AP Euro Chapter 5 Key Terms
James I or James VI
(1603-1625) -Stuart monarch -ignored constitutional principles and asserted the divine right of kings. -Puritans had started to uprise and James wasn't supportive of them (liked the ornate church of E rituals) --> "NO BISHOP, NO KING!" -Made the Puritans angrier
Louis XIV
(1638-1715) he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. The nobles/aristocracy were getting upset with the amount of power of the monarch. Louis XIV solved them by: -Divine Right -palace of Versailles -using the upper bourgeoise for help: EX: Jean- Baptiste Colbert: mercantilism
Edmund Burke
(1729-1797) Member of British Parliament and author of Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790), which criticized the underlying principles of the French Revolution and argued conservative thought. argued that having the two parties was essential for political stability
Congress of Vienna
(1814-1815 CE) Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon. Led by Prince Metternich
Thomas Aquinas
(Roman Catholic Church) Italian theologian and Doctor of the Church who is remembered for his attempt to reconcile faith and reason in a comprehensive theology (Church and Artistotle )
Louis XVI
- King of France (1774-1792). In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed. Louis and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were executed in 1793.
Galileo Galilei
-Astronomer -first telescope (proved many conceptions wrong!) -mathematician -motion (ball off the tower of pizzaaa) -the church wasn't happy with him!
Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations & Inquiry into Nature
-Laizzes Faire economics --> "invisible hand" Scottish
Storming of the Bastille (July 14, 1789)
-events erupted into revolution -crowd gathered outside the prison -demand weapons -commander fired on the crowd, killing many -mob broke through -freeing prisoners -fall of the Bastille challenged the existence of the ancient régime -Revolution Begins
Issac Newton
-gravity -heliocentric (followed copernicus) -astronomer -mathematician (calculus) -motion -figure head of the sci rev
Nicolas Copernicus (1473-1543)
-heliocentric -astronomer -mathmetician -very cautious (dedicated a book to the pope)
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy -Indiviudal rights --> one can find freedom in scarificing individual rights for the common good -The Social Contract
Robespierre
A French political leader of the eighteenth century. A Jacobin, he was one of the most radical leaders of the French Revolution. He was in charge of the government during the Reign of Terror, when thousands of persons were executed without trial. After a public reaction against his extreme policies, he was executed without trial.
English Revolution
A civil war that broke out between those who supported Parliament and thse that supported the King. Parliament won and set up a commonwealth (led by Oliver Cromwell)
Napolenic Code
A comprehensive and uniform system of laws established for France by Napoleon
Civil Constitution of the Church
A document, issued by the National Assembly in July 1790, that broke ties with the Catholic Church and established a national church system in France with a process for the election of regional bishops. The document angered the pope and church officials and turned many French Catholics against the revolutionaries. Made catholic church part of state, the pope wasn't happy
The Common wealth
A form of government not lead by a monarch but the people (Parliament) have an impact in the government. Like a republic. used the "instrument of government" as a consitituion However: it really wasn't a republic and more like a dictatorship
Blaise Pascal
A french mathematician and scientist. He believed that religious faith was necessary because reason alone could not satisfy peoples, hopes and aspiration. Untiy and Truth. wrote Pensees (means to think) -Predestination
Committe of Public Safety
A group of 12 men who decided who was an enemy of the state; those who were, were executed Robespieere and the reign of terror
Guillotine
A machine for beheading people, used as a means of execution during the French Revolution. Symbol of the French REV
invisible hand
A phrase coined by Adam Smith to describe the process that turns self-directed gain into social and economic benefits for all
Tennis Court Oath
A pledge made by the members of France's National Assembly in 1789, in which they vowed to continue meeting until they had drawn up a new constitution
Deism
A popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn't involved in people's lives or in revealing truths to prophets. "the watch maker"
Glorious Revolution
A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange (netherlands). -Started an era of parliment!
three-field system
A rotational system for agriculture in which one field grows grain, one grows legumes, and one lies fallow. It gradually replaced two-field system in medieval Europe.
Checks and Balances
A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power (seperation of powers)
The Great Fear
A wave of senseless panic that spread through the French countryside after the storming of the Bastille in 1789
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
Adopted August 26, 1789, created by the National Assembly to give rights to all (except women).
Stuart Dynasty
After Queen Elizabeth Tudor's death in 1603, the Stuart Line of rulers came. Started with James I, King of Scotland. (Cousin of Elizabeth.) Then came Charles I, his son. Charles II. Then James II. Then William of Orange.
Mercantilism
An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought Jean-Baptiste Colbert (an upper bourgeioise member) came up with the idea
Laizzes faire
An ideal world economis system where the government does not interfere in the market -Adam smith
Thomas Hobbes
Belived humans were naturally short, brutish, and nasty Absolutism= nessecary inspired by: English REV Wrote book: leviathan
Petition of Rights
Cause: Charles was having a rough time with Parliament because they required him to pay tonnage and poundage over a one yr period instead of over his entire lifetime like the other stuart monarchs --> Charles forced ppl to give him a loan for his expidition in Spain
Grand Army
Combined French armies under Napoleon. Virtually destroyed during Napoleon's ill-fated Russian campaign.
