar to the one shown (wide base small top)

nigeria

U1 - in what stage of the nitrogen cycle is nitrogen coverted by plants into a usable form for the food chain

nitrification

U7 - catalytic converters are devices used on automobiles to reduce which of these emissions

nitrogen oxide

U6 - hydrogen fuel cells produce

no carbon dioxide

U6 - large-scale hydroeletric dams in tempertaure areas produce what level of carbon dioxide emissions

no carbon emissions

U4 - what best describes the difference between the heating and cooling of oceans compared to continental land masses

oceans and continents both heat up and cool off but oceans do both of these at a slower rate

U8 - the largest source of oil pollution into the ocean is ____

oil spills and natural leakage of oil

U8 - what best describes the difference between sewage treatment plants and water treatments plants

one is used to clean water after human use and the other is used to clean water before human use

U5 - humans have learned that stopping all fires in forest ecosystems can have a negative effect leading to a buildup of ___

organic debris which can result in over severe fires

U6 - what is a device for generating energy from the coean

over-topping device

U5 - in regards to sustainability in forests, what is "killing the goose that lays the golden egg"

overharvesting forest products at a rate that is not sustainable

U6 - the presence or absence of which of these MOST determines the rate and type of decomposition an organism undergoes when it dies

oxygen

U8 - organic waste such as animal manure is also known as what type of waste

oxygen-demanding

U7 - during sunny hours, a large amount of ____ can build up between the hours of 1-5 pm

ozone

U7 - in the United States during the hours of 1-5 pm, levels of _____ typically reach the highest levels

ozone

U5 - globally, an area of forest about the size of ___ is lost each year due to deforestation

panama

U7 - which of the following pieces of legislation was created most recently

paris agreement

U7 - PPM stands for

parts per million

U8 - what is the collective term for disease-causing bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites

pathogens

U8 - if you are found to be liable for the release of hazardous waste, you must ____

pay for the remediation of the ite

U6 - what type of coal is the least dense

peat

U5 - deforestation is ___

permanent

U8 - chemcials that stay in the environment for a long time are known as ____

persistent

U8 - what can cause cultural eutrophication when added to a body of water

phosphates

U6 - in the operation of a nuclear power plant, energy changes form many times. which of these best represents the seuqence of changes energy undergoes as it moves through a nuclear power plant

potential energy - heat - steam - mechanical - electrical

U6 - what is the most accurate path that enrgy takes as it moves through a hydroelectric dam such as the one shown here

potential>kinetic>mechanical> electrical

U5 - a fire that is deliberately set under controlled conditions to reduce debris accumulation is knwon as a __

prescribed burn

U5 - the main intent of the soil conservation act and conservation reserve program is to

preserve the quality of soil for future generations

U2 - after a landslide, only bare rock is left. what type of succession is this

primary

U7 - ____ air pollution standards provide public health protection, including protection of the health of sensitive populations

primary

U1 - cows eat grass. what is the trophic level of the cow

primary consumer

U1 - what organism eats the producers in this food chain

primary consumer

U2 - what is not one of three components of biodiversity

producer diversity

U6 - what usually happens when world-wide crude oil prices increase

production increases

U6- what is not an advantage of wind power

propeller noise

U6 - _____ can ionize DNA causing mutations that can alter genes

radiation

U8 - ____ water pollution can cause genetic mutations, miscarriages, brith defects, and certain kinds of cancers

radioactive material

U5 - rainforests are cleared to

raise livestock

U2 - in 2004, a tsunami struck the coast of southeast Asia resulting in thousands of human deaths. what time scale are tsunamis considered to be within natural disruptions to ecosystems

random

U8 - a valuable end-product of waste incineration is _____

recyclable metals

U8 - arrange the following from most amount of energy used to least energy used

recycle, reuse, reduce

U7 - how can we reduce the formation of photochemical smog

reduce the production of nitrogen dioxides

U9 - a reduction in the ozone layer would result in what impact on agricultural areas

reduced photosynthesis

U6 - what is an absolute must for the formation of fossil fuels

reducing conditions

U7 - a common term used to describe a combination of smoke and fog is ______

smog

U7 - the motto, "dilution is the solution to pollution," led to humans building very tall ____

smokestacks

U8 - why does the EPA have very specific defintions about what constitures solid waste and hazardous waste

so that effectvie environmental laws can be written to deal with each type of waste

