AP Euro Chapter 19

San-Culottes

1. a radical group upset with how the war was going, economic shortages, and the government (king in particular) 2. organized a mob which attacked the Legislative Assembly and the king's residence 3. took the king hostage and forced the Assembly to suspend the monarchy

Napoleon's Early Life

1. born in Corsica in 1769 (son of a lawyer) 2. a child of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution 3. obtained a royal scholarship to study at a military school in France 4. his education led to his commission in 1785 as a lieutenant 5. spent next seven years studying the philosophes and the great military leaders and battles of the past

Jacobins

1. emerged as the most important radical element in French politics during this time 2. named after the Jacobin convent in Paris which they took over in 1789 3. clubs also formed in the provinces where they served primarily as discussion groups (900 clubs by Spring of 1791) 4. members were usually the elite of their local societies, but they also included artisans and tradespeople

The Legislative Assembly

1. had the sovereign power of the state 2. was to sit for two years with 745 representatives chosen by an indirect system of election that preserved the power in the hands of the more affluent members of society 3. although all citizens had the same civil rights, only men over the age of 25 paying taxes equivalent in value to three days' unskilled labor could vote (4.3 million male citizens qualified in 4. the citizens who could vote did not elect the members of the Legislative Assembly directly, but voted for electors who chose the assembly 5. electors were men who paid in taxes an equivalent of 10 days' labor (50,000 electors total) 6. to be a deputy you had to be a man paying taxes worth at least 54 days' labor 7. it abolished all the old local and provincial divisions and divided France into 83 departments of roughly equal size in area and population 8. bourgeoisie was generally in charge of these departments 9. passed self-denying ordinance which prevented members of the National Assembly from being re-elected to the new Legislative Assembly

Napoleon and the Church

1. in 1801, Napoleon made peace with the oldest and toughest enemy of the Revolution, the Catholic Church a. Napoleon saw the necessity to come to terms with the Catholic church in order to stabilize his regime b. Concordat of 1801 accomplished goal

Napoleon's views on job positions in government

4. Replaced local assemblies with prefects who were career civil servants whose careers depended on the central government 5. Advancement in his government or military was based on demonstrated abilities

Napoleon's Military Success

7. in 1792, he was promoted to captain, and in the following year, he performed so well as an artillery commander that he was promoted to a brigadier general at the age of 25 8. in October of 1795, he saved the National Convention from a Parisian mob and in 1796 was made the commander of the French army in Italy 9. his energy, forceful personality, military brilliance allowed him to make quick work of the Austrians in Italy 10. returned to France as a hero in 1797 11. chief reason for Napoleon's fast rise to power was his series of stunning defeats over the enemies of France

America's Influence on Europe

American Revolution affected Europeans because it proved that the ideas of the Enlightenment could be realized politically A key conduit of 'enlightened' American political and moral ideas back to Europe was formed by the literate and influential French army and navy officers who had fought on the American side during the Revolutionary War

First Estate

First Estate consisted of the clergy and numbered about 130,000 people, the clergy were exempt from paying France's chief tax called the "taille" The church agreed to make a "voluntary" contribution every five years to the state The great gulf in income still existed between higher and lower clergy

French Economy

French economy in the 18th Century was growing due to increased trade and industrial production Wealth was not evenly distributed in France

Metternich

He wanted t restore the legitimate monarchs

Congress of Vienna

Made up of 5 people; Metternich (Austria) Castlereagh (Great Britain) Marquis de Tallygrand (France) Tsar Alexander 1 (Russia) King Frederick William the third (Prussia)

The Principle of Legitimacy

Metternich wanted to restore it, the Bourbon family was restored in France, there were new rulers in Italy, and Spain. Poland was given to Austria and Russia.

Continental System

Napoleon's effort to bar England's goods from Europe in hope that it would weaken and destroy England's economy and its ability to engage in war.

Napoleon and Psychological Warfare

Napoleon's rhetoric and military success enhanced France's identity and patriotism because he gave the soldiers a sense of newfound confidence, and gained their trust which helped in battle. He was able to win many victories for France due to his use of speed, skill and his ability to overpower enemies.

