PSY Exam #3

Which of these is NOT an ingredient that increases the odds of our helping someone?

We are focused on the self

Anthony, who is African American, has just been pulled over by a police officeHowever, the officer failed to give a legitimate reason for pulling Anthony over. Anthony believes that the traffic stop was directly related to his race. If he is correct, this is an example of:

a microagression

Major depressive disorder is characterized by:

a persistently sad mood and low energy level.

Thirty-five-year-old Lucy needs to have blood work. She is so distraught by this that she must mentally prepare herself for it as well as take a short-acting sedative. Lucy seems to be suffering from:

a phobia.

Clay and Margaret have been married for over 50 years. They are MOST likely experiencing:

companionate love.

When he leaves the house, Josh locks, unlocks, and relocks each window and each door exactly three times. Josh's behavior exemplifies a(n):

compulsion.

Social-cognitive theories are LEAST likely to be criticized for neglecting the importance of:

environmental influences

_____ are molecular tags that attach to chromosomes and turn genes on or off.

epigenetic tags

In psychiatric and psychology, diagnostic classification aims to do all of these EXCEPT:

identify those who cannot be treated

Which disorder was formerly referred to as hypochondriasis?

illness anxiety disorder

The correlation between temperature and the likelihood that Major League Baseball batters will be hit by pitched balls is:

positive

____ can be adaptive when it helps us focus intently on a problem

rumination

A contestant on a popular dating show takes a blind date to an escape room. According to the _____ theory, the somewhat frightening setting for the date may well lead to a love connection.

two-factor

Neal has been diagnosed with major depressive disorder. Neal interprets negative stressful events using a pessimistic explanatory style. His explanatory style creates a hopeless depressed state, which then hampers the way Neal thinks and acts, causing more negative stressful events. Neal's depression is MOST likely due to a:

vicious cycle.

In which situation is one MOST likely to conform?

when others in the group are observing one's behavior

Ondina has just learned that their neighbor Clarissa was involved in an automobile accident. The tendency to make the fundamental attribution error may lead Ondina to conclude:

"Clarissa's recklessness has finally gotten her into trouble."

The Milgram obedience experiments were controversial because the:

"teachers" were deceived and frequently subjected to stress

At some point during the past year, approximately _____ percent of American college students have felt so depressed that they found it difficult to function.

30

In one study of 103,788 veterans returning home from Iraq or Afghanistan, about 1 in _____ was diagnosed with a psychological disorder, most frequently posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

4

The risk of suicide is _____ times higher for those who have been depressed than for those who have not.

5

Approximately _____ percent of young U.S. women using dating apps report receiving unwanted sexual messages.

50

In the original Milgram obedience experiment, _____ percent of men aged 20 to 50 complied

60

Which of these individuals has NOT had their level of creativity linked to bipolar disorder?

Abraham Lincoln

The Townsville blood bank is desperately in need of blood donors. Which student would MOST likely contribute to the blood bank if asked?

Adam, who has just fallen head over heels in love

_____ emphasized the interaction among behavior, conscious cognitive processes, and social experiences in his personality theory called social-cognitive theory

Albert Bandura

_____ route persuasion uses evidence and argument to motivate careful thinking.

Central

Kaden, age 19, is a Black, female university sophomore. Research on how we categorize social information suggests that Kaden is most likely to perceive most:

Chinese people as looking pretty much alike.

Clay would get angry very quickly when he was a teenager. Now he is in his fifties and it takes a lot to make him angry. What has changed?

Clay's levels of the hormone testosterone have decreased.

Whereas the _____ is the MOST common tool for describing psychological disorders, the _____ is a newer framework based on insights from contemporary genetics, neuroscience, and behavioral science.

DSM; RDoC

Who is MOST likely to have high levels of testosterone?

Daniel, who is 20 years old and has a wide face

_____ self-esteem correlates with aggressive and antisocial behavior, whereas _____ self-esteem is a healthier self-image that allows people to focus beyond themselves and enjoy a higher quality of life.

