AP EURO MID-TERM
What is a vassal?
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Who developed the essay?
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Who unified Spain with her husband?
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Why is the Battle of Hastings significant?
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What book did Henry VIII write?
Defense of the Seven Sacraments
What humanist influenced Calvin?
Erasmus
who wrote In Praise of Folly?
Erasmus
New Monarchs
Francis I, Louis VI, Henry VII, Ferdinand of Aragon
founder of the Jesuit order (Society of Jesus)
Ignatus Loyola
What was John Calvin's Magnus Opus?
Institutes of Christian Religion
Who was NOT a "new monarch"?
Isabella d'Este
Who wrote Oration on the Dignity of Man?
Pico della Mirandola
What was papal supremacy?
The Pope/Church over the state
Where did Zwingli establish a theocracy?
Zurich
What crime was Joan of Arc convicted?
heresey
Ninety-Five Theses
the sale of indulgences
During the sixteenth century the first enclosure movements in England were designed to increase
wool production
The Council of Trent (1545-1563)
- 3 session (1545-1563) -established catholic dogma for next four centuries -salvation with good works/faith -7 sacraments including transbubstantion -index of forbidden books -church reforms of former issues -bishops had greater control over clergy
Anabaptists of the sixteenth century
- formed in 1525 in Zurich, Switzerland -no connection to any state - rejected secular agreements -did not believe in childhood baptism -millenarians -rejected the Trinity -"left wing" of the reformation
What civilized the Vikings?
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Which Byzantine Emperor appealed for aid from the West?
Alexios I
Who was the most powerful of the Medici's?
Cosimo
What country dominated the spice trade in modern-day Indonesia during the seventeenth century?
Dutch Republic
The center of Renaissance culture during the fifteenth century was
Florence
What country could likely be called the "winner" of the Hundred Years' War?
France
What weakened the power of the Medici's?
Invasion of France
What countries or regions didn't have a significant Calvinist movement by the early seventeenth century?
Italy
Who provided the foundation upon which Puritanism was based?
John Calvin
Who embodied the Lutheran ideal of a devoted and compassionate spouse?
Katherina von Boara
Which Medici was called the Magnificent?
Lorenzo
What work had the biggest impact on the Protestant Reformation in 1517?
Luther's 95 Theses (Oct 31, 1517)
Who translated Plato's works into Latin?
Marsillo Ficino
What pope was most influential in reforming church practices and reaffirming church doctrine during the Catholic Reformation?
Pope Paul III
sixteenth-century Catholic figures had a significant impact in promoting emotionalism and a personal relationship with God
Teresa of Avila
sought to reduce the further spread of Protestantism in central Europe during the sixteenth century
The Council of Trent
The rights of a German prince to choose either Catholicism or Lutheranism as the official faith of his state was established as a result of
The Peace of Augsburg
The most important reason for the success of both Renaissance culture and the Protestant Reformation
The printing press
In order to prevent military conflicts between Spain and Portugal over the issue New World land claims, Pope Alexander VI in 1494 issued the
Treaty of Tordesillas
What was the longest lasting of the Italian city states?
Venice
The Lutheran Reformation in Germany emphasized
a "priesthood of all believers"
The fundamental goal of a mercantilist country in the seventeenth century would have been
a favorable balance of trade w/ other nations
Thomas à Kempis
encouraged Christians to live a simple life and make religion an experience. The Imitation of Christ
Peace of Augsburg (1555)
gave each German prince the right to determine the religion of his state (whose region, his religion)
A major difference between European society in the Renaissance compared to society in the Later Middle Ages was that Renaissance society experienced
increased publication of written materials
Colloquy of Marburg in 1529
it was a debate between Luther and Zwingli which resulted in a formal split w/ Protestantism
The social class at the forefront of the Commercial Revolution in the sixteenth century was the
middle class
In his critique of the Roman Catholic Church, Martin Luther's 95 Theses focused most on the
sale of indulgences
Elizabethan Settlement during late-sixteenth century
the doctrine of the Anglican Church as essentially Protestant w/ Catholic rituals
Religions divisions within England in the late-sixteenth century resulted in
the execution of Mary, Queen of Scots
Elizabeth I of England and Henry IV of France were similar in their
use of practical compromise to save political problems
Against what group were pogroms started after the Crusades?