French Finances

Neckers argument that the French government's Financial troubles contributed to the revolution went to the extent where he describes the French government as an inadequate government and their monetary policies. The attempt to prevent a financial crisis neck or state that it is dangerous for the French government to take any loans without ensuring interest. However his efforts could not prevent the financial crisis in France.

Natural Right of French People

Olympe de Gouge felt the need to write her declaration because she believed that women should be given equal rights to men. Her declaration compares to the one of the National Assembly because she uses the same articles however she factors women into them. She believes that the rights given to men should be the same for women because they are just as equal and capable as men. She states how women should receive equal punishment to law and that they should also receive equal rights and freedoms.

How the Constitution came about

On June 20, the deputies of the Third Estate arrived at their meeting place, only to find their doors locked; thereupon they moved to a nearby indoor tennis court and swore that they would continue to meet until they had produced a French constitution (TENNIS COURT OATH) e. these actions constitute the first step in the French Revolution since the Third Estate had no legal right to act as the National Assembly f. this "revolution of lawyers" in 1789 appeared doomed because the imminent royal use of armed force against them

Acts by the National Assembly

One of the first acts of the National Assembly was to destroy the relics of feudalism or aristocratic privilege by voting to abolish seigneurial rights as well as the fiscal privileges of nobles, clergy, towns, and provinces

Robespierre and Revolutionary Government

Robespierre's idea on the role of government was that a government was meant to guide the nation toward the purpose it was established for both physically and spiritually. However this differed from the ideas of the monarchs. The monarchs believed primarily in having control and the financial. His ideas also differs from the United States because the United States was represented by one person.

Boston Tea Party

Tea Act of 1773 was meant to bail out the British East India Company The colonists responded by dumping British tea into Boston Harbor while disguised as Native Americans This is later known as the Boston Tea Party

Radical Phase

The French Revolution's Radical phase was caused by the reaction from revolutionary events. The National Assembly, attempted to show unity in France by declaring war on Austria. Later, the Committee of Public Safety would use their power as an excuse to deprive France of divisions engaging against the revolution. The Radical phase was a big free for all that ended up leading into a period of revolution.

How was France changed by the the revolutionary events of 1789-1792?

The French aided the Americans in their revolution which gave them new ideas and innovations. This led to the monarchical powers to be questioned by the French. The French people were attempting to gain their natural born rights while the American people were trying to gain independence from Britain. After America's success, the French people realized that they could also gain their rights.

2 key issues in the Congress of Vienna

The Principal of Legitimacy and creating a balance of power

Second Estate

The Second Estate Consisted of the French nobility which numbered 350,000 and owned 25 to 30 percent of the land On the eve of the French Revolution, the First and Second estates dominated the French society The members of the estate held many of the positions in government, military, law courts, and the higher church offices They were in control of a good deal of heavy industry in France mainly in mining and metallurgy French nobility was also divided into Nobles of the Robe: derived their status from officeholding, dominated royal law courts and important administrative offices Nobles of the Sword: claimed to be descendants of the original medieval nobility, attempted to limit the sale of military officerships to 4th generation nobles through the Segur Law The nobles wanted to expand their privilege at the expense of the monarchy

American Constitution

The US Constitution (1789) created a central government distinct from and superior to the governments of the individual states The national government was given the power to levy taxes, raise a national army, regulate foreign and domestic trade, establish a national currency It created a national government with 3 branches 1. Executive branch headed by a President who could:. execute the laws, veto the legislature's acts, make judicial and executive appointments, supervise foreign affairs, and direct military forces 2. Legislative branch: upper house called Senate elected by State legislatures (2 Senators per state) lower house called the House of Representatives elected directly by the people (number of reps for each state based on state's population) 3. Judicial branch: Supreme Court, Other lower federal courts, Role was to enforce the Constitution as the supreme law of land A new constitution had to be ratified by popularly chosen conventions in 9 of 13 states before it would take effect The Constitution of 1789 was barely passed by the Continental Congress thanks to the advocacy of Federalists who promised to add a Bill of Rights The Bill of Rights (1791), the first ten amendments to the US Constitution, it guaranteed American citizens the freedom of religion, speech, press, petition, and assembly, as well as the right to bear arms, protection against unreasonable searches and arrests, trial by jury, due process of law, and protection of property rights

Argument for Independence

The argument for independence challenge the absolute monarchy because it states that humans have natural rights to life into liberty. It also states that if he government fails to respect the natural rights of it citizens then the citizens have the right to overthrow the government and create a new one. this went against the absolute monarchy.