Defensive; secure

Dr. Caste, who studies social influence, is concerned because the rates of conformity in their experiments are much higher than those reported by another researcher studying the same topic. Which of these reasons might account for this difference?

Dr. Caste is conducting his experiments in a country that honors group standards, whereas his cousin is conducting experiments in a country that prizes individualism.

A metropolitan police department is trying to stop a conflict between two gangs that occupy the same neighborhood. Which suggestion is NOT one a psychologist would make to groups caught in a social trap?

Encourage each gang to consider and act in their self-interest.

Sam, a 16-year-old boy, has been feeling hopeless, has difficulty concentrating, and experiences chronic sadness. How likely is Sam to share this information with his parents?

It is very unlikely.

In the revised edition of the DSM, what significant change was made regarding "autism"?

It was combined with "Asperger's syndrome"

Which of these researchers proposed cognitive dissonance theory?

Leon Festinger

_____ disorder consists of a prolonged state of hopeless sadness.

Major depressive

Al is applying for a new job with a large company. As part of the application process, Al will need to take a personality test. The test has 10 scales including a scale that assesses depressive tendencies. Al is MOST likely taking the:

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory.

Abigail has a reputation of bad-mouthing other people. She always seems to make judgmental comments about others. What might be a reason why Abigail acts this way?

She has low self-esteem.

Before Serene's first appointment date with a psychologist, the psychologist wants her to take the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. Serene is uncomfortable taking a personality test for someone she barely knows. What argument can she use to persuade this psychologist that she should NOT take the test?

There are questions about the validity of the test.

Professor Gamer emphasized that aggressive behavior often involves the interactive influence of personal frustration, exposure to aggressive models, and heightened levels of arousal. The professor's emphasis BEST illustrates:

a biopsychosocial approach.

"We were arguing and the gun just went off!" This statement illustrates one's tendency to accept less responsibility for one's bad deeds. This is called:

a self-serving bias.

Martina's car is dented in a minor accident. "Why can't people look where they're going!" Martina may be failing to take responsibility for her role in the accident, BEST illustrating:

a self-serving bias.

Lucia has been diagnosed with a panic disorder and refuses to leave their house without their partner. They fear any situation in which they cannot escape or find help if a panic attack occurred. Lucia likely suffers from:

agoraphobia

Aggression is related to increased activity in the _____ and decreased activity in the _____ lobe.

amygdala; frontal

_____ is a response to the threat of future loss

anxiety

Social thinking is to _____ as social influence is to _____.

attitude; obedience

____ are feelings that are based on beliefs. They predispose people to react in a particular way to objects people, and events.

attitudes

The risk of suicide is highest for those diagnosed with depression when they:

begin to rebound and become capable of following through with their plans.

Discrimination is to _____ as prejudice is to _____.

behavior; attitude

According to Albert Bandura, reciprocal determinism involves multidirectional influences among:

behaviors, internal personal factors, and environmental events.

After study participants were told that a videotaped interviewee was a psychiatric patient, they characterized the person with phrases like "passive type" or "frightened of his own impulses." This study best illustrates the:

biasing power of diagnostic labels

Autonomic nervous system reactivity is an example of a(n) _______ influence on personality

biological

Professor Caste perceives shy, inhibited styles of behavior to be the interactive outcome of cultural expectations, autonomic nervous system reactivity, and unconscious thought processes. The professor's views best illustrate a(n) ________ approach.

biopsychosocial

The police brought Elaine to the emergency room after she was seen running down the street in her underwear yelling, "I have the power!" Elaine was also spending large amounts of money across town and was rude and reckless over the last 5 days. In the emergency room, Elaine would not be quiet long enough for the nurse to ask her questions. Elaine is MOST likely suffering from _____ disorder.

bipolar

Tyler is an amazing writerHowever, they are also prone to periods of hopelessness and depression, which are followed by periods of maniaIt seems likely that Tyler is suffering from a(n):

bipolar disorder

___ was formerly known as manic-depressive disorder

bipolar disorder

Bipolar disorder affects:

both men and women equally.

