AP Euro Ch. 25 Study Guide

Balfour Declaration

A 1917 British statement that declared British support of a National Home for the Jewish People in Palestine

What was the primary consequence of the First Moroccan Crisis in 1905?

D. Britain, France and Russia began to see Germanyas a threat to dominate all Europe.

How did the experience of total war affect the power of labor unions?

Labor unions became of utmost importance as they allowed the production of weapons and ammunition for soldiers.

Mandate System

The plan to allow Britain and France to administer former Ottoman territories put into place after the end of WWI

February Revolution

Unplanned uprisings accompanies by violent street demonstrations begun in March 1917 in Petrograd, Russia, that led to the abdication of the tsar and the establishment of a provisional government

Petrograd Soviet

A huge, fluctuating mass meeting of two to three thousand workers, soldiers and socialist intellectual modeled on the revolutionary soviet of 1905

Total war

A war in which distinctions between the soldiers on the battlefield and civilians at home are blurred, and where the government plans and controls economic and social life in order to supply the armies at the front with supplies and weapons

What was the February Revolution in Russia in 1917?

A. An unplanned uprising of hungry and angry people in the capital.

War guilt clause

An article in the Treat of Versailles that declared that Germany (with Austria) was solely responsible for the war and had to pay reparations equal to all civilian damages caused by the fighting

Which nations joined the war on the side of the Central Powers?

D. Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire.

What did the "war guilt clause" in the Treaty of Versailles declare?

D. Germany (with Austria) was solely responsible for the war and had to pay reparations.

What was the French premier Georges Clemenceau's opinion at the Paris Peace Conference?

D. He wanted to create a bidder state between Germany and France

Who assassinated Grigori Rasputin in 1916?

D. Nationalistic aristocrats

What did Germany's Auxiliary Service Law require?

D. That all men between seventeen and sixty work at jobs considered critical to the war effort

Schlieffen Plan

Failed German plan calling for lightning attack through neutral Belgium and a quick defeat of France before turning on Russia

Treaty of Breat-Litovsk

Peace treaty signing in March 1918 between the Central Powers and Russia that ended Russian participation in WWI and ceded Russian territories that condition a third of the Russian empire's population to the Central Powers

Treaty of Versailles

The 1919 peace settlement that ended war between Germany and the Allied powers

National self determination

The notion that people should be able to choose their own national governments through democratic majority rule elections and life free from outside interfere in nation states with clearly defined borders

Fourteen Points

Wilson's 1918 peace proposal calling for open diplomacy, a reduction in armaments, freedom of commerce and trade, the establishment of the League of Nations, and national self determination

How did the Western powers react to the declarations of independence by Syria and Iran shortly following the First World War?

A. They invaded the two regions and defeated the independence movement.

What did the Balfour Declaration of November 1917, written by British Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour, announce?

B. Britain favored a national home for the Jewish people in Palestine.

What was the fatal turning point in the Russian prosecution of the war?

B. The tsar's decision to assume command of Russia's armies, leaving the government in the hands of the strong-willed, autocratic tsarina .

Why did the Germans accept the Treaty of Versailles?

B. They had little alternative, especially as the naval blockade was still in place and the German people were starving.

How did Lenin's and the Bolsheviks' view of the Marxist party in Russia differ from the Menshevik's view of the party?

D. The Bolsheviks wanted a small, disciplines party, while the Mensheviks wanted a Democratic Party with mass membership.

What was the primary political weakness of the White forces as they fought against the Bolsheviks?

D. They had a poorly defined political program that failed to unite the enemies of the Bolsheviks

Triple Entente

The alliance of Great Britain, France and Russia prior to and during the First World War

War Communism

The application of centralized state control during the Russian civil war in which Bolsheviks seized grain from peasants, introduced rationing, nationalized all banks and industry and required everyone to work

League of Nations

A permanent international organization established during the 1919 Paris Peace Conference, designed to protect members states from aggression and avert future wars

Trench warfare

A type of fighting used in World War I behind rows of trenches, mines and barbed wire; the cost in lives was staggering and the gains in territory minimal

What was the result of Allied support of the White armies in the Russian civil war?

A. It helped the Bolsheviks, who could appeal to patriotic nationalism against the Allies.

Following the First World War, what was one of the most difficult domestic problems faced by governments?

A. Proving care for the large number of injured veterans.

What issue contributed to tensions between Germany and Great Britain in the first decade of the 1900s?

A. The Germany's decision to build a large fleet of battle ships.

Through the First World War, what mistake did military commanders repeatedly make?

A. They attempted to mount massive offensives designed to break through entrenched lines.

How did the moderate Social Democrats in Germany put down the radical Communist Spartacist Uprising?

A. They called on bands of demobilized soldiers called Free Corps to crush the uprising.

How did Germany respond to the need to wage total war?

As civilians were hurt and morale lowered, the German government used propaganda and militaristic manipulation to convince their citizens that the war was good or killed anyone who opposed them.

What was the Sykes-Picot Agreement of 1916?

B. An agreement between Great Britain and France to divvy up parts of the Middle East after the war

What part of Otto von Bismarck's alliance system did William II abandon?`

B. Germany's nonaggression pact with Russia

What was the immediate cause of British entry into the First World War?

B. The German invasion of neutral Belgium

Why were the Balkans considered the"powder keg of Europe"?

B. The Ottoman Empire had been forced to give up its territory in the region triggering for ethnic rationalism

What did the Schlieffen Plan call for in 1914?

C. A lightning attack through neutral Belgium and a quick defeat of France before turning on Russia

Who was Alexander Kerensky?

C. An agrarian socialist who became prime minister of Russia in July 1917

How did Henri-Phillips Petain maintain order among French troops by late 1917?

C. He formed a tacit agreement with the troops that there would be no more grand offensives.

Bismarck's alliance system was designed to isolate France and to...

C. Maintain peace between Russia and Austria-Hungary

Walter Rathenau is remembered for his...

C. Role in Germany's total war mobilization

Germany's initial offensive was stopped on the outskirts of Paris at the Battle of...

C. The Marne

Why did the German military command recommence submarine warfare in theAtlantic despite knowing that it would lead the United Sates to enter the war against them?

C. They believe that improved submarines could starve Britain into submission before the United States could come to Britain's rescue.

What was the common effect of western front offensives during the First World War?

C. They caused the slaughter of massed infantry units.

What was the principle of national self-determination prompted by Woodrow Wilson?

D. People should be able to choose a national government through a democratic process and live free from outside interference.

Why was the Article 231 of the Versailles Treaty, the "war guilt clause", so controversial?

It pinned the blade on Germany for the war and held them responsible for paying for any of the consequences of war. It hurt their national pride b/c they believed they were innocent victims of the war (b/c of propaganda) and led them to a failing economy.

Bolsheviks

Lenin's radical, revolutionary army of the Russia party of Marxist socialism, which successfully installed a dictatorial socialist regime in Russia

Triple Alliance

The alliance of Austria, Germany and Italy. Italy left the alliance when war broke out in 1914 on the grounds that Austria launched war of aggression