Independents vs Presbyterians
Cromwell Supporters! Independents: wanted a state church but were tolerating religious freedom (except no catholics) Presbyterians: no freedom of religion
Deductive vs. Inductive Reasoning
Deductive (top down)- Starting with general rules and drawing specific conclusions from them. Inductive (bottom up)- Generalizing from specific instances.
Rene Descartes
Deductive thinker whose famous saying cogito ergo sum ("I think, therefore I am") challenged the notion of truth as being derived from tradition and Scriptures
Levelers and Diggers
Diggers: -extend the revolution -common ownership (no land lords) -didn't like buying and selling of land Levelers (opposed): -supported democracy -supported house of commons -voting for all men -religious freedom *Diggers will die down
Divine Right of Kings
Doctrine that states that the right of ruling comes from God and not people's consent
Romanov Dynasty
Dynasty elected in 1613 at end of Time of Troubles; ruled Russia until 1917
Joseph II of Austria
Edicts of Tolerance, weakened the church inspired by voltaire
David Hume
Empiricist, scottish, religion lacks ephemrical/factual evidence
Oliver Cromwell
English military, political, and religious figure who led the Parliamentarian victory in the English Civil War (1642-1649)- NEW MODEL ARMY and called for the execution of Charles I. As lord protector of England (1653-1658) he ruled as a virtual dictator.
Mary Wollstonecraft
English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women
The Directory
Established after the Reign of Terror / National Convention; a five man group as the executive branch of the country; incompetent and corrupt, only lasted for 4 years.
Royal Absolutism
France! King + Finance minster worked together to centralize France: -monopolies on commodities -limiting the power of the nobles (nobles and the monarch have always had conflicts over power) EX: Louis XIV
National Assembly
French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789.
Baron de Montesquieu
French aristocrat who wanted to limit royal absolutism; Wrote The Spirit of Laws (and Persian letters), urging that power be separated between executive, legislative, and judicial branches, each balancing out the others, thus preventing despotism and preserving freedom. This greatly influenced writers of the US Constitution. He greatly admired British form of government. *Checks and balances
Voltaire
French enlightenment thinker -religion crushed the human spirit -Candidate -DEIST!
Olympe de Gouges (1748-1793)
French feminist in Revolution, killed by guillotine in radical phase "Declaration of the Rights of Women"
Social contract
Government is formed as a social contract to protect their natural rights. This was based on the beliefs of John Locke where in all contract to get something you must give up something.
Immanuel Kant
Greatest German philosopher of Enlightenment-separated science and morality into separate branches of knowledge-science could describe nature, it could not provide a guide for morality. Wrote Critique of Pure Reason -Freedom could be gained by learning science
Entrepreneurship
Guilds started to decline and capalistis entrepreneurs increased -provide money for large scale projects (EX: cotton)
Austrian Succession
Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI lacked a male heir → Pragmatic Sanction (many Habsburg lands under control of one ruler & granting the right to a female to succeed the throne) → when Maria Teresa came to the throne, France saw Austria a weak and decided to take a strike! The war: France launched an attack to seize Silesia (the richest part of the austrian Empire) but Maria Theresa was able to put them down and gained support from Russia, Sweden, Denmark, and GB Against: France, Prussia, and Spain Result: Prussia gained Silesia BUT Habsburg throne was still saved
Sans-culottes
In the French Revolution, a radical group made up of Parisian wage-earners, and small shopkeepers who wanted a greater voice in government, lower prices, and an end of food shortages
English Bill of Rights
King William and Queen Mary accepted this document in 1689. It guaranteed certain rights to English citizens and declared that elections for Parliament would happen frequently. By accepting this document, they supported a limited monarchy, a system in which they shared their power with Parliament and the people. -Parliament must be called for every taxation -monarch must uphold protestant faith -pregorative rights = illegal
Charles I
King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1625-1649). -power struggles with Parliament resulted in the English Civil War (1642-1648) -Petition of Rights -Personal Rule Of Charles (NO PARL for 11 yrs!) -Civil War started when Charles demanded that Scotland adpot the elements of the C of E and read Anglican books -Charles was defeated -He was tried for treason and beheaded in 1649
Charles II
King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1660-1685) who reigned during the Restoration, a period of expanding trade and colonization as well as strong opposition to Catholicism
Commune of Paris
Municipal government that played a key role in the French Revolution
Continental System
Napoleon's policy of preventing trade between Great Britain and continental Europe, intended to destroy Great Britain's economy.
Dutch East India Company
Netherlands, joint-stock system (distributed wealth, allowed risky projects), golden age in the netherlands! -direct trade into Asia
Napoleon Bonaparte
Overthrew the French revolutionary government (The Directory) in 1799 and became emperor of France in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.
