MGMT 300 Test 1 Phelps
Fiedler's theory and others like it are called contingency theories, and they imply that the most effective management technique:
Changes with the situation
Who believed in acceptance of authority and cooperation?
Chester Barnard
Max Weber developed bureaucratic management and believed in the division of labor-that tasks and responsibilities should be:
Clearly divided and defined
Employee shrinkage
employee theft of company merchandise
principle of personal virtue
ethical principle that holds that you should never do anything that is not honest, open, and truthful and that you would not be glad to see reported in the newspapers or on TV
principle of utilitarian benefits
ethical principle that holds that you should never take any action that does not result in greater good for society
principle of distributive justice
ethical principle that holds that you should never take any action that harms the least fortunate among us: the poor, the uneducated, the unemployed
principle of individual rights
ethical principle that holds that you should never take any action that infringes on others' agreed-upon rights
principle of long-term self-interest
ethical principle that holds that you should never take any action that is not in your or your organization's long-term self-interest
principle of religious injunctions
ethical principle that holds that you should never take any action that is not kind and that does not build a sense of community
principle of government requirements
ethical principle that holds that you should never take any action that violates the law, for the law represents the minimal moral standard
uncertainty
extent to which managers can understand or predict which environmental changes and trends will affect their businesses
Organizational ceremonies
gatherings in which symbolic acts commemorate or celebrate notable achievements or changes
Cognitive maps
graphic depictions of how managers believe environmental factors relate to possible organizational actions
Secondary stakeholders
group that can influence or be influenced by a company and can affect public perceptions about the company's socially responsible behavior
Simple environments
have few environmental factors
Despite the fact that he is now retired, Costco employees still talk about how Jim Sinegal lives his principles of corporate responsibility. Not only did he spearhead Costco's purchase of Rwandan coffee, he is now sponsoring a school where Rwandan women can learn how to run their own businesses. This is what element of culture?
hero
Personal aggression
hostile or aggressive behavior toward others
Political/legal component
includes the legislation, regulations, and court decisions that govern and regulate business behavior
Competitive analysis
involves deciding who your competitors are, anticipating competitors' moves, and determining competitors' strengths and weaknesses
Reactive customer monitoring
involves identifying and addressing customer trends and problems after they occur.
Proactive customer monitoring
means identifying and addressing customer needs, trends, and issues before they occur
Stakeholders
persons or groups with a stake, or legitimate interest, in a company's actions
Sociocultural component
refers to the demographic characteristics, general behavior, attitudes, and beliefs of people in a particular society.
Whistle-blowing
reporting others' ethics violations to management or legal authorities
Environmental scanning
searching the environment for important events or issues that might affect an organization
conventional level of moral development
second level of moral development, in which people make decisions that conform to societal expectation
Hawthorne studies
showed that when management paid more attention to workers, productivity increased. But equal importance should be given to the social units, or teams, that were created, which demonstrated that human factors were more important than physical conditions or the work itself.
accommodative strategy
social responsiveness strategy in which a company accepts responsibility for a problem and does all that society expects to solve that problem
defensive strategy
social responsiveness strategy in which a company admits responsibility for a problem but does the least required to meet societal expectations
proactive strategy
social responsiveness strategy in which a company anticipates a problem before it occurs and does more than society expects to take responsibility for and address the problem
Discretionary responsibilities
social roles that a company fulfills beyond its economic, legal, and ethical responsibilities
Organizational stories
stories told by organizational members to make sense of organizational events and changes and to emphasize culturally consistent assumptions, decisions, and actions
How does Chester Barnard define organizations?
system of consciously coordinated activities or forces of two or more persons
Resource scarcity
the abundance or shortage of critical organizational resources in an organization's external environment
Probability of effect
the chance that something will happen that results in harm to others
Specific environment
the customers, competitors, suppliers, industry regulations, and advocacy groups that are unique to an industry and directly affect how a company does business
Ethical intensity
the degree of concern people have about an ethical issue
Buyer dependence
the degree to which a supplier relies on a buyer because of the importance of that buyer to the supplier and the difficulty of finding other buyers for its products
General environment
the economic, technological, sociocultural, and political/legal trends that indirectly affect all organizations
Relationship behavior
the establishment of mutually beneficial, long-term exchanges between buyers and suppliers
Internal environment
the events and trends inside an organization that affect management, employees, and organizational culture
preconventional level of moral development
the first level of moral development, in which people make decisions based on selfish reasons
Technology
the knowledge, tools, and techniques used to transform inputs into outputs
Environmental complexity
the number and the intensity of external factors in the environment that affect organizations
Behavioral substitiution
the process of having managers and employees perform new behaviors central to the new organizational culture in place of behaviors that were central to the old organizational culture
Behavioral addition
the process of having managers and employees perform new behaviors that are central to and symbolic of the new organizational culture that a company wants to create
Ethics
the set of moral principles or values that defines right and wrong for a person or group
Proximity of effect
the social, psychological, cultural, or physical distance between a decision maker and those affected by his or her decisions
temporal immediacy
the time between an act and the consequences the act produces
Magnitude of consequences
the total harm or benefit derived from an ethical decision
Concentration of effect
the total harm or benefit that an act produces on the average person
stakeholder model
theory of corporate responsibility that holds that management's most important responsibility, long-term survival, is achieved by satisfying the interests of multiple corporate stakeholders
postconventional level of moral development
third level of moral development, in which people make decisions based on internalized principles
Property deviance
unethical behavior aimed at the organization's property or products
Production deviance
unethical behavior that hurts the quality and quantity of work produced
Workplace deviance
unethical behavior that violates organizational norms about right and wrong
Political deviance
using one's influence to harm others in the company
shareholder model
view of social responsibility that holds that an organization's overriding goal should be profit maximization for the benefit of shareholders
Overt integrity tests
written test that estimates job applicants' honesty by directly asking them what they think or feel about theft or about punishment of unethical behaviors
Personality-based integrity tests
written test that indirectly estimates job applicants' honesty by measuring psychological traits, such as dependability and conscientiousness
Henri Fayol(1841-1925)
Best known for developing the four functions of managers-planning, organizing, leading, controlling. Also the 14 principles.