The phenomenon in which the greater the number of people present means the less likely each individual is to help someone in distress is called the:

bystander effect

If a culture is described as valuing harmony, interdependence, fitting in, and social responsibility, it is likely:

collectivist

When individuals are driven to perform repetitive behaviors that persistently interfere with everyday life, they are said to be experiencing:

compulsions

Rats that received unpredictable electric shocks in a laboratory experiment subsequently became apprehensive when returned to that same laboratory setting. This best illustrates that anxiety disorders may result from

conditioning

In order to improve interactions among students from different ethnic backgrounds, a teacher would be advised to:

create superordinate goals.

Your sister-in-law always has a smile on her face and a joke to tell. The moment she walks into your house you start miling, even before she says something funny. Your attitude is a result of all of these EXCEPT:

deindividuation

In terms of pervasiveness, ____________ is the number one reason people seek mental health services.

depression

Following the introduction of school desegregation in the United States and the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, White Americans expressed ______ racial prejudice

diminishing

Refusing to hire qualified job applicants because of the color of their skin is to engage in:

discrimination

Which of these is a new diagnostic label in DSM-5?

disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

Krista had a really hard day at work. She is feeling worthless and unlovable. She is overheard making disparaging comments about herself such as "No one likes me." Psychologists indicate that she might be doing this to:

elicit reassuring comments.

We often hear that successful long-term relationships are "50/50" or "100/100," highlighting the role of _____ in companionate love.

equity

Solomon Asch reported that individuals conformed to a group's judgment of the lengths of lines:

even when the group judgment was clearly incorrect.

Social loafing refers to the tendency for people to:

exert less effort when working in groups than when working alone.

Eli has always been an extravert. There is some evidence that people like Eli seek stimulation because their normal brain arousal is relatively low. For example, extraverts:

exhibit less activity in a frontal lobe area involved in behavior inhibition.

Bradley served two tours of duty during the war in Iraq. Since his return home, however, Bradley finds himself reliving many of his experiences from his time in the armed forces. Sometimes he swears he smells gunfire and feels the terror of being shot at. Bradley is MOST likely suffering _____ associated with _____ disorder.

flashbacks; posttraumatic stress

Last Halloween, Walter was influenced by his friends to smash their neighbor's decorative pumpkins. Looking back on this experience, Walter is surprised by his inability to resist peer pressure. Walter realizes that his actions were wrong and that he would have been punished if caught. Walter's experiences BEST illustrates the:

foot-in-the-door phenomenon

Recently Tanya has been caught in heavy traffic when traveling to and from work. This situation has caused her to arrive to work late and arrive home at a much later time than normal. When she comes home, she slams the front door and tends to yell more at her children and husband over things that are rather insignificant. This behavior can BEST be explained by the:

frustration-aggression principle.

Diane is constantly concerned about things at work, even when she is at home. She is constantly worried about her homelife, even when she is at work. Diane has free-floating worry that leaves her tense, irritable, impairs her concentration, and leaves her with many sleepless nights. Diane MOST likely suffers from _____ disorder.

generalized anxiety

Jitteriness, feelings of being on edge, and sleep deprivation are all symptoms of _____ disorder.

generalized anxiety

Cora is constantly concerned about things at work even when they are at home. They are constantly worried about their home life even when they are at workCora has a free-floating apprehension that leaves them tense and irritableimpairs their concentration, and leaves them with many sleepless nights. This demonstrates a(n)

generalized anxiety disorder

Kylie is trying to convince her parents to finance her planned trip to FranceFirst, Kylie asks them for a small favor a bus ticket to a local city)hoping that later they will be more willing to send her on the longer trip. This technique is known as:

getting a foot in the door

People with high self-esteem are LESS likely than those in low self-esteem to:

give in to conformity pressures

Barry is watching golf and sees Tiger Woods scowl after a missed putt. Barry would be making the fundamental attribution error if he assumed that Tiger Woods:

has an angry and volatile personality.