U8 - all of the following can be used for disinfecting drinking water for public consumption except ____

sodium chloride

U6 - what is not a type of slar energy or used in collecting solar energy

solar cooling

U6 - the second law of thermodynamics tells us that when energy changes forms, ______

some of it is lost, usually as heat

U3 - which of these would exhibit a type 2/constant loss survivorship curve

songbird

U6 - a passive-solar house has large windows along the _____-facing wall

south

U9 - besides thinning of the ozone layer, what other mitigating factor might be involved with the increases in skin fcaner rates globally

spending more time outside

U7 - what is a method by which VOCs are emitted into the atmosphere

spray painting

U6 - what is a form of kinetic energy in coal fired power plants

steam

U8 - what two valuable products are produced by a waste-to-energy plant?

steam and electricity

U8 - what is an agreement between 127 nations to phase out, ban, or reduce 12 specific chemicals

stockholm convention

U9 - in what atmsopheric layers is the ozone layer located

stratosphere

U8 - freshwater inland and non-tidal wetlands are linked most directly to which of these

streams and riers

U8 - what is one of the ways we have reduced groundwater contamination

strictly regulating hazardous waste disposal

U8 - what is not recyclable

styrofoam

U5 - what aquaculture system requires divers to help check on and feed the aquatic animals being grown

submersible pen/cage systems

U5 - what is fishing for survival

subsistence fishing

U7 - of the primary pollutants that form an acid resulting in aicd rain, which is easiest to reduce resulting in decreaing amounts of this pollution from burning coal

sulfur dioxide

U9 - what is not a greenhouse gas

sulfuric acid

U7 - photochemical smog requires ____ to form

sunlight

U8 - CERCLA is also known as ____

superfund

U9 - the ozone layer

surrounds the entire planet

U5 - what means "to keep going, to be able to repeat a process indefinitely without using up or contaminating remaining resources?"

sustainability

U5- when we are able to repeat a process indefinitely without using up or contaminating the resources, it is known as ____

sustainable

U7 - when warm air forms a "cap" on top of the cold air below it, we call this a _____

temperature inversion

U8 - what directly impacts the formation of developing embryos or fetuses leading to birth defects

teratogens

U5 - what type of soil conservation method is shown in this image

terracing

U1 - in a food chain, which refers to an organism that eats only other than carnivores

tertiary consumers

U7 - when it comes to measuring water pollution, a serial dilution best substantiates which of these

that clear water is not necessarily clean water

U8 - when dealing with HAZMAT, which of these pays the initial cost for the clean-up of abandoned hazardous waste sites

the EPA

U8 - who is responsible for monitoring the air pollution produced by a waste-to-energy plant

the EPA

U9 - what involves recovering ozone-depleting substances from old refrigerators, freezers , air conditioners, and dehumidifers

the RAD

U6 - all of the following are disadvantages of wind power except ____

the ability to be located at sea

U5 - the EPA was formed partly in response to what concerns with the massive use of pesticides in american agriculture

the amercan's public concern

U6 - a coal - fired power plant produces 1 gigawatt of electricty - how does the amount of energy in the coal that was burned to produce that electricty compare to the amount of electricty produced

the coal had more energy

U6 - winds are created by the uneven heating of ____

the earth's surface

U6 - fracking has been associated with earthquakes. what specific process associated with fracking is thought to be the cause of earthquakes

the injection of the disposal water after the fracking process causes most of the earthquakes

U8 - what is the main reason for trying to either collect methane or avoid methane release from landfills

the methane can enter the atmosphere and contribute to climate change

U8 - infectious diseases are considered to be "density-dependent" limiting factors for populations. what best explains the reason for this designation

the more dense a population is, the easier it is for an infefctious disease to spread

U6 - the green building movement was a result of which of these events

the oil embargo of the 1970s

U6 - what event gave the US the impetus to begin using wind power

the oil embargo of the 1970s

U7 - setting maximum levels of pollutants has improved the quality of our nation's waters. however, there has been a drawback. a negative of these standards is that ___

the price of water went up

U6 - what best eplains why no new nuclear power plants have been built in the US since the accident at three mile island

the public perception of nuclear power was impacted negatively causing many to fear nuclear power