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European History Mid-Term
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How did Joan of Arc die?
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How long did the Crusades last?
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How many Crusades were there?
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In feudalism, what position(s) could a peasant hold?
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In what city was the Hagia Sophia built?
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In what city was the first Bible printed using the printing press?
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In which council was the First Crusade called?
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In which time period had a sexual double standard?
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What was the effect of the Edict of Milan?
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The French monarchy under Francis I gained in 1516 the right to appoint its own bishops and exercise greater control over the Catholic church in France as a result of the
Concordat of Bologna
Who was highly critical of the way in which Native Americans were treated by the Spanish in the New World?
Isabella of Castile
most important in the early development of Portuguese exploration during the mid- to late-fifteenth century
Prince Henry the Navigator
result of the Spanish reconquista
The last stronghold of Muslim was removed from the Iberian Peninsula
Martin Luther's most fundamental theological idea
faith over "good works"
During the commercial revolution of the sixteenth century, an institution that was a forerunner of the modern corporation was the
joint-stock company
A significant percentage of Spain's Jews and Moors were removed by Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile as a result of the
reconquista
Who wrote The Prince?
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expert on the Latin language during the Italian Renaissance?
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To what town was the papacy moved?
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What was a mercenary general called?
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When did the Emperor appeal for help?
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Who developed sfumato?
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considered the "father of Humanism" who described the medieval period as the "Dark Ages?"
Petrarch
What sect allowed women to preach in their congregations?
Quakers
What two ancient languages were studied by the humanists?
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What was a contract between a merchant and a merchant-adventurer?
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What was the decision of the Sacrosancta?
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What is perspective?
3D effects on a 2D surface
Where did Calvin establish a theocracy?
Geneva
Baroque ideas and values were embodied most profoundly in the work of
Gianlorenzo Bernini
What Frankish king was crowned in 800?
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What family was known as the white rose?
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What percentage of Europe died from the Black Plague?
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What Protestant group took hold in Scotland?
Presbyterianism
important aspects of the Catholic Reformation
-index of prohibited books -Italian Inquisition -Council of Trent
What was the theme of the Unam Sanctam?
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most important economic and mercantile center in Europe during the last half of the sixteenth century
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social result of the Crusades
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upper-class women during the Renaissance
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what did Humanists consider a good life?
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considered politiques for their ability and willingness to compromise in order to further their political goals
Elizabeth I and Henry IV
major figure of the Scottish Reformation who was instrumental in making Presbyterianism the dominant church in Scotland
John Knox
central religious issue in England between 1534 and 1689 was the extent to which
Protestantism would remain the dominant force in the Church of England
most profitable commodity in the emerging global trade during the commercial revolution?
sugar
During the Protestant Reformation, the French government maintained a policy of
support for Lutheran princes
doctrine of the Anglican Church under Henry VIII is
Act of Supremacy, Catholic land taken, Monasteries closed, Act of Seccession
Which European ruler posed the biggest obstacle to the spread of Protestantism in the sixteenth century?
Charles V
first European explorer to round the southern tip of Africa
Dias
Where did Protestantism NOT spread significantly during the sixteenth century?
Ireland, Spain, and Italy
fourteenth-century English reformer whose views were embodied in the Lollard movement
John Wycliff
Who was not a Calvinist group in the sixteenth century?
Mennonites
In which time period was literature based upon Scripture?
Middle Ages
Where did Luther establish a theocracy?
Nowhere
how humanism influenced the Protestant Reformation
-criticized the church/questioned the Latin Vulgate -textual criticisms (Erasmus) -worldly influence on church leaders
Catholic church abuses criticized by religious reformers prior to the Reformation
-simony -pluralism -absenteeism -sale of indulgences -neopotism -moral decline of the papcy -clerical ignorance
In which time period was divorce non-existent?