The reciprocity norm refers to the expectation that people should help those who:

have helped them.

Lin enjoys roller skating with her friends. Which choice exemplifies an internal personal factor associated with roller skating for Lin?

her own thoughts and feelings about roller skating

Only when experimental participants were informed that a woman was raped did they perceive the woman's behavior as inviting rape. This best illustrates that victim-blaming is fueled by:

hindsight bias

Prudence has been diagnosed with a psychological disorder. Before receiving a diagnosis from a clinical psychologist, however, Prudence visited several physicians with her complaints. Prudence is MOST likely experiencing _____ disorder.

illness anxiety

Prejudice is often:

implicit and automatic

According to the textbook, the DSM-5 has been criticized for:

including some conditions that are too "normal" to be considered disorders, such as extreme sadness related to bereavement.

Julia is suffering from depression. In addition to medication to alleviate her symptoms, Julia's doctor may also recommend that she _____ to increase serotonin.

increase exercise

The United States is largely __________, but it includes many cultural subgroups that remain collectivist.

individualist

The tendency to believe that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get is called:

just-world phenomenon

Which of these is NOT a protective factor against mental disorders?

low birth weight

Babu has been having difficulties getting out of bed and is not interested in going out with friends or even answering the phone. They have let a number of bills go unpaid, are sleeping 14 to 16 hours a day and cannot concentrate at work. They have called in sick to work at least once each week. Babu is MOST likely suffering from:

major-depressive disorder

Deedra refuses to leave the house because they are fearful of being exposed to germs. Because this behavior interferes with everyday life it is considered to be:

maladaptive

The concept of a superordinate goal is best illustrated by

management and labor putting their differences asid to produce a fuel- efficient automobile that will outsell any car the market.

A large pharmaceutical company is conducting a clinical trial for a new antidepressant to treat major depressive disorder. They are concerned with the efficacy and safety of the new drug. Their perspective is most in line with the _____ model.

medical

Helena believes that people with psychological disorders are suffering from diseases that have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and sometimes even cured. Helena believes in the _____ model of psychological disorders.

medical

Historically there have been a variety of models used to explain psychological disorders. The _____ model assumes that psychological disorders have physical causes that can be diagnosed and treated.

medical

Which choice is the poorest predictor of violence?

mental illness

New things tend to grow on a person. That is, one likes them more when one has become accustomed to them. This is due to the _____ effect.

mere exposure

Mr. and Mrs. Smith yell at each other frequently. Each believes that the other is angry or hostile because of all of the yelling. Each also believes that their yelling is a reaction to the yelling of their partner. This couple's experience BEST illustrates:

mirror-image perceptions

After watching violent pornographic movies on late-night cable television, Myron will probably be:

more likely to treat women in a punitive manner.

Thirty-seven-year-old Steven is a single male who has suffered from depression all his life. He has been in treatment for the last week and a half and has begun taking an antidepressant. He is starting to feel better, but he is tired of living this way and does not want to face another depressive episode. In terms of risk factors for suicide, Steven is _____ likely to attempt suicide _____.

more; because his energy and initiative are rebounding

Seventy-five-year-old Walter lost his wife to a heart attack 2 years ago, and most of his friends have passed away. His children live in other states and he has no pets. In terms of risk factors for suicide, Walter is _____ likely to attempt suicide _____.

more; because the suicide rate surges among older men

A win-win orientation is one that seeks ________ of conflict.

mutually beneficial resolutions

Julie has been diagnosed with trichotillomania, sometimes called hair-pulling disorder. Julie's disorder may be seen as an example of:

nonsuicidal self-injury.

Dahlia is trying to make partner at one of the city's most prestigious law firms. It is generally understood that associates remain hard at work in the office until at least 8 or 9 each evening. This is an element of the firm's:

norms.

