AP Euro Midterm
The tensions between Russia and Austria-Hungary alluded to by Cartwright were most strongly exacerbated by which of the following?
A major arms buildup
The model of political sovereignty that inspired the French Revolution posed the most direct challenge to which of the following forms of government?
Absolute monarchy
Which of the following best summarizes the advice given by Frederick William in the third paragraph?
Alliances are useful, but a state should rely on its own strength.
Frederick's concerns expressed in the passage could best be understood as an argument against which of the following developments at the time he wrote his Political Testament?
An increasing emphasis on popular sovereignty in European political thought
Which of the following is an accurate comparison of each author's view of the causes of the French Revolution?
Barzun asserts that it originated from the idea of individual liberty created by the Reformation, while Thatcher argues that it came from radical Enlightenment intellectuals.
Which of the following is the most accurate comparison of each author's overall view of the French Revolution?
Barzun views the French Revolution positively, while Thatcher views it negatively.
Which of the following best explains the significance of the kaiser's dispute with the Reichstag as expressed in the passage?
Bismarck had used the rhetoric and forms of democracy to unify Germany despite his own autocratic tendencies, leading to the influence of mass politics on German policies.
Which of the following is the most accurate description of a similarity in the ideas of the two authors?
Both authors see the French Revolution as an attempt to change the traditional order.
The trends shown for Germany in the table are most similar to the trends experienced by
Britain in the late 1700s and early 1800s
The British actions described in the passages best explain which of the following reactions in the late nineteenth century?
British colonial subjects who received a western education created nationalistic movements to resist imperialism.
In which of the following ways did monarchs in the 1400s and 1500s seek to create more centralized states?
By curbing the traditional power of the nobility to administer justice
St. Teresa's text is best understood as a direct part of the
Catholic Reformation
William's claim regarding James's "design" in the first paragraph is best explained by which of the following developments?
Conflicts between the Catholic Stuart monarchy and Protestant interests in Parliament
Which of the following best summarizes the advice given by Frederick William in the second paragraph?
Cultivate good relations with your neighbors in case of disputes.
The willingness of Russia to support Serbia, as mentioned by Cartwright, is best explained by which of the following?
Development of an increasingly rigid system of alliances involving all major European powers
Which of the following best describes an overall trend in the data?
Disputes and quarrels made up approximately half of offenses in both periods, while the percentage of behavioral and ecclesiastical offenses changed significantly.
Which of the following best describes the trend in the import of raw materials into England from Asia, Africa, and America from 1699 to 1774 as shown in the table?
Dyes continually contributed the most imports out of any raw material, while the entire category of raw materials saw an overall increase by 1774.
According to the table, which of the following countries experienced the greatest proportional increase in urbanization between 1500 and 1700 ?
England and Wales
Which of the following best describes the overall trend in England's imports from Asia, Africa, and America as shown in the table?
England's volume of imports increased, and consumables contributed the greatest increase per year.
Based on the preamble, the authors of the French Constitution of 1791 were most heavily influenced by
Enlightenment thought
Which of the following overall trends is indicated by the data in the table?
Europe was more urbanized in 1700 than it was in 1500.
Mekarska's criticisms in the first paragraph best reflect which of the following developments of the nineteenth century?
Expanding arguments against industrial capitalism
The changes in Russia described in the second paragraph most directly resulted in which of the following?
Expansion of urban centers in Russia
Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the political development of France and the political development of Britain over the course of the 1700s?
France preserved its political system until it was violently overthrown, while Britain remained relatively stable.
Mekarska's discussion in the third paragraph best reflects the persistence of which of the following in nineteenth-century Europe?
Gender stereotypes and discrimination
The changes in working hours described in the passage are best explained by which of the following developments of the late nineteenth century?
Government and private reforms
The expansion of the transatlantic slave trade in the 1700s is best explained by which of the following developments?
Growth in European demand for New World agricultural products
Based on the passage, which of the following can be safely inferred about Herberle's religious affiliation?
He was not Roman Catholic.
Which of the following best summarizes the advice given by Frederick William in the first paragraph?
Helping the people will strengthen the state.
Which of the following claims does de Azurara make in the first paragraph regarding Henry's motives for keeping armed ships?
Henry kept a fleet for war against the Muslims and for exploration.
Based on the passage, what does de Azurara argue was the major motive behind Henry's actions?
His Christian faith
Describe Erasmus' argument regarding education. b) Describe one historical development illustrated by the passage.
I believe Erasmus is arguing education because it should bring happiness and human growth. One historical development illustrated was the introduction to Christian Humanism during the Renaissance.
The change in total population in Germany is best explained by which of the following?
