MGMT 300 Test 1 Phelps

Fiedler's theory and others like it are called contingency theories, and they imply that the most effective management technique:

Changes with the situation

Who believed in acceptance of authority and cooperation?

Chester Barnard

Max Weber developed bureaucratic management and believed in the division of labor-that tasks and responsibilities should be:

Clearly divided and defined

Employee shrinkage

employee theft of company merchandise

principle of personal virtue

ethical principle that holds that you should never do anything that is not honest, open, and truthful and that you would not be glad to see reported in the newspapers or on TV

principle of utilitarian benefits

ethical principle that holds that you should never take any action that does not result in greater good for society

principle of distributive justice

ethical principle that holds that you should never take any action that harms the least fortunate among us: the poor, the uneducated, the unemployed

principle of individual rights

ethical principle that holds that you should never take any action that infringes on others' agreed-upon rights

principle of long-term self-interest

ethical principle that holds that you should never take any action that is not in your or your organization's long-term self-interest

principle of religious injunctions

ethical principle that holds that you should never take any action that is not kind and that does not build a sense of community

principle of government requirements

ethical principle that holds that you should never take any action that violates the law, for the law represents the minimal moral standard

uncertainty

extent to which managers can understand or predict which environmental changes and trends will affect their businesses

Organizational ceremonies

gatherings in which symbolic acts commemorate or celebrate notable achievements or changes

Cognitive maps

graphic depictions of how managers believe environmental factors relate to possible organizational actions

Secondary stakeholders

group that can influence or be influenced by a company and can affect public perceptions about the company's socially responsible behavior

Simple environments

have few environmental factors

Despite the fact that he is now retired, Costco employees still talk about how Jim Sinegal lives his principles of corporate responsibility. Not only did he spearhead Costco's purchase of Rwandan coffee, he is now sponsoring a school where Rwandan women can learn how to run their own businesses. This is what element of culture?

hero

Personal aggression

hostile or aggressive behavior toward others

Political/legal component

includes the legislation, regulations, and court decisions that govern and regulate business behavior

Competitive analysis

involves deciding who your competitors are, anticipating competitors' moves, and determining competitors' strengths and weaknesses

Reactive customer monitoring

involves identifying and addressing customer trends and problems after they occur.

Proactive customer monitoring

means identifying and addressing customer needs, trends, and issues before they occur

Stakeholders

persons or groups with a stake, or legitimate interest, in a company's actions

Sociocultural component

refers to the demographic characteristics, general behavior, attitudes, and beliefs of people in a particular society.

Whistle-blowing

reporting others' ethics violations to management or legal authorities

Environmental scanning

searching the environment for important events or issues that might affect an organization

conventional level of moral development

second level of moral development, in which people make decisions that conform to societal expectation

Hawthorne studies

showed that when management paid more attention to workers, productivity increased. But equal importance should be given to the social units, or teams, that were created, which demonstrated that human factors were more important than physical conditions or the work itself.

accommodative strategy

social responsiveness strategy in which a company accepts responsibility for a problem and does all that society expects to solve that problem

defensive strategy

social responsiveness strategy in which a company admits responsibility for a problem but does the least required to meet societal expectations

proactive strategy

social responsiveness strategy in which a company anticipates a problem before it occurs and does more than society expects to take responsibility for and address the problem

Discretionary responsibilities

social roles that a company fulfills beyond its economic, legal, and ethical responsibilities

Organizational stories

stories told by organizational members to make sense of organizational events and changes and to emphasize culturally consistent assumptions, decisions, and actions

How does Chester Barnard define organizations?

system of consciously coordinated activities or forces of two or more persons

Resource scarcity

the abundance or shortage of critical organizational resources in an organization's external environment

Probability of effect

the chance that something will happen that results in harm to others

Specific environment

the customers, competitors, suppliers, industry regulations, and advocacy groups that are unique to an industry and directly affect how a company does business

Ethical intensity

the degree of concern people have about an ethical issue

Buyer dependence

the degree to which a supplier relies on a buyer because of the importance of that buyer to the supplier and the difficulty of finding other buyers for its products

General environment

the economic, technological, sociocultural, and political/legal trends that indirectly affect all organizations

Relationship behavior

the establishment of mutually beneficial, long-term exchanges between buyers and suppliers

Internal environment

the events and trends inside an organization that affect management, employees, and organizational culture

preconventional level of moral development

the first level of moral development, in which people make decisions based on selfish reasons

Technology

the knowledge, tools, and techniques used to transform inputs into outputs

Environmental complexity

the number and the intensity of external factors in the environment that affect organizations

Behavioral substitiution

the process of having managers and employees perform new behaviors central to the new organizational culture in place of behaviors that were central to the old organizational culture

Behavioral addition

the process of having managers and employees perform new behaviors that are central to and symbolic of the new organizational culture that a company wants to create

Ethics

the set of moral principles or values that defines right and wrong for a person or group