Scores on measures of extraversion are _____ correlated with measures of sales performance.

not

Hoarding disorder and body dysmorphic disorder are MOST closely related to _____ disorder.

obsessive-compulsive

In a disorder called ___ disorder, the person experiences repetitive, unwanted thoughts or behaviors or both

obsessive-compulsive

Without success, Maxine spends hours each day trying to suppress the intrusive worry that she may have forgotten to lock her house when she left for work. Her experience is MOST symptomatic of _____ disorder.

obsessive-compulsive

Two disorders that involve anxiety are _____ disorder and _____.

obsessive-compulsive; posttraumatic stress disorder

Which of these is NOT one of the DSM-5 criteria for insomnia disorder?

occurs in combination with other mental disorders

Which of these is NOT one of the symptoms required for the diagnosis of major depressive disorders?

one other medical condition

People who are high in the Big Five traits of _____ have brains that are wired to experience intense imagination, curiosity, and fantasy.

openness

Self-esteem refers to

our feelings of high or low self-worth

People's behavior can be described in terms of the spotlight effect. This means that they:

overestimate the extent to which other people are noticing them

As passionate love matures into a calm and steady companionate love, the bonding of two partners is most likely to be facilitated by

oxytocin

an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another is an example of _____ love.

passionate

Martina knows little about politics and is not especially interested in the outcome of political races. Martina would MOST likely be persuaded by a campaign message relying on the _____ route to persuasion.

peripheral

Alexandra wants to buy a new car before she goes off to college. She wants one that looks good and has a nice stereo system so that she can listen to her favorite music while driving to class. Which form of persuasion would probably be more convincing to her?

peripheral route persuasion

People with high self-esteem have feelings of high self-worth and tend to:

persist when faced with a difficult task.

In determining the causes of others' behavior, people overemphasize _____ factors; this is the _____.

personality; fundamental attribution error

Which disorder usually develops in childhood or adolescence?

phobic disorder

Our first impressions of those we meet are MOST likely to be determined by their:

physical appearance

The two-factor theory of emotion specifically suggests that passionate love can be facilitated by

physical arousal

Which of these reached an extreme in early 2021, when pro-Trump insurrections invaded the U.S. Capitol?

polarization

Medical students earn higher grades if they have a clear vision of themselves as successful doctors. This best illustrates the motivational significance of:

possible selves

You imagine the self you want to be—a great athlete, well loved, and well educated. You also imagine the self you fear becoming—a homeless person, lonely, and unemployed. These visions reflect the concept of:

possible selves

Alexis imagines that the self she wants to be is a great athlete, well loved, and well educated. She also imagines the self she fears becoming: homeless, lonely, and unemployed. These visions BEST reflect the concept of:

possible selves.

Almost a year ago Szabo witnessed the attack of a close friend. Although this was a terrible experience, in time Szabo was able to move on. They developed a greater appreciation for life, their relationships with family members became more meaningful, and they became more involved in their religion. Szabo's response is known as:

posttraumatic growth

Some psychologists believe that mental health professionals have been overdiagnosing:

posttraumatic stress disorder

A ____ disorder is a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior.

psychological

Amos hears voices and has disturbed emotions, and their behavior is very bizarre and erratic. Amos isn't simply unhappy; they are likely to be diagnosed with a type of _____ disorder.

psychological

Aerial's history of romantic relationships influences her attitudes toward romantic relationships, which changes how she now responds to her current boyfriend. This is an example of:

reciprocal determinism.

Brenda's past experiences in college classes influence her attitude toward academic achievement, which then influence how she prepares for her current classes. This is an example of:

reciprocal determinism.

The interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment are referred to as:

reciprocal determinism.

Evidence shows that people exhibit heightened levels of prejudice when they are economically frustrated. This offers support for the _____ theory.

scapegoat

The _____ theory proposes that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.

scapegoat

In Western psychology, the _____ is thought to be the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions, as well as the pivotal center of our personality

self

A gradual escalation of intimacy is MOST positively related to a gradual escalation of:

self-disclosure.