Estates General of 1789
Parliament of three French estates called by French emperor Louis XVI which hadn't been called in over 150 years. Third Estate breaks away and establishes the National Assembly of France as itself.
Denis Diderot
Philosopher who edited a book called the Encyclopedia which was banned by the French king and pope.
Parition of Poland
Poland was wiped off the map after the leader tried to centrlaize it and surroudning countries attacked
Puritans
Protestant sect in England hoping to "purify" the Anglican church of Roman Catholic traces in practice and organization. Didn't like: ornate rituals, indulgences, celibacy Instead they supported: predesination, minimastic,
Short/Long Parliament
Short: when Scotland wasn't following through with Charles' plans and civil war was raging. Charles was desperate and decidded to finally call in parliament which didn't work and dissolved it again. Long: once the scots got well out of hand, Charles had to call in parliament once again. Parliament was angry and wanted to make some changes: -impeached Charles' chief minters + abolsihed pregretive courts -Grand remonstrance: 214 grievences of parliemtn Result: charles had to leave london, Parliament had won
Third Estate (France)
The majority class of France. Paid the most in taxes- commoners
Jacobins vs. Girondins
The political parties of the National Assembly the left vs. right idea was started here. Jacobins: super radical, kill the king, supported sans-culottes, Girondins: conservative, exile the king, lassiez faire
James II
This was the Catholic king of England after Charles II that granted everyone religious freedom and even appointed Roman Catholics to positions in the army and government (Repealed the TEST ACT + Declaration of Indulgence)
House of Orange-Nassau
This was the house that took over the English throne after the Glorious Revolution (Netherlands)
Reign of Terror
This was the period in France where Robespierre ruled and used revolutionary terror to solidify the home front. He tried rebels and they were all judged severely and most were executed.
Tories vs. Whigs
Tories: supported C of E and prerogrative monarch rights Whigs: patirots, rev of 1688, religious freedom
Battle of Waterloo (1815)
When Napoleon met his final defeat
Philosophes
Writers during the Enlightenment and who popularized the new ideas of the time. enlightenement thinkerz
Cult of the Supreme Being
a religion based on deism devised by Maximilien Robespierre, intended to become the state religion after the French Revolution
Frederick the Great of Prussia
aka Frederick II of Prussia; enlarged Prussian army, kept a strict watch on the bureaucracy, abolished the use of torture, granted limited freedom of speech & press, had greater religious toleration, BUT kept Prussia's strict serfdom and rigid social structure intact and avoided any additional reforms (voltaire, locke,)
Battle of Trafalgar
an 1805 naval battle in which Napoleon's forces were defeated by a British fleet under the command of Horatio Nelson.
seperation of powers
dividing the powers of government among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches -Montesquie argued
Ivan the Terrible
first czar of Russia, known for cruelty and being constantly at war (expansion under muscovery)
Fredrick I Prussia
first king of prussia
Salons
gatherings in which intellectual and political ideas were exchanged during the Enlightenment
Louis XV
grandson of Louis XIV and king of France from 1715 to 1774 who led France into the War of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War (1710-1774)
Act of Toleration
granted freedom of worship to nonconformist protestants! - still wanted their support
Rembrandt van Rijn
greatest Dutch artists of the golden age; painted portraits of wealthy middle-class merchants
John Locke
humans: selfish, but born free social contract: gov had to protect certain natural rights --> life, liberty, property two treasties on gov Tabula Rasa inspired by: glorious revolution
Price Revolution
increase in prices in 16th century-inflation-increased demand for goods-influx of gold and silver -during the golden age of art
Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
inductive reasoning and scientific method -Starting with something broad to get something more general
Enlightened Abosolutists
monarchs who were inspired by the enlightement (17th and 18th centuries) EX: Joseph II, Fredrick II, Catherine the Great
English Poor Law
protestant relief system for the poor
Peter the Great of Russia
ruled Russia from 1682 to 1725, wanted closer ties to western europe, modernize and strengthen Russia (expand revenue, centralize buracrcy)
Heliocentric
sun-centered
Catherine the Great of Russia
systemized laws, brought ideas of French philosophy to russian aristocracy inspired by montesquie, and voltaire
The restoration
the period of Charles II's rule over England, after the collapse of Oliver Cromwell's government (no more common wealth, the clock turned back to the earlier 1600s)
War of Spanish Succession
the war fought over the Spanish throne; Louis XIV wanted it for his son and fought a war against the Dutch, English, and the Holy Roman Empire to gain the throne for France France and Spain weren't allowed to permit The real winner was Austria who gained the Netherlands in the Treaty of Utrecht
Prince Metternich of Austria
under the leadership of this person, the Congress of Vienna had tried to restore the old monarchies and territorial divisions that had existed before the French Revolution.
Cardinal Mazarin
was the minister to Louis XIV whose policies drove nobles to rebel against Louis! -didn't have enough experience (not as good a Richeleu)