Improvements in agricultural productivity and food distribution
Which of the following evidence regarding France does Azpilcueta use to support his argument?
In France, where less money is available, goods and labor are given for less money.
The Romantic movement's increased emphasis on the importance of emotional bonds is best understood in the context of which eighteenth-century social development?
Increased resources devoted to child-rearing and a growing emphasis on education
Which of the following most facilitated the rapid adoption of the printing press in Europe in the last half of the 1400s?
Increases in literacy and decreases in the cost of paper
The condition of the workers and their families as portrayed by Kollwitz is best explained in the context of which of the following?
Industrial boom and bust cycles and the lack of an effective social safety net
Which of the following states a point on which the authors of the two sources would likely agree?
Industrialization had a profound effect on the lives of individual workers.
Which of the following claims does the author make about the Portuguese ruling dynasty?
It consolidated power and overcame feudal divisions.
Which of the following best explains the historical significance of the view of the importance of the navy expressed by the kaiser in the passage?
It demonstrates the thinking behind the arms race that contributed to diplomatic tensions between Germany and Great Britain.
Which of the following general claims does the author make regarding the background of European overseas expansion?
It emerged from the consolidation of central governments.
Which of the following best explains why the printing press was a significant factor in spreading Protestant ideas?
It greatly decreased the cost and increased the quantity of written materials.
Which of the following best explains a significant difference between Bismarck's methods of governance and the kaiser's, as described in the passage?
It made an explicit claim that evolutionary development applied to human beings.
historical significance of Darwin's argument?
It made an explicit claim that evolutionary development applied to human beings.
Which of the following claims does de Azurara make in the passage regarding the possible benefits of sailing beyond Cape Bojador and the Canary Islands?
It would aid in trade and in spreading the Christian faith.
Which of the following later developments would best support Copernicus' claim regarding the motion of the spheres?
Kepler's formulation of the laws of planetary motion
Beaulieu's dismissal of legislation as an effective means of changing working conditions is best explained by the continued influence of which of the following in the late nineteenth century?
Laissez-faire economic thought
Which of the following accurately explains a similarity between Palmerston's use of nationalism in his portrayal of the charge of the Light Brigade and the use of nationalism by Camillo Cavour and Otto von Bismarck?
Like Bismarck and Cavour, Palmerston was a conservative using militaristic nationalism to strengthen the state and his political position.
The activities shown in image 2 were most directly a result of which of the following developments in France?
Louis's expansion of monarchical administrative and financial control over France
Describe one reason for Martin Luther's critique of the Catholic Church in the early 1500s. Describe one Catholic response in the 1500s to Luther's critique. Explain how Luther's protest contributed to social change in Europe in the period 1517 to 1600.
Martin Luther was against indulgences because you cannot pay off your sins, the church wasn't very happy with Luther lashing out and making a big deal. He opened everyone's eyes and also translated the bible and soon everyone began to praise him.
Celtis' discussion of Italian influence in the German lands is most similar to which of the following?
Martin Luther's criticisms of the Catholic Church in his Ninety-five Theses
The policies described in the second paragraph of Source 2 are most closely related to which of the following economic systems?
Mercantilism, which sought to maximize the home country's positive balance of trade
Which of the following does the author use as evidence of the impact of the introduction of European cattle to the New World?
Migration into labor settlements
Which of the following evidence does Azpilcueta give in his second point for money changing in value?
Money as a form of merchandise increases in value as supply decreases and demand increases.
Which of the following best explains why Napoleon's empire provoked nationalist reactions across Europe, as suggested by the passage?
Napoleon used nationalism to mobilize the mass armies that facilitated his conquests, and his methods were copied and in some cases amplified by his rivals.
The instability that Cartwright attributes to Serbia's actions is best explained by which of the following?
Nationalist agitation that threatened multiethnic empires
Which of the following best explains why Enlightenment thinkers were interested in applying principles from the natural sciences to the interpretation and improvement of social and political institutions?
Natural scientists had developed predictive laws and rigorous methods for understanding natural phenomena.
a) Describe one historical development illustrated by the passage. b) Describe one claim made by the papal representative in the passage.
One historical development illustrated by the passage is Luther's gospel. One claim made by papal was that Luther's doctrine is openly propagated and that the only way it was possible is the fact that Erasmus was a Hollander.
a) Describe one historical development illustrated by the passage. b) Describe Sotomayor's argument regarding women's education. c) Describe Sotomayor's purpose in making this argument.
One historical development in the passage is the social aspects as the women are not able to learn or do things as any man can. In the passage it says "... the real reason that women are not learned is not deficient intellect, but rather lack of study." Th purpose of making this argument is to show that men believe that women are not worthy of or capable to study or learn.
a) Describe one historical development in the Netherlands illustrated by Grotius' passage. b) Describe one change that resulted from the developments illustrated by Grotius' passage. c) Explain how Grotius' historical situation may have influenced the argument in the passage.
