AP Euro Chapter 15 Test Review: Seventeenth-Century Crisis and Rebuilding
What was the resolution to the succession to the Spanish throne (Peace of Utrecht)? (479)
(1713) The Peace of Utrecht allowed Louis XIV's grandson Phillip of Anjou to remain king of Spain on the understanding that the French and Spanish Crowns would never be united. France surrendered Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, and the Hudson Bay territory to England. The Peace of Utrecht represented the balance of power principle in operation, setting limits on the extent to which any one power (France) could expand. It also marked the end of French expansion. 35 Years of war gave France the rights to Alsace and some commercial centers, but France hovered on the brink of bankruptcy.
What is the theory of mercantilism? (478-479)
A system of economic regulations aimed at increasing the power of the state based on a belief that a nation's international power was based on its wealth, specifically its supply of gold and silver.This was enforced by Louis XIV's controller general, Colbert (French) in 1665. He enacted new production of regulations, created guilds to boost quality standards, and encouraged foreign craftsmen to immigrate to France. he encouraged the purchase of French goods by abolishing any domestic tariffs and raising tariffs on foreign products. He founded the Company of the East Indies for trade.
What were the accomplishments of Colbert? (478-479)
As controller general for Louis XIV, he rigorously applied mercantilist policies to France, founded the (unsuccessful) Company of the East Indies to compete with the Dutch for Asian trade, sent colonists to Quebec and down the Mississippi (back then named after him) and to Louisiana. Louis was able to pursue his goals without massive tax increases and without creating a stream of new offices. However, the constant pressure of warfare after Colbert's death (1619-1683) undid many of his economic achievements.
What idea directed Richelieu's domestic policies? (474)
As the first minister of the French crown on behalf of Henry IV's young son Louis XIII, his domestic policies were designed to strengthen royal control. He acted to repress Protestantism, which he viewed as a divisive force in the realm.
Why did 17th c rulers not want to put down rebellions? (471)
Authorities struggled to overcome popular revolt, and feared that stern repressive measures, such as sending in troops to fire on crowds, would create martyrs and further inflame the situation, while full scale occupation of a city would be expensive and detract from military efforts elsewhere. To quell riots, royal edicts were sometimes suspended, prisoners released, and discussions initiated. In the 18th C this changed because of well structured municipal governments with military support.
What are the characteristics of Baroque music? (500-501)
Bach - secular concertos and sublime religious canatas, combining the baroque spirit of invention, tension, and emotion in an unforgettable striving toward the infinite.
Why did Louis XIV choose his councilors from the newly ennobled or the upper middle class? (474)
Because he had no intention of sharing power with those he chose.
What were the main causes of the English Revolution? (493-494)
Charles I could not come to terms with the Scots or respond to the Irish rebellion. After a failed attempt to arrest parliamentary leaders, he raised an army. in response, Parliament formed its own New Model Army in London.
Why was England at a crisis point in 1640? (493)
Charles avoided calling Parliament into session up until 1640, by illegally financing his government through extraordinary stopgap levies (illegal). However, when Scottish Calvinists revolted against his religious policies, Charles was forced to summon parliament to obtain funds for an army to put down the revolt.
Why was serfdom consolidated in Eastern Europe in the 16th and 17th c? (481)
Eastern Europe built on social and economic foundations - serfdom and the strong nobility who benefited from it. in exchange for their growing political authority, monarchs allowed nobles to remain as unchallenged masters of their peasants, a deal that appeased both king and nobility, but left serfs at the mercy of the lords. Peasants had few rights, lost their ability to own land independently, and by law runaway peasants were to be hunted down and returned to their lords. The gradual erosion of the peasantry's economic position was bound up with the manipulation of the legal system. The local lord was also the local persecutor, judge, and jailer, so there were no independent royal officials to uphold the common law. The power of the lord reached far into serfs' everyday lives.
How did Mazarin cause the Fronde? (474)
Following Richelieu as the chief minister for the next child king, Louis XIV, Mazarin struggled to increase royal revenues to meet the cost of war, leading to the uprising of 1648-1653 known as the Fronde. Magistrates of the Parlement of Paris, the nation's most important law court, were outraged by the Crown's autocratic measures. These robe-nobles encouraged violent protest by the common people. As rebellion spread outside Paris and to the sword nobles, civil war broke down completely, and young Louis XIV had to flee Paris for safety. Much of the rebellion died away by the time Louis XIV was crowned king in 1651 and the French were desperate for a strong monarch with order, peace, and stability.
