AP Euro Chapter 29
b
According to Hitler's New Order, the European "race" that was next to the Jews on Hitler's scale of subhumans was the A) Latin race. B) Slavic race. C) Nordic race D) Anglo-Saxon race. E) Magyar race.
c
According to historian Daniel Goldhagen, most Germans A) detested the anti-Semitic policies of the Nazi party. B) greeted the outbreak of war with resignation. C) were Hitler's willing accomplices in the Final Solution. D) were indifferent to the Holocaust. E) feared Bolshevism above all.
b
All of the following were factors in the success of Stalin's industrialization drive except A) a sharp decrease in domestic consumption. B) the skill of Soviet economists. C) extensive labor discipline. D) the use of foreign experts. E) the crushing of independent labor unions.
d
Among the objectives of Stalin's first Five-Year Plan were all of the following except A) to stamp out the small-scale private enterprise tolerated under the NEP. B) to catch up with the advanced capitalist countries in industrial and military power. C) to squeeze out of the peasants the capital needed for industrialization. D) to Russify the ethnic minority groups in the U.S.S.R. E) to prevent the growth of an independent class of "capitalist" peasants
e
Britain and France finally confronted Hitler with the threat of war when he A) remilitarized the Rhineland. B) occupied Austria. C) took the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia. D) invaded Norway. E) used the pretext of German minorities in Danzig to threaten Poland.
d
By 1945, Hitler and his Nazis had murdered A) 600,000 Jews. B) 1 million Jews. C) 2 million Jews. D) 6 million Jews. E) 20 million Jews.
d
By 1950, __________ percent of all doctors in the Soviet Union were women. A) 20 B) 10 C) 40 D) 75 E) 90
a
By spring __________, the Bolsheviks had won the civil war. A) 1921 B) 1919 C) 1925 D) 1926 E) 1928
a
By the end of _____________, Italy was a one-party dictatorship under Mussolini's control. A) 1926 B) 1922 C) 1930 D) 1929 E) 1924
a
Early writers on totalitarianism such as Elie Halévy A) asserted that all totalitarian states were closely related. B) stressed the differences between fascism and communism. C) argued that fascism was a tool of powerful capitalists. D) stressed the differences in the historical patterns of fascist states. E) celebrated conservative authoritarianism.
e
Heinrich Himmler was the leader of the A) Luftwaffe. B) Wehrmacht. C) Gestapo. D) SA. E) SS
a
Hitler acquired absolute dictatorial powers, through the Enabling Act, as a result of A) the Reichstag fire and dirty politicking. B) a wave of strikes by German labor unions. C) the remilitarization of the Rhineland. D) the assassination of a German diplomat by a Jew. E) the election of 1932.
b
Hitler's Mein Kampf included all of the following basic themes except A) living space. B) land reform. C) race. D) the leaderdictator. E) the masses were driven by fanaticism, not by knowledge.
a
Hitler's popularity was based on all of the following except A) his establishment of equality for women. B) growing profits for business. C) the perception of greater equality and social mobility for all Germans. D) his successes in foreign policy. E) high employment and rising real wages.
b
Hitler's promise to create "national socialism," a path between capitalism and communism was directed primarily at A) the army officer corps. B) the middle and lower-middle classes. C) big business. D) urban workers. E) the intelligentsia
c
How did real wages for workers and peasants in the Soviet Union in 1937 compare with those in the Russian empire in 1913? A) They were far higher. B) They were marginally higher. C) They were lower. D) They were approximately the same. E) Available data do not allow comparison.
d
In Stalin's Soviet Union, women A) were relegated to agricultural and domestic labor. B) were urged to liberate themselves sexually. C) shared family duties equally with men. D) were able to pursue professional careers. E) lost the right to vote.
c
In Vienna, Hitler learned important political lessons from the city's mayor, A) Max Luddendorf. B) Frederick Listoff. C) Karl Lueger. D) Rolf Hess. E) Otto Presser.
a
In the Battle of Britain (1940) A) the German air force sought to win control of the air over Britain. B) the German army landed troops on the south coast of England. C) the German navy attempted to wrest control of the English Channel from the British. D) Hitler tried to break civilian morale in Britain with radio broadcasts and leaflet drops. E) British labor unions protested continuation of the war.
b
In the early 1930s German chancellor Bruning tried to cope with the Great Depression by A) spending large amounts on public works projects. B) cutting government spending and squeezing down wages and prices. C) repudiating the Treaty of Versailles and drastic increases in military spending. D) enacting new welfare measures. E) instituting free trade policies to attract foreign investment.
b
Lenin's New Economic Policy was a political compromise with the A) urban workers. B) Russian peasants. C) White counterrevolutionaries. D) foreign capitalists. E) Russian intelligentsia.
e
Marshal Henri-Philippe Pétain A) commanded the French armies in the spring of 1940. B) commenced French rearmament when he became premier in 1938. C) led the Popular Front government in France in 1937. D) was a French general who deserted to the Nazis during their invasion of France. E) headed the Vichy French government that made peace with the Nazis.