Proximity of effect

the social, psychological, cultural, or physical distance between a decision maker and those affected by his or her decisions

temporal immediacy

the time between an act and the consequences the act produces

Magnitude of consequences

the total harm or benefit derived from an ethical decision

Concentration of effect

the total harm or benefit that an act produces on the average person

stakeholder model

theory of corporate responsibility that holds that management's most important responsibility, long-term survival, is achieved by satisfying the interests of multiple corporate stakeholders

postconventional level of moral development

third level of moral development, in which people make decisions based on internalized principles

Property deviance

unethical behavior aimed at the organization's property or products

Production deviance

unethical behavior that hurts the quality and quantity of work produced

Workplace deviance

unethical behavior that violates organizational norms about right and wrong

Political deviance

using one's influence to harm others in the company

shareholder model

view of social responsibility that holds that an organization's overriding goal should be profit maximization for the benefit of shareholders

Overt integrity tests

written test that estimates job applicants' honesty by directly asking them what they think or feel about theft or about punishment of unethical behaviors

Personality-based integrity tests

written test that indirectly estimates job applicants' honesty by measuring psychological traits, such as dependability and conscientiousness

Henri Fayol(1841-1925)

Best known for developing the four functions of managers-planning, organizing, leading, controlling. Also the 14 principles.

Elton Mayo(1880-1948)

Best known for his role in the Hawthorne Studies

Max Weber(1864-1920)

Bureaucracy, eliminate nepotism

Top managers

CEO, CFO, Vice President

Frederick W. Taylor is speaking to a friend about scientific managment. What might he say?

"Are you dividing work and responsibility equally between managers and employees? Managers need to provide friendly help to the workers they employ."

Prof. MIntzberg

"some people think managers jobs to just sit around cause they are the boss"

Technical skills

(Team leaders and lower level) specialized procedures, techniques of knowledge required to get the job done

A committee member is convinced that they can do all of the preparation work without any assistance from outside agencies. His management approach reflects:

A closed system

A company using a social responsiveness strategy in which they do less than society expects is using:

A reactive strategy

Human skills

Ability to work well with others(essentially for all management

Conceptual skills

Ability to: see organizations as a whole, understand different parts affect each other, recognize how the company fits into or is affected by its external environment

Effectiveness

Accomplishing tasks that help fulfill organizational objectives

External environments

All events outside a company that have the potential to influence or affect it

Frank and Lillian Gilbreth

Are best known for their use of motion studies to simplify work, but they also made significant contributions to the employment of disabled workers and to the field of industrial psychology

At Aplia, post it notes are used to create idea boards or wall storms, which reflect the value aplia places on brainstorming and creativity. This is what element of culture?

Artifact

Motivation to manage

Assessment of how enthusiastic employees are about managing the work of others

The idea that no single approach applies to all management issues demonstrates which of the following theories of management?

Contingency management

Discretionary Responsibility

Contribute to the community; be a good corporate citizen

While building the ancient pyramids, the Egyptians performed several management functions. They submitted written requests and consulted staff for advice before making decisions. The Egyptians peformed which functions of managment?

Controlling, planning, and organanizing

Organizational culture

Corporate culture, the values, beliefs, and attitudes shared by organizational members

A tobacco company taking a reactive stance to the claims that smoking causes cancer would:

Create an advertising campaign suggesting that breathing second hand smoke was less dangerous than drinking milk

Managers work in an internal environment, which includes:

Culture

Customer component

Customers purchase products and services. Companies cannot exist without customer support. Monitoring customers' changing wants and needs is critical to business success.

Organizing

Deciding where decisions will be made, who and what

Planning

Determining organizational goals and a mean for achieving them

Taylor's first principle of scientific management

Develop a science for each element of a man's work, which replaces the old rule of thumb method

Who believed in impact of managment attention and teams?

Elton Mayo

Dynamic environments

Environment in which the rate of change is fast

Stable environments

Environment in which the rate of change is slow

Frederick W. Taylor(1856-1915)

Father of scientific management

Punctuated equilibrium theory

Theory that companies go through long periods of stability(equilibrium), followed by short periods of dynamic, fundamental change(revolutionary periods), and then a new equilibrium

Efficiency

Getting work done with minimum effort, expense, or waste

Complex environments

Have many environmental factors

Taylor's third principle of scientific management

Heartily cooperate with the men so as to ensure all of the work being done is in accordance with the principles of science that has been developed

Leading

Inspiring and motivating workers to work hard and achieve goals

Mary Parker Follett(1868-1933)

Integrative conflict resolution, casts power as "with" rather than "over" others. Believes coordination and control should be based on facts and information

Peter drucker

Known for efficiency and effectiveness. "do the right thing" and "do things right"-no moral context, means right business things.

Examples of production deviance

Leaving early, taking excessive breaks, intentionally working slow, wasting resources

One of the first contributors to industrial psychology, originating ways to improve office communication, incentive programs, job satisfaction, and management training. Her work also convinced the government to enact laws regarding workplace safety, ergonomics, and child labor

Lillian Gilbreth

First-line managers

Manages non-managers, office managers

Who believed in communication and coordination?

Mary Parker Follett

Controlling

Monitoring progress toward goal achievement and taking corrective action action when needed

Rate busting

Occurs when a group member has a work pace that is significantly faster than the normal pace in his or her group

Therblig

One distinct movement(The Gilbreths)

Which arguments support the need for companies to adopt positions of social responsibility?