U8 - what law is used by the EPA to define hazardous waste

the resoruce conservation and recovery act of 1976

U5 - the method of sub-surface mining that involves the excavation of cavernous rooms while creating large pillars to support the rock and soil overhead is called

the room and pillar method

U6 - nuclear fission is the ____

the separation of the nuclei of atoms

U8 - what is one way that an endocrine disruptor affects a living organism once it is inside it

the stimulate or inhibit the endocrine system causing over- or underproduction of hormones

U6 - the energy found in biomass energy sources originally came from

the sun

U9 - why can the energy of sunlight pass through glass and the eath's atmosphere easily but cannot pass back out after striking a surface

the sunlight loses momentum and changes from a short wavelength to a longer wavelength

U6 - chernobly occured in

the ukraine

U6 - the surface mining control and reclamation act applies to __

the united states only

U6 - homeowners can save money with solar panels yet many will not opt to put them on their house. what is the main reason for this

the up-front costs

U6 - dams produce electricity by creating differentials in what aspect of two bodies on water

their heights

U8 - possible sources of excess nutrients entering waterways could be any of these except

thermal heat inflow from a power plant

U8 - abrupt changes in water temperatures associated with power plant water usage, can cause which of these in aquatic organisms

thermal shock

U8 - thermal pollution kills by sudden temperature changes that are beyond the tolerance limits of the metabolic systems of aquatic organisms. what is the term for this

thermal shock

U4 - what layer of the atmosphere would have the lowest atmospheric pressure

thermosphere

U6 - what do oil shale, tar sands, bitumen and kerogen all have in common

they are all organic and fossil fuels

U5 - how are natural forest fires (such as this one in Yellowstone National Park) currently viewed in the eyes of federal land managers such as the National Park Service

they are viewed as natural occurences and are allowed to burn unless they approach human buildings

U2 - how do barriers like the grand canyon or human-made highways impact species

they seperate the members of the species into seperate groups, causing a divergence in the species

U7 - _____ exhaust from vehicles contributes to the formation of ozone in the troposphere. why has the EPA continually lowered the acceptable level of ozone in their ambient air quality standards

this has happened because studies have shown the EPA that ozone is more damaging than once thought

U9 - what best describes the RAD program administered by the EPA

this is a voluntary partnership program designed to help protect the ozone layer

U9 - what best explains the intent of the albedo and reflectivity lab

this lab was to designed to show that different colored surfaces have different albedos

U6 - how long must you store high-level nuclear waste

thousands of years

U8 - normally, eutrophication of awuatic ecosystems takes ____ to occur

thousands of years

U6 - what major nuclear accident took place during the presidency of Jimmy Carter, the only US President to have worked and trained as a nuclear engineer

three mile island

U6 - what major nuclear accident was caused by the failure of plant instrumentation to provide an accurate measure of coolant levels

three mile island

U8 - what is "the time-weighted average pollutant concentration value beyond what exposure is likely to advrsely affect human health"

threshold level

U6 - what is the correct timeline for energy resource use in the United States

timber (wood), coal, hydroelectirc and nuclear

U5- Why should grain that has been treated with pesticides in order to protect against pest damage not be fed to livestock

to avoid biomagnification

U5 - what is the economic goal of integrated pest management

to keeo oest damage below a pre-determined threshold level to maximize profits

U6 - what is the main purpose of the containment building at a nuclear power plant

to protect against a possible meltdown

U5 - what is the main focus of pesticide-related laws in the USA

to protect the consumer from pesticides

U5- what is the main focus of sustainable agriculture

to raise crops and livestock with future generations in mind

U7 - what is one of the four most dangerous indoor air pollutants as identfified by the EPA

tobacco smoke

U7 - what is a recognized source of noise pollution

transportation systems in cities

U9 - a homeowner has an old air conditioning unit from the 1970s that has stopped working. the air conditioning repair technician that works on this unit MUST

trap refrigerant in a device meant to collect ODS

U9 - what atmospheric zone is known as the "weather sphere"

troposhere

U9 - what is the difference between tropospheric and stratospheric ozone

tropospheric ozone is harmful and stratospheric ozone is helpful

U8 - what two fish species are most susceptible to being affected by thermal pollution

trout and salmon


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