e
Mussolini was expelled from the Italian Socialist Party A) for plotting to assassinate its leader. B) for denying the necessity of violent revolution to establish a worker dictatorship. C) for working as a secret government informer. D) for anti-Semitism. E) for urging Italian entry into World War I
a
Mussolini's ____________ used street violence as a tool for creating chaos and disorder. A) Black Shirts B) Brown Shirts C) Red Shirts D) White Shirts E) Black Hats
c
One example of the successful resistance of Russian peasants to collectivization was A) Stalin's decision to limit the extent of collectivization. B) de-kulakization. C) grudgingly tolerated family plots. D) their control of the Siberian grain and raw materials sectors of the Soviet economy. E) the restoration of their rights to move freely without carrying passports in 1935.
a
One of the most important consequences of the Great Purges was the A) creation of a new generation of communists loyal to Stalin. B) destruction of the Red Army's ability to fight. C) elimination of foreign spies and saboteurs. D) decline in the international scope of the communist movement. E) rise of significant sympathy for Nazi Germany inside the U.S.S.R
e
Stalin ordered the liquidation of the kulaks, the _____________, in 1929. A) small shopkeepers B) descendants of the Cossacks C) lower middle class D) army officers E) better-off peasants
b
Stalin's theory of "socialism in one country" A) was originally proposed by Leon Trotsky. B) argued that the Soviet Union could build socialism on its own. C) maintained that the success of socialism depended on world revolution. D) was rejected by the Communist party. E) proposed that the Soviet Union should give up trying to catalyze the world proletarian revolution
d
The Grand Alliance was cemented by all of the following policies except A) a commitment to unconditional surrender. B) U.S. adoption of the "Europe first" principle. C) postponement of a discussion of the eventual peace settlement. D) the decision to exclude France from the Alliance. E) the promise of huge U.S. aid to Britain and the Soviet Union
a
The Lateran Agreement indicated that Mussolini had the support of A) the pope and the Catholic church. B) Italian labor unions. C) Nazi Germany. D) fascist Spain. E) the Greek government.
e
The Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact A) allied Germany and the Soviet Union against Britain and France. B) engaged Germany and the Soviet Union to defend one another should either be attacked. C) stated that Germany and the Soviet Union foreswore any further acts of aggression against sovereign states. D) stated that if either side became involved in war, the other would remain neutral, and included a secret agreement to divide up Yugoslavia. E) stated that if either side became involved in war, the other would remain neutral, and included a secret clause dividing up eastern Europe.
c
The Nuremberg Laws A) outlawed private property in the Soviet Union. B) established the parallel government/party structure of Nazi Germany. C) deprived German Jews of their rights of citizenship. D) attempted to implement Hitler's promises of "work and bread." E) established "reservations" for Jews on German territory.
a
The first German act of aggression that could not be justified by selfdetermination was the A) annexation of Austria. B) occupation of the non-ethnically German areas of Czechoslovakia. C) invasion of Poland. D) remilitarization of the Rhineland. E) invasion of Denmark.
b
The most impressive accomplishments of Stalin's five-year plans occurred in A) collectivized agriculture. B) heavy industry. C) consumer industry D) foreign trade. E) foreign investment.
a
The newer comparative studies of fascism identify all of the following as shared characteristics except A) alliance with working-class movements. B) extreme, expansionist nationalism. C) a dynamic and violent leader. D) glorification of war and the military. E) alliance with powerful capitalists and landowners
b
The parliamentary government in Italy was breaking down at the time of the Fascist march on Rome in October 1922 largely because A) socialist workers were seizing control of factories. B) of the violence perpetrated by Mussolini's own black-shirted militants. C) of mass unemployment. D) of mutinies in the Italian fleet. E) of the general strike against the government declared by the Catholic church.
e
The regimes of Nazi Germany, fascist Italy, and the Stalinist Soviet Union all shared a A) complete rejection of private property. B) violently racist ideology. C) goal of complete economic transformation. D) respect for the independence of established churches. E) profound hatred of Western liberalism
a
The strategic decision that most epitomized Hitler's violent and unlimited ambitions was the A) invasion of the Soviet Union. B) offensive into the eastern Mediterranean. C) declaration of war against the United States. D) bombing of British cities during the Battle of Britain. E) occupation of the Rhineland.
d
The term Final Solution refers to A) Stalin's industrialization drive. B) the Allies' demand that Germany had to surrender unconditionally. C) Hitler's suicide as Soviet troops stormed Berlin. D) the attempted extermination of European Jews by the Nazis. E) Hitler's invasion of the Soviet Union.
b
Under Stalin, Soviet workers had all of the following except A) free education B) abundant housing C) old-age pensions D) free medical service E) day-care centers for children
a
Which of the following events occurred first? A) Mussolini seizes power in Italy. B) Stalin launches first five-year plan. C) Collectivization starts in the Soviet Union. D) Hitler appointed chancellor in Germany. E) Lateran Agreement signed.
d
Which of the following events occurred last? A) Mussolini seizes power in Italy. B) Stalin launches first five-year plan. C) Collectivization starts in the Soviet Union. D) Hitler appointed chancellor in Germany. E) Lateran Agreement signed.