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One of the great accomplishments of Erasmus was his
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The center of Renaissance culture during the fifteenth century was
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The fall of Constantinople in 1453 had a significant impact on Renaissance humanism in Italy because
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Under which king was the Model Parliament introduced?
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What Byzantine Emperor appealed for aid from the West?
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What French cloth making town did Edward want to have for English wool?
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What French king died that started the controversy that began the 100 Years War?
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What Pope was the most notorious of the Renaissance Popes?
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What alphabet was given to the Slavs of Eastern Europe?
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What animals did Machievelli say rulers should act like?
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What are the names of the two halves of the Christian Church?
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What artists created numerous "Madonna and Child" paintings?
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What battle ended the War of the Roses?
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What battle turned the tide of the 100 Years War?
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What brought the Black Death to Europe?
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What caused the Viking raids to end?
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What caused the city of Rome to fall?
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What council issued the Sacrosancta?
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What did Philip IV persuade the College of Cardinals to do?
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What did Philip VI persuade the College of Cardinals to do?
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What document guaranteed the rights of nobles in England?
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What dynasty came after the Plantagenet dynasty in England?
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What emperor built the Hagia Sophia?
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What family was known as the red rose?
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What group was harassing the Byzantine Empire that began the Crusades?
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What institution filled the power vacuum in Western Europe when the city of Rome fell?
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What is chiaroscuro?
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What is sfumato?
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What is the Pieta?
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What is the economic system, that we enjoy today, that was started after the Crusades?
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What kept the balance of power between the Italian City-States?
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What king chose an "Antipope?"
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What king kidnapped Boniface VIII?
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What king was forced to sign a document guaranteeing the rights of the nobles?
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What nationality did the people of the Byzantine Empire consider themselves?
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What organizations did craftsmen join?
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What pope called for the First Crusade?
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What title did William the Conqueror hold before becoming king of England?
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What was the main language spoken in the eastern half of the Roman Empire?
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What was the main language spoken in the western half of the Roman Empire?
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What was the main point of the Clericos Laicos?
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What was the name of the land the Vikings settled in North America?
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What was unique about the Fourth Crusade?
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What were the political results of the Crusades?
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What word was used in the Italian Renaissance for a despot?
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What work had the biggest impact on the Protestant Reformation in 1517?
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When did the Christian Church split into two halves?
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When did the Vikings begin to raid Europe?
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When was the Battle of Hastings?
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When was the Battle of Milvian Bridge?
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When was the Council of Nicea?
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When was the Edict of Milan?
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When was the Sack of Rome by the armies of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V?
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Where was the 100 Years War fought?
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Where were the Vikings from?
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Which king of England started the 100 Years War?
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Which of the following was the first European explorer to find an all-water route to India?
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Which time period free standing sculptures?
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Which time period used Greco-Roman lines in its architecture?
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Who became the unifying pope?
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Who created Ill Duoma?
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Who issued the Clericos Laicos?
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Who killed King Richard III to end the War of the Roses at Bosworth Field?
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Who pledged to rid Florence of its corruption?
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Who ruled the Duchy of Milan?
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Who turned the tide in the 100 Years War for the French?
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Who was the first person to use the term "humanism?"
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Who was the foremost Northern Renaissance artist?
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Who was the greatest of the mannerist painters?
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Who was the greatest painter of the Venetian School?
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Who was the son of Pope Alexander VI?
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Who won the Battle of Hastings?
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Who wrote Don Quixote?
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Who wrote Utopia?
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Who wrote the Unam Sanctam?
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Why was the moveable type printing press so important?
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characteristics of Italian Renaissance art
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important tool in helping the English monarchy increase its power during the late-fifteenth century
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feudalism
A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land
In the guild system, what was the lowest person called?
Apprentice
The most powerful European ruler at the time of the Protestant Reformation was
Charles V
Elizabeth I attempted to reduce religious conflict in England through a compromise creed of faith known as the
Thirty-Nine Articles
The "price revolution" of the sixteenth century led directly to
an increase in the production of goods
When did the city of Rome fall?
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liberal arts education
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