Organizations must act in a sustainable fashion, in the long run, what is good for the environment will be good for the organization. Organizations are responsible for acting's s good citizens in the society in which they operate.

Team leaders

Produce managers

Henry Gantt(1861-1919)

Protégé and associate of Taylor. Best known for Gantt chart, but he also made significant contributions to management with respect to pay for performance plans and the training and development of workers

Examples of property deviance

Sabotaging equipment, accepting kickbacks, lying about hours worked, stealing from company

Taylor's second principle of scientific management

Scientifically select and then train, teach and develop the workman, whereas in the past, he chose his own work and trained himself as best he could

Examples of personal agression

Sexual harassment, verbal abuse, stealing from coworkers, endangering coworkers

Examples of political deviance

Showing favoritsm, gossiping about coworkers, blaming coworkers, competing nonbeneficially

At a local university, students talk about being able to retake an exam three times as a ways of showing how committed the school is to helping them learn. This is what element of culture?

Story

Surface level culture

Symbolic artifacts such as dress codes, workers' and managers' behaviors

According to Weber, bureaucracy is:

The excercise of control on the basis of knowledge

Environmental change

The rate at which a company's general and specific environments change

Douglas McGregor

Theory X and Theory Y, his ideas were instrumental in the ways we think about management

Taylor's fourth principle of scientific management

There is an almost equal division of the work and the responsibility between the management and the workmen. The management take over all the work for which they are better fitted than the workmen, while in the past almost all of th dowry and the greater part of the responsibility were thrown upon the men

Lillian Gilbreth

This individual was one of the first contricbutors to industrial psychology and their work convinced the government to enact laws regarding workplace safety, ergonomics, and child labor

Frederick W. Taylor

This individual worked to determine a "fair day's work" or what an average worker could produce at a reasonable pace

Scientific management

Thoroughly studying and testing different work methods to identify the best, most efficient way to complete a job

Examples of Ethical responsibility

To abide by accepted principles of right and wrong when conducting business.

Economic responsibility

To make a profit by producing a valued product or service

Legal responsiblity

To obey's society's laws and regulations

Kantian Ethics

Two formulations of the categorical imperative: act only according to that maxim whereby you would will that it becomes universal law.- treat others always as ends in themselves and never merely(simply) as a means to an end

What organization assigns punishments to companies whose employees are involved in serious forms of workplace deviance?

U.S. sentencing commission

Henri Fayol believed that each employee should report to and receive orders from just one boss. This is known as:

Unity of command

Taylor emphasized that the goal of scientific management was to

Use systematic study to find the "one best way" of doing each task

Middle managers

Walmart managers, store managers

Expressed values and beliefs

What people say, how decisions are made and explained

Soldiering

When workers deliberately slow their pace or restrict their work output

Unconscious assumptions and beliefs

Widely shared assumptions and beliefs, buried deep below the surface, rarely discussed or thought about

Company mission

a company's purpose or reason for existing

Gantt Chart

a graphical chart that shows which tasks must be completed at which times in order to complete a project or task

reactive strategy

a social responsiveness strategy in which a company does less than society expects

Opportunistic behavior

a transaction in which one party in the relationship benefits at the expense of the other

Adaptability

ability to notice and respond to changes in the organization's environment.

Social consensus

agreement on whether behavior is bad or good

Media advocacy

an advocacy group tactic that involves framing issues as public issues; exposing questionable, exploitative, or unethical practices; and forcing media coverage by buying media time or creating controversy that is likely to receive extensive news coverage

Product boycott

an advocacy group tactic that involves protesting a company's actions by persuading consumers not to purchase its product or service

Public communications

an advocacy group tactic that relies on voluntary participation by the news media and the advertising industry to get the advocacy group's message out

Integrative conflict resolution

an approach to dealing with conflict in which both parties indicate their preferences and then work together to find an alternative that meets the needs of both

Primary stakeholders

any group on which an organization relies for its long-term survival

Ethical behavior

behavior that conforms to a society's accepted principles of right and wrong

Motion study

breaking each task or job into its separate motions and then eliminating those that are unnecessary or repetitive

Social responsibility

business's obligation to pursue policies, make decisions, and take actions that benefit society

Competitor component

companies in the same industry that sell similar products or services to customers

Supplier component

companies that provide material, human, financial, and informational resources to other companies

Consistent organizational culture

company culture in which the company actively defines and teaches organizational values, beliefs, and attitudes

Ethical responsibility

company's social responsibility not to violate accepted principles of right and wrong when conducting its business

economic responsibility

company's social responsibility to make a profit by producing a valued product or service

Legal responsibility

company's social responsibility to obey society's laws and regulations

Social responsiveness

company's strategy to respond to stakeholders' economic, legal, ethical, or discretionary expectations concerning social responsibility

Advocacy groups

concerned citizens who band together to try to influence the business practices of specific industries, businesses, and professions

Industry regulation component

consists of regulations and rules that govern the practices and procedures of specific industries, businesses, and professions