AP Euro chapter 14

Edict of Nantes

A document issues by Henry IV of France in 1598, granting liberty of conscience and of public worship to Calvinists, which helped restore peace in France

Indulgence

A document issues by the catholic church lessening penance or time in purgatory, widely believed to bring forgiveness to all sin

How did the political situation in Germany shape the course of the Reformation?

Beginning in 1519 the Habsburg emperor Charles V rules almost half of Europe along with Spain's overseas colonies. Within the empire his authority was limited, however, and local princes, nobles, and cities actually held most power. This decentralization allowed the Reformation to spread as local rulers assumed religious authority. Charles remained firmly Catholic, and in the late 1520s religious wars began in central Europe. The papacy and Catholic kings of France initially supported Charles V's cause, but they withdrew support when he began gaining too much ground. The wars were brought to an end with the Peace of Augsburg in 1555, which officially recognized Lutheranism and allowed rulers in each territory to choose whether their territory would be Catholic or Lutheran.

What were the central ideas of the reformers, and why were they appealing to different social groups?

By the early 16th century many lay Christians and members of the clergy became disillusioned with the church's wealth and certain practices, particularly its sale of indulgences and church offices. People were also critical of the immorality, ignorance, and absenteeism that they perceived among the clergy, and for centuries many individuals and groups had called for reform. Amid this background Luther and other Protestants developed a new understanding of Christian Doctrine that emphasized faith, the power of God's grace, and the centrality of the Bible. Protestant ideas were attractive to educated people and urban residents, among whom anticlericalism had become widespread, and the new concepts spread rapidly among many groups through preaching, hymns, and the printing press. Most protestant reformers worked with rulers to bring about religious change, but more radical thinkers and the German peasants wanted political and social, as well as religious changes. Both radicals and the peasants were put down harshly. The Protestant reformers did not break with medieval ideas about the proper gender hierarchy, though they did elevate the status of marriage and viewed orderly households as the key building blocks of society

The Institutes of the Christian Religion

Calvin's formulation of Christian doctrine, which became a systematic theology for Protestantism

Politiques

Catholic and Protestant moderates who held that only a strong monarchy could save France from total collapse

Jesuits

Members of the Society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius Loyola, whose goal was the spread of the Roman Catholic faith

Huegnots

French Calvinists

Anticlericalism

Opposition to the clergy

How did Protestant ideas and institutions spread beyond German-speaking lands?

Outside of Germany, Protestantism spread first to Scandinavia and then elsewhere in northern Europe

Union of Utrecht

The alliance of seven northern provinces (led by Holland) that declared its independence from Spain and formed the United Provinces of the Netherlands

Pluralism

The clerical practice of holding more than one church benefice (office) at the same time and enjoying income from each

Spanish Armada

The fleet sent by Philip II of Spain in 1588 against England as a religious crusade against Protestantism. Weather and the English fleet defeated it

Protestant

The name originally given to Lutherans, which came to mean all non-Catholic Western christian groups

Holy Office

The official Roman Catholic agency founded in 1542 to combat international doctrinal heresy

Predestination

The teaching that God has determined the salvation or damnation of individuals based on his will and purpose, not on their merit or works