Elton Mayo(1880-1948)
Best known for his role in the Hawthorne Studies
Max Weber(1864-1920)
Bureaucracy, eliminate nepotism
Top managers
CEO, CFO, Vice President
Frederick W. Taylor is speaking to a friend about scientific managment. What might he say?
"Are you dividing work and responsibility equally between managers and employees? Managers need to provide friendly help to the workers they employ."
Prof. MIntzberg
"some people think managers jobs to just sit around cause they are the boss"
Technical skills
(Team leaders and lower level) specialized procedures, techniques of knowledge required to get the job done
A committee member is convinced that they can do all of the preparation work without any assistance from outside agencies. His management approach reflects:
A closed system
A company using a social responsiveness strategy in which they do less than society expects is using:
A reactive strategy
Human skills
Ability to work well with others(essentially for all management
Conceptual skills
Ability to: see organizations as a whole, understand different parts affect each other, recognize how the company fits into or is affected by its external environment
Effectiveness
Accomplishing tasks that help fulfill organizational objectives
External environments
All events outside a company that have the potential to influence or affect it
Frank and Lillian Gilbreth
Are best known for their use of motion studies to simplify work, but they also made significant contributions to the employment of disabled workers and to the field of industrial psychology
At Aplia, post it notes are used to create idea boards or wall storms, which reflect the value aplia places on brainstorming and creativity. This is what element of culture?
Artifact
Motivation to manage
Assessment of how enthusiastic employees are about managing the work of others
The idea that no single approach applies to all management issues demonstrates which of the following theories of management?
Contingency management
Discretionary Responsibility
Contribute to the community; be a good corporate citizen
While building the ancient pyramids, the Egyptians performed several management functions. They submitted written requests and consulted staff for advice before making decisions. The Egyptians peformed which functions of managment?
Controlling, planning, and organanizing
Organizational culture
Corporate culture, the values, beliefs, and attitudes shared by organizational members
A tobacco company taking a reactive stance to the claims that smoking causes cancer would:
Create an advertising campaign suggesting that breathing second hand smoke was less dangerous than drinking milk
Managers work in an internal environment, which includes:
Culture
Customer component
Customers purchase products and services. Companies cannot exist without customer support. Monitoring customers' changing wants and needs is critical to business success.
Organizing
Deciding where decisions will be made, who and what
Planning
Determining organizational goals and a mean for achieving them
Taylor's first principle of scientific management
Develop a science for each element of a man's work, which replaces the old rule of thumb method
Who believed in impact of managment attention and teams?
Elton Mayo
Dynamic environments
Environment in which the rate of change is fast
Stable environments
Environment in which the rate of change is slow
Frederick W. Taylor(1856-1915)
Father of scientific management
Punctuated equilibrium theory
Theory that companies go through long periods of stability(equilibrium), followed by short periods of dynamic, fundamental change(revolutionary periods), and then a new equilibrium
Efficiency
Getting work done with minimum effort, expense, or waste
Complex environments
Have many environmental factors
Taylor's third principle of scientific management
Heartily cooperate with the men so as to ensure all of the work being done is in accordance with the principles of science that has been developed
Leading
Inspiring and motivating workers to work hard and achieve goals
Mary Parker Follett(1868-1933)
Integrative conflict resolution, casts power as "with" rather than "over" others. Believes coordination and control should be based on facts and information
Peter drucker
Known for efficiency and effectiveness. "do the right thing" and "do things right"-no moral context, means right business things.
Examples of production deviance
Leaving early, taking excessive breaks, intentionally working slow, wasting resources
One of the first contributors to industrial psychology, originating ways to improve office communication, incentive programs, job satisfaction, and management training. Her work also convinced the government to enact laws regarding workplace safety, ergonomics, and child labor
Lillian Gilbreth
First-line managers
Manages non-managers, office managers
Who believed in communication and coordination?
Mary Parker Follett
Controlling
Monitoring progress toward goal achievement and taking corrective action action when needed
Rate busting
Occurs when a group member has a work pace that is significantly faster than the normal pace in his or her group
Therblig
One distinct movement(The Gilbreths)
Which arguments support the need for companies to adopt positions of social responsibility?