How did Frederick William get Prussian nobles to accept taxation without consent to fund his army? (483-484)
Frederick William (The Soldier King) persuaded the Junkers in the estates to accept taxation without consent in order to fund an army. They agreed to do so in exchange for reconfirmation of their own privileges, including the authority over serfs. The king also appeased them by enlisting them to lead his growing army, where they commanded the peasantry in the army as well as on the estates.
How did Frederick William keep agricultural production up while recruiting for his army? (484)
Frederick William I ordered that all Prussian men would undergo military training and serve as reservists in the army, allowing him to preserve both agricultural production and army size.
What was the result of Peter's victory at Poltava? (489)
He defeated Sweden in Ukraine at Poltava with his large new war machine in 1709. Estonia and present day Latvia came under Russian rule for the first time, but the cost was high. Warfare consumed 80-85% of all revenues. But Russia became the dominant power in the Baltic and very much a great European power. After this, Peter focused on building a new Western-style capital on the Baltic to rival the great cities of Europe.
How did Peter the Great decrease the role of the Orthodox church?
He did away with traditional leaders of the Church and instead established the holy Synod. Appointed by himself, these group members were obedient to Peter's rule.
How did Richelieu increase the power of the French state? (474)
He extended the use of intendants, commissioners for each of France's districts who were appointed by the monarch to recruit men for the army, supervise tax collection, and preside over the administration of local law, check up on the local nobility, and regulate economic activities in their district. As the intendants' power increased under Richelieu, so did the power of the centralized French state.
How did Peter westernize Russia? (489)
He took a tour of Europe in 1697 to learn from the Dutch and English. He had a large standing army, built a new western capital (St. Petersburg), require nobles to shave their beards and wear western clothes, ordered people to attend parties where young men and women would mix together and freely choose their own spouses, established the imposition of unigenture - inheritance of land by one son alone.
Who was Stenka Razin? (486)
He was a Cossack (free group and outlaw armies originally comprising of runaway peasants living on the border of Russian territory from the 14th C onward. By the end of the 16th, they had formed an alliance with the Russian state starting with Ivan IV the Terrible) who led a rebellion in 1670 with a great army of urban and poor peasants because they were being oppressed under the Romanovs and were oppressed with less privileges. Disrupting the peace imposed by Russian rule and successful territorial expansion, Razin and his followers killed land lords and government officials and proclaimed freedom from oppression, but their rebellion was defeated in 1671. The ease with which Moscow crushed the rebellion testifies to the success of the Russian state in unifying and consolidating the empire.
What was the outcome of the rebellion of Prince Francis Rakoczy in relation to Habsburg rule? (482)
Hungarian Prince, Francis Rakoczy and Hungarians rebelled against Habsburg absolute rule while the Habsburgs were bogged down in the War of the Spanish Succession. The prince and his forces were eventually defeated, but the Habsburgs agreed to restore many of the traditional privileges of the aristocracy in return for Hungarian acceptance of the hereditary Habsburg rule. Thus, Hungary, unlike Austria and Bohemia, was never filly integrated into a centralized, absolute Habsburg state.
How did armed forces change in the latter half of the 17th c? (470)
In medieval times, feudal lords had raised armies only for particular wars or campaigns; now monarchs began to recruit their own forces and maintain permanent standing armies. Instead of serving their own interests, army officers were required to be loyal and obedient to state officials. New techniques for training and deploying soldiers meant a rise in the professional standards of the army. There was also a growth in army size, and mustering a royal army took longer than simply hiring a mercenary band, giving enemies time to form coalitions. Noble officers personally led their men in battle, and they experienced high death rates. They also fell into debts since they had to purchase their positions in the army and the unites they commanded.
Why is the Treaty of Westphalia a turning point in European history? (468)
It concluded the Thirty Years War in 1648 and marked the end of large scale religious violence in Europe. It recognized the independent authority of more than three hundred states, reconfirming the emperor's limited power. The Augsburg agreement of 1555 became permanent, adding Calvinism to Catholicism and Lutheranism as legally permissible creeds. North Germans were Protestant and the South were Catholic.
