AP Euro Chp 17
Separation of powers (checks and balances)
a doctrine enunciated by Montesquieu in the eighteenth century that separate executive, legislative, and judicial powers serve to limit and control each other
Skepticism
a doubtful or questioning attitude, especially about religion
laissez-faire economics
a "hands off" approach to free the economy from government intervention and control. Dave franco's parents in 21 jump street are not involved in his life.
Physiocrats
group that believed in natural economic laws that governed society such as land is the source of wealth, supported supply and demand, and created laissez- faire. Opposed mercantilism.
Mary Wollstonecraft
•Who/what: British writer who wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman. Argued that women have same capacity for reason and self-government as men, "virtue" should mean the same thing for men and women, and relations between the sexes should be based on equality. She also argued the inequality in rank, birth, and wealth. •Where/when: 1792 in England •Cause: shared Rousseau's political views by being a republican and admired his writing, just disagreed on philosophy of women. •Effect: Laid the foundation of feminism, for believed that though a woman's foremost responsibility is to mother her children, there should no coercion.
Adam Smith
•Who/what: Leader of physiocrats who were enlightened economics who discover natural economic laws that governed human society, wrote Wealth of Nations (1776)that argued self-interest was compatible for society's interest, and endorsed concept of laissez-faire economics. •Where/when: late 18th century in England •Cause: believed individual interests naturally harmonized with those of society and rejected mercantilist policies •Effect: Smith and the Physiocrats laid the foundations for economic liberalism
Cultural relativism
- an artistic style developed at the beginning of the twentieth century, especially by Pablo Picasso, that used geometric designs to re-create reality in the viewer's mind
Immanuel Kant
Prussian leading philosophy "Dare to Know" dedicated life to developing a complete set of philosopy
David Hume
Scottish Enlightenment leader Treatise of Human Nature conveyed a radically empirical approach to human knowledge which lead to "science of man" aka social studies
Romanticism
a nineteenth- century intellectual and artistic movement that rejected the emphasis on reason of the Enlightenment. Instead, Romantics stressed the importance of intuition, feeling, emotion, and imagination as sources of knowing.
Enlightenment
an eighteenth-century intellectual movement, led by philosophes, that stressed the application of reason and the scientific method to all aspects of life
Toleration Patent of 1781
made by Joseph II of Austria, it recognized Catholicism's public practice and granted Lutherans, Calvinists, and Greek Orthodox the right to worship privately and making all subjects equal
Theme of Enlightenment: Equality
many philosophies not inequality, but few trusted masses to rule for the betterment of society did not necessarily mean that lower classes benefited
Theme of Enlightenment: Reason
most associated with Enlightenment, refers to the capacity human beings have to make sense of things, to establish and verify facts, and to change or justify practices
Theme of Enlightenment: Progress
natural byproduct of belief in human beings, notion of progress lay in heart of Enlightenment, idea that Enlightenment would yield benefits for humankind
Theme of Enlightenment: Secularism
not all philosophies demonstrated hostility and promoted atheism, but most considered religion unnecessary
Pogroms
organized massacres and looting of Jews
Feminism
the belief in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes; also, organized activity to advance women's right.
Economic liberalism
the idea that government should not interfere in the workings of the economy
Jean- Jacques Rousseau's The Social Contract
•Who/what: a political treatise that was an agreement that the authority arose from the people alone, or popular sovereignty. The nation would be united by the "general will", the common interest of the people that favored equality of all MEN, guaranteed that everyone would be represented as a whole, and was a contract with each other not the rulers. •When/where: published in 1762 in France •Cause: Rousseau did not grow up from upper echelons of society, so he tended to have different ideas then other. Due to his background he believed in equality, to harmonize individual liberty with governmental authority. This caused him to create a social contract different from Hobbes and Lock for it was a contract with one another (the people) not the rulers. •Effect: first to speak of popular sovereignty and democracy. this contract became crucial for the French Revolution of 1789 and was considered a "political bible"
Cesare Beccaria
•Who/what: an Italian jurist who wrote On Crimes and Punishments, in which he condemned the traditional approach that criminals where handled, and favored a use of reason and certainty for punishment. •When/where: in 1762 in Italy •Cause: He felt that the spectacles of torture, for example quartering, did not cause people to respect the law but rather excite them for bloodlust and a fear of power. •Effect: His book and ideas promoted penal reform and the building of prisons, which focused on the rehabilitation of inmates through discipline. This began in the United States. His ideas also lead to enlightened monarchs eliminating the use of torture, and some even eliminating the use of capital punishment.
Montesquieu and the Spirit of Laws
•Who/what: book comparing three types of government: republic, monarchy, and despotism. He finds republic the best type of government with a spirit of virtue, while he dislikes monarchy which has a spirit of honor and despotism which has no spirit for it rules on fear. •When/where: 1748 in France •Cause: he admires a republic government which is ruled by many versus the one of his country that his a monarchy which sometimes acts as a despot •Effect: his admiration British system and its separate and balanced powers which led to his idealization of "checks and balances". Also led others to admire British system. This came to impact the United States constitution.
The New Public Sphere
•Who/what: the ability to think critically and speak freely, without referring to religion or tradition; was a point of pride not simply for intellectuals •When/where: 18th century during Enlightenment in Europe •Cause: due to enlightenment with the expanding networks of sociability, the flourishing book trade, the new genres of literature, and the circulation of Enlightenment ideas which widened the circles of reading and discussion which created a "public sphere" •Effect: politics where changed to add informal deliberations, debates on how to regenerate a nation, discussions of civic virtue, and efforts to forge a consensus now was a part in moving politics beyond the confines of the court. It also gave birth to the idea of the "public opinion"
Denis Diderot's Encyclopedia
•Who/what:17 large volumes of text and 11 more of illustrations concerning the major concerns of philosophes. •When/where: published between 1751 and 1772 in France •Cause: to change the general way of thing. To do this he alphabetically arrange all of the human knowledge without there being separation or difference of religious and or political authority. •Effect: the grandest statement of the philosophes' goals. Most remarkable French publication of the 18th century.
Voltaire's Letters Concerning an English Nation
•who/what: being the most influential writer of the Enlightenment, he wrote Letters Concerning an English Nation which attacked Catholic bigotry and government rigidity in France. This was especially toward freedom of thought. •when/where: in 1733 in France •cause: he was inspired by the lack of religious toleration, for example the Celas (check) affair a Protestant father was falsely accused of killing his son to stop him from becoming Catholic. He was also inspired by wanting deism, God letting earth run in its own natural laws. •effect: forced to live in exile in England for two years during which he came to admire the English system of government and relative religious tolerance (check if right)