Organizations must act in a sustainable fashion, in the long run, what is good for the environment will be good for the organization. Organizations are responsible for acting's s good citizens in the society in which they operate.
Team leaders
Produce managers
Henry Gantt(1861-1919)
Protégé and associate of Taylor. Best known for Gantt chart, but he also made significant contributions to management with respect to pay for performance plans and the training and development of workers
Examples of property deviance
Sabotaging equipment, accepting kickbacks, lying about hours worked, stealing from company
Taylor's second principle of scientific management
Scientifically select and then train, teach and develop the workman, whereas in the past, he chose his own work and trained himself as best he could
Examples of personal agression
Sexual harassment, verbal abuse, stealing from coworkers, endangering coworkers
Examples of political deviance
Showing favoritsm, gossiping about coworkers, blaming coworkers, competing nonbeneficially
At a local university, students talk about being able to retake an exam three times as a ways of showing how committed the school is to helping them learn. This is what element of culture?
Story
Surface level culture
Symbolic artifacts such as dress codes, workers' and managers' behaviors
According to Weber, bureaucracy is:
The excercise of control on the basis of knowledge
Environmental change
The rate at which a company's general and specific environments change
Douglas McGregor
Theory X and Theory Y, his ideas were instrumental in the ways we think about management
Taylor's fourth principle of scientific management
There is an almost equal division of the work and the responsibility between the management and the workmen. The management take over all the work for which they are better fitted than the workmen, while in the past almost all of th dowry and the greater part of the responsibility were thrown upon the men
Lillian Gilbreth
This individual was one of the first contricbutors to industrial psychology and their work convinced the government to enact laws regarding workplace safety, ergonomics, and child labor
Frederick W. Taylor
This individual worked to determine a "fair day's work" or what an average worker could produce at a reasonable pace
Scientific management
Thoroughly studying and testing different work methods to identify the best, most efficient way to complete a job
Examples of Ethical responsibility
To abide by accepted principles of right and wrong when conducting business.
Economic responsibility
To make a profit by producing a valued product or service
Legal responsiblity
To obey's society's laws and regulations
Kantian Ethics
Two formulations of the categorical imperative: act only according to that maxim whereby you would will that it becomes universal law.- treat others always as ends in themselves and never merely(simply) as a means to an end
What organization assigns punishments to companies whose employees are involved in serious forms of workplace deviance?
U.S. sentencing commission
Henri Fayol believed that each employee should report to and receive orders from just one boss. This is known as:
Unity of command
Taylor emphasized that the goal of scientific management was to
Use systematic study to find the "one best way" of doing each task
Middle managers
Walmart managers, store managers
Expressed values and beliefs
What people say, how decisions are made and explained
Soldiering
When workers deliberately slow their pace or restrict their work output
Unconscious assumptions and beliefs
Widely shared assumptions and beliefs, buried deep below the surface, rarely discussed or thought about
Company mission
a company's purpose or reason for existing
Gantt Chart
a graphical chart that shows which tasks must be completed at which times in order to complete a project or task
reactive strategy
a social responsiveness strategy in which a company does less than society expects
Opportunistic behavior
a transaction in which one party in the relationship benefits at the expense of the other
Adaptability
ability to notice and respond to changes in the organization's environment.
Social consensus
agreement on whether behavior is bad or good
Media advocacy
an advocacy group tactic that involves framing issues as public issues; exposing questionable, exploitative, or unethical practices; and forcing media coverage by buying media time or creating controversy that is likely to receive extensive news coverage
Product boycott
an advocacy group tactic that involves protesting a company's actions by persuading consumers not to purchase its product or service
Public communications
an advocacy group tactic that relies on voluntary participation by the news media and the advertising industry to get the advocacy group's message out
Integrative conflict resolution
an approach to dealing with conflict in which both parties indicate their preferences and then work together to find an alternative that meets the needs of both
Primary stakeholders
any group on which an organization relies for its long-term survival
Ethical behavior
behavior that conforms to a society's accepted principles of right and wrong
Motion study
breaking each task or job into its separate motions and then eliminating those that are unnecessary or repetitive
Social responsibility
business's obligation to pursue policies, make decisions, and take actions that benefit society
Competitor component
companies in the same industry that sell similar products or services to customers
Supplier component
companies that provide material, human, financial, and informational resources to other companies
Consistent organizational culture
company culture in which the company actively defines and teaches organizational values, beliefs, and attitudes
Ethical responsibility
company's social responsibility not to violate accepted principles of right and wrong when conducting its business
economic responsibility
company's social responsibility to make a profit by producing a valued product or service
Legal responsibility
company's social responsibility to obey society's laws and regulations
Social responsiveness
company's strategy to respond to stakeholders' economic, legal, ethical, or discretionary expectations concerning social responsibility
Advocacy groups
concerned citizens who band together to try to influence the business practices of specific industries, businesses, and professions
Industry regulation component
consists of regulations and rules that govern the practices and procedures of specific industries, businesses, and professions