How did the princes of Moscow try to make themselves legitimate rulers of an independent state? (485)
Ivan III refused to pay tribute to the Mongols and declared the autonomy of Moscow. To legitimize their new position, Ivan and his successors borrowed elements of Mongol rule. They forced weaker Slavic principalities to render tribute previously paid to Mongols an borrowed Mongol institutions such as the tax system, postal routes, and census. Loyalty from the highest ranking nobles, or boyars, helped the Muscovite princes consolidate their power.
Who defended the Glorious Revolution in his Second Treatise of Civil Government? (496)
JOHN LOCKE
What was the main cause of the GLORIOUS Revolution? (496)
James II violated the Test Act (no Catholics could hold significant positions, etc). Despite granting religious freedom, eminent persons in Parliament and the church of England (Anglican PROTESTANTS) resisted his ambitions, offering the throne to Mary and James of Netherlands.
Baroque music reached its culmination in the work of which composer? (500)
Johann Sebastian Bach
What were the results of the English Revolution? (494)
Parliament won under Cromwell in 1649. Cromwell dismissed anti-Cromwell members of the Parliament and the Rump Parliament (remaining members) put Charles on trial for high treason. he was found guilty and beheaded. Cromwell established a republic turned military dictatorship with a Protectorate that eventually collapsed at his death.
How did Count-Duke Olivares bring disaster to Spain? (481)
Philip IV left the management of of his several kingdoms (Spain) to Gaspar de Guzman, Count Duke of Olivares. He was an able administrator compared to Richelieu, devising new sources of revenue, often compared to Richelieu. But he clung to the grandiose belief that the solution to Spain's difficulties rested in a return to imperial tradition of the 16th C. This imperial tradition demanded the revival of war with the Dutch at the expiration of a twelve year truce in 1622 and a long war with France over Mantua. Spain thus became embroiled in the Thirty Years' War. These conflicts, on top of an empty treasury, brought disaster.
What sort of government was set up by Cromwell following the English Civil War? (494)
Republic and Military Dictatorship
What was the focus of Richelieu's foreign policy? (474)
Richelieu's main foreign policy goal was to destroy the Habsburg's grip on territories that surrounded France. He supported Habsburg enemies, including protestants during the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648). For the French cardinal, interests of state outweighed religious considerations.
What was French classicism? (477-478)
Scholars characterize the art and literature of the age of Louis XIV as French classicism. By this, they mean that the artists and writers of the late seventeenth century imitated the subject matter and style of classical antiquity, that their work resembled that of Renaissance Italy, and that French art possessed the classical qualities of discipline, balance, and restraint.
What are the characteristics of Baroque art? (499)
The characteristics seen in Baroque art are emotionalism, splendor, contrasts in light and shade, movement in the figures, religious fervor, illusionism, and scenes of domestic intimacy. Art of the Catholic Reformation, Peter Paul Rubens.
Who were the Junkers? (482)
The nobility of Brandenburg and Prussia, they were reluctant allies of Frederick William (The Great Elector) in his consolidation of the Prussian state. The estates of Brandenburg and Prussia were dominated by the nobility and the landowning class, known as the Junkers.
How did the Catholic Reformation (counter-Reformation) influence Baroque style? (499)
The papacy, Jesuits, and wealthy patrons wanted artists to appeal to the senses and thereby touch the souls and kindle the faith of ordinary churchgoers while proclaiming the power and confidence of the reformed Catholic Church.
What were the effects of increased centralized control by European governments, both absolutist and constitutional? (469)
The states shared common projects of protecting and expanding their frontiers, raising new taxes, consolidating central control, and competing for the new colonies opening up in the New and Old Worlds = broad pattern of state building. both states achieved new levels of power and national unity, transforming emergency measures of wartime into permanent structures of government and subduing privileged groups through the use of force and through economic and social incentives. increased state authority: greater taxation, growth in armed forces, larger and more efficient bureaucracies, and territorial expansion.
How did the Archbishop of Canterbury, (Laud), cause conflict with the Scots? (492-493)
Under Charles I, William Laud provoked outrage by imposing two new elements on church organization in Scotland: a new prayer book, modeled on the Anglican Book of Common Prayer, and bishoprics.