Stacey feels confident in her ability to dance the part of Clara in The Nutcracker ballet. Stacey is showing a high level of:

self-efficacy

Your subjective belief about your ability to meet the demands of a particular situation is called:

self-efficacy

Veena suffers from depression. Their psychiatrist has placed them on an antidepressant called Paxil that will help increase their ____ supplies by blocking reuptake

serotonin

Walter has an intense fear of speaking in public. Because he can only engage in one-on-one discussions, he has been passed over for promotions. He may be suffering from _____ disorder.

social anxiety

Nineteen-year-old Alysia lives in a small rural town. They have always been extremely shy but lately have become intensely afraid that others are scrutinizing them. They avoid speaking in class, no longer go to get-togethers, and start trembling whenever they are in a public place. Alysia seems to be suffering from a:

social anxiety disorder

At her health club, Bonnie pedals an exercise bike much faster when other patrons are using nearby equipment. This BEST illustrates:

social facilitation.

Which choice pairs a group phenomenon with the correct definition?

social facilitation—One performs better at a well-practiced task when others are watching.

A person in a group tends to exert MORE effort when he is individually accountable than when he is working with others toward a common goal with no individual accountability. This is known as:

social loafing

Group projects would be a prime social context for which phenomenon?

social loafing

Fina is depressed and blames themselves for their recent unemployment. Their therapist suggests that their depression results from this self-blame, since Fina isn't considering external factors, such as the slumping economy. The therapist's approach BEST illustrates a:

social-cognitive perspective

The _____ norm refers to the expectation that people should help those who need help.

social-responsibility

People overestimate the degree to which others are noticing and evaluating their appearance, performance, and blunders. Thomas Gilovich referred to this as:

spotlight effect

When Marla noticed she was wearing mismatched socks, she overestimated the extent to which others would also notice. Her reaction best illustrates:

spotlight effect

"I always fail at everything I do, and it's usually all my fault." The words "always" and "everything" in this remark highlight the _____ and _____ qualities of a depressive explanation.

stable; global

Simone was attacked by a fierce dog and later developed a fear of all dogs. This BEST illustrates:

stimulus generalization

Why does social facilitation account for the home advantage noted in both college and professional athletic events?

the energizing effect of the enthusiastic audience

Natasha thinks the professor's strict class attendance policy is an indication of his overly controlling personality, not a necessity given that the class meets only once a week. Natasha's judgment BEST illustrates:

the fundamental attribution error

In 2007, construction worker Wesley Autrey was waiting for a New York City subway train with his two young daughters when a man collapsed in a seizure, got up, then stumbled to the platform's edge and fell onto the tracks. Wesley jumped from the platform, pushed the man off the tracks and into a foot-deep space between them, and lay on top of him. Both men survived. The actions of Wesley demonstrates:

the social responsibility norm.

When you noticed that you had spilled coffee on your new shirt, you overestimated that other people at the meeting would notice. Your reaction best illustrates:

the spotlight effect

People overestimate the degree to which others are noticing and evaluating their appearance, performance, and blunders. Gilovich termed this:

the spotlight effect.

Concerning personality assessments, personality inventories are to _____ theory as projective tests are to _____ theory.

trait; psychodynamic

Faye's 5-year-old niece loves to pretend he is a scientist. He also enjoys pretending he is a horse trainer. these pretend games allow children to:________.

try out many possible selves

In terms of the bystander effect, the best odds of our helping someone include all of these EXCEPT:

we are in a hurry

Tom is attending college in a city far away from home where he does not know anybody. According to the principle of proximity, Tom will be MOST likely to make friends with:

Bill, his roommate.

Dr. Cobbs believes that psychological disorders are influenced by genetic predispositions and physiological states. He is also aware that inner psychological dynamics, social dynamics, and culture influence psychological disorders. Dr. Cobbs believes in a _____ model.

Biopsychosocial

A 14-year-old student slams a 13-year-old into a metal locker. A 15-year-old student spreads a cruel rumor about a classmate. Based on this information, which of these students is being aggressive?

Both the 14-year-old and the 15-year-old are being aggressive.