The Fall of Bastille

The fall of Bastille was a turning point because it signified try am of liberty. This was the turning point because the third is state was saved from King Louis XVI and his attempt at a counter revolution. This is not a biased account because the author does not state any opinions in favor of one side or the other instead the other reports on what is recalled from the event.

Immediate Cause of The Decline in French Monarchy

The immediate cause of the French Revolution was France's failure to resolve its debts

Reign of Terror

The spectacle of the execution promoted loyalty in the observers to the extent that the people knew that they had two choices to make. They could either be loyal and not have to face execution or they could be disloyal and be put to death for it. The executions were organized and ruthless, people were beheaded with the guillotine and taken one after the other to their deaths. The author even goes as far to describe the scene as sad. This spectacle was a way to show that disloyalty would not be tolerated and to put people in their place so to say.

Napoleon's Policies

The ways that Napoleon's policies rejected the accomplishments of the French Revolution were different. The French were in favor of getting rid of an absolute government and Napoleon was in favor of an absolute government. He used the same ideals whenever he took over territories. Napoleon used enlightenment paradigms to his benefit. He strengthened the Revolution's accomplishments by bettering equality as well as freedom and liberty.

A new balance of power

They wanted to prevent another empire in Europe, France remained a power however the congress put up defensive barriers to prevent France from expanding.

Third Estate

Third Estate:consisted of the commoners of French society who constituted the overwhelming majority of the French population, peasants made up 75 to 80 % of this estate, skilled artisans, shopkeepers, and other wage earners in the cities were part of this estate

Marquis de Tallygrand

Tried to help minimize the loss in France

Tsar Alexander 1

Wanted Russia to be accepted as a legit power in Europe, wanted to create the Holy Allegiance between Russia, Prussia, and Austria

King Frederick William the Third

Wanted compensation, he believed Prussia had a big role in the fall of Napoleon

Castlereagh

Was in favor of a policy of balanced power, believed that trade brought peace, and he was concerned that Russia or France would become empires.

De-Christianization

a policy aimed at creating a secular society by removing Christianity from French society. The French revolutionary government would have wanted to worship reason in a temple because it would create organization in the community. Also, it would have removed power from the Catholic church and restore power in France.

Nationalism

a sense of national consciousness based on awareness of being part of a community or nation that has common institutions, traditions, language and customs that become the focus of the individual's primary political loyalties.

The Invasion of Russia

a. Napoleon's invasion marked the beginning of the end for him and his power b. In June of 1812, Napoleon led a Grand Army of 600,000 men into Russia c. Napoleon's hope for victory depended on quickly meeting and defeating the Russian Army d. the Russian forces refused to give battle and retreated for hundreds of miles while torching their own villages e. these tactics stretched supply lines and made it next to impossible for Napoleon's army from finding food and forage f. Napoleon's army finally were given the opportunity to fight the Russians at Borodino (indecisive and costly victory) g. Napoleon and his weary army finally reached the outskirts of Moscow to find the city ablaze h. without food or supplies, Napoleon was forced to abandon Moscow in October and begin his army's "Great Retreat" i. lack of supplies and a particularly harsh Russian winter devastated his army on this retreat j. by the time it arrived in Poland in January of 1813, only 40,000 troops remained k. this military disaster led to a war of liberation all over Europe, culminating in Napoleon's defeat in April of 1814

National Convention

a. it was called to draft a new constitution b. it also acted as the sovereign ruling body of France c. its composition was similar to previous conventions: 1. it was dominated by lawyers, professionals, and property owners (also had artisans represented for the first time) 2. two-thirds were under the age of 45 3. almost all had previous political experience as a result of the revolution 4. almost all were intensely distrustful of the king d. one of its first acts, in September of 1792, was to abolish the monarchy and establish a republic e. the convention split into factions over what to do with the deposed king with the two largest factions being the Girondins and the Mountain

Code of Napoleon

a. reaffirmed the ideals of the Revolution while creating a uniform legal system b. recognized the principle of the equality of all citizens before the law c. recognized the right of individuals to choose their own professions d. allowed for religious toleration e. abolished serfdom and feudalism f. continued to protect property rights g. outlawed trade unions and strikes h. father's control over families in France was restored (undid Revolution family legislation) i. women in general were treated as less than equal

The Girondins

a. represented primarily the provinces b. feared the radical Parisian mobs c. wanted to keep the king alive as a hedge against the future

The Mountain

a. represented the interest of the city of Paris b. primarily middle class c. owed much of its strength to the popular and radical elements within the city d. wanted the king executed f. the Mountain emerged as the victor over the Girondins and controlled the National Convention during the early stages of the "Radical Revolution" g. by a narrow margin, the Mountain was able to pass a decree calling for the execution of the king h. King Louis XVI was executed by the state on January 21, 1793 i. His execution created new enemies both domestically and abroad

Final Downfall of Napoleon

a. the defeated emperor was exiled to the island of Elba off the coast of Tuscany, while Louis XVIII (brother of Louis XVI) was established as the Bourbon King of France b. Louis XVIII had little support within France c. Napoleon escaped from Elba and returned to Paris with the backing of the army in triumph on March 20, 1815 d. On June 18, 1815, the British Duke of Wellington would defeat Napoleon once and for all at the Battle of Waterloo e. Napoleon was exiled by the Allies to St. Helena, an island in the south Atlantic, where he lived out the remainder of his unhappy days

The French Empire Under Napoleon

a. was composed of three different parts but united under the rule of Napoleon b. the empire included: Italy, Spain, Holland, the Swiss Republic, the Grand Duchy of Warsaw, and eventually a union of German states EXCLUDING Prussia and Austria and Russia (these 3 were allies of France) c. within the empire, Napoleon demanded obedience, in part because he needed a common front against the British and in part to feed his ever-growing ego d. within the empire, he pushed for legal equality, religious toleration, and economic freedom e. tried to destroy old order (nobility and noble-supporting clergy had rights taken away) f. empire fell apart quickly due to the survival of Great Britain and the force of Nationalism

The Declaration of the Rights of Women and the Female Citizen

a. written by French women's activist Olympe de Gouges b. argued that the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen did not apply to women. c. She wrote her declaration to address the needs of French women d. Argued that women should be treated as equals to men in both legal and political rights e. Was ignored entirely by the males in the National Assembly who did little to improve the lot of women in French society

Attack on Bastille

armed commoners most famous uprising took place in Paris on July 14, 1789 when they stormed the Bastille which was a royal arsenal and prison

A New Constitution

by 1791, the National Assembly had finally completed a new constitution that established a limited, constitutional monarchy

Napoleon's Return

comes back to France and governs for a bit, dies of cancer, France is punished for this

The Church during the Reformation

the Catholic Church was viewed as an important pillar of the old order and it soon came under attack by reformers 1. church lands were confiscated by the state 2. the church was secularized by the new Civil Constitution (1790) which had both bishops and priests be elected by the people, paid by the state, and had to swear an oath to the state 3. the pope forbade this and only 54% of the French clergy took this new oath to the state 4. made the church an enemy to the revolution which gave a counterrevolution a popular base from which to operate 5. church legislation bad mistake by the National Assembly

Old Order

the political and social system of France in the eighteenth century before revolution.

What happened because of the storm of bastille

the storming of the Bastille saved the National Assembly because after this Louis XVI was unable to enforce his will because his royal forces were too unreliable after this incident (this encouraged commoners to take matters into their own hands)

Declaration of the Rights of Man

used as the ideological foundation for the assembly's actions as well as an educational device for the nation b. this charter of basic liberties reflected the ideas of the major philosophes of the French Enlightenment c. owes much to the American Declaration of Independence and American state constitutions d. guaranteed citizens the right to "liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression". e. Called to an end to exemptions from taxation based on social standing, freedom and equal rights to all men, and access to public office based on talent f. The monarchy was to be limited in nature g. Freedom of speech and press were coupled with the outlawing of arbitrary arrests