One historical development was the axiom of the Law of Nations. As a result every nation is free to travel to every other nation, and to trade with it. "So by the decree of divine justice it was brought about that one people should supply the needs of another..." Here it is saying that because of divine justice there should be liberties to help and supply others.
a) Describe one historical situation in England that influenced the ideas expressed by Hobbes in the passage. b) Describe one broader historical development in Europe in the seventeenth century that influenced the ideas expressed by Hobbes in the passage. c) Identify the evidence Hobbes uses to support his claim that the sovereign was not bound by civil laws.
One historical situation in England that influenced the ideas in the passage is the sovereign of a commonwealth which is having the power to make laws and repeal them. A broader historical development is absolute monarchy which is when the monarch holds supreme power and authority. In the passage relating to the sovereign of commonwealth it states, "For having power to make and repeal laws, he may, when pleases, free himself from being subject to civil laws..."
Describe one prior intellectual change that influenced the events described in the passage. Explain why the pattern of social changes that Jaurès describes led to the French Revolution. Explain how an ideology of the 1800s influenced Jaurès' interpretation of the causes of the French Revolution.
One intellectual change was the enlightenment and how things were spreading throughout society. The social changes led to the Revolution because of taxes, power and development of society.
The decision of many Continental European governments to sponsor and subsidize industrial development in the nineteenth century is best explained by which of the following contexts?
Ongoing competition between nation-states for prestige and territory
Which of the following best explains why commercial rivalries among European states increasingly affected diplomatic relations in the 1600s and 1700s?
Overseas trade accounted for an increasing share of state revenues and national wealth.
The activities of Peter the Great shown in image 1 were most directly the result of which of the following?
Peter's efforts to westernize Russia
The limitations of industrial development in Russia described by Stearns in the third paragraph were most UNLIKE conditions in which of the following countries in the same time period?
Prussia
Frederick's testament was most likely intended to justify which of the following?
Prussia's adoption of enlightened absolutism
Which of the following best explains Mudie's purpose in creating the organization described in the pamphlet?
Reformers sought to address problems created by the effects of industrialization.
Russia's performance in the First World War was most significantly held back by which of the following?
Russia's incomplete industrialization
The development of a Marxist critique of industrial society
Russia's poor performance in the war that had created massive suffering and discontent in Russia
Which of the following best explains why Russia emerged as the leading supporter of the conservative political order established in 1815 ?
Russian society had been less influenced by Enlightenment thought than were other European states.
Mudie's discussion of the purpose of education for the children in the cooperative is best explained by which of the following?
Social reformers drew on the influence of religious ideals in advocating for change.
Which of the following best explains why Protestant reformers sometimes came into conflict with Protestant rulers of the states in which they lived?
Some reformers believed that the church should not be subject to the secular state.
Which of the following combined advantages does Reed claim that the Portuguese had in the Age of Discovery?
Stability in government and favorable geography
According to the table, which item saw the greatest proportional increase in value of imports from 1699 to 1774, and which item saw the greatest proportional decrease in value of imports from 1699 to 1774 ?
Tea saw the greatest proportional increase, and pepper saw the greatest proportional decrease.
The participation of women such as the poissardes led to which of the following during the early phases of the French Revolution?
Temporary improvements in women's legal status
Which of the following historical circumstances best explains why Palmerston chose to describe the charge of the Light Brigade in the way that he did?
The British political system was gradually affording more representation and political power to members of the lower classes.
The development of the artistic style known as baroque was most closely associated with which of the following developments?
The Catholic Reformation
Which of the following developments of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries best explains why Enlightenment political thinkers called for the expansion of political rights and popular participation in governance?
The Commercial Revolution increased the economic power and influence of a wide segment of European society outside the traditional aristocracy.
Which of the following accurately describes the overall change in the size of ships being built over the two centuries?
The Dutch East India Company produced a higher proportion of ships in the larger two categories in the eighteenth century.
Which of the following does the author cite in support of the claim that Native Americans had defenders among the Spanish?
The actions of Bartolomé de Las Casas
William's description of his status within the English government is best explained by which of the following?
The assertion of parliamentary supremacy over the monarchy in the English government
Which of the following does the author use as evidence for the argument that the Reformation was a series of parallel movements?
The blending of religious reformers' protests with those of laymen
Which of the following most directly influenced Richelieu's views on the power of the king?
The challenges posed to the French government during uprisings by the nobility
Which of the following does the author most directly use as evidence of the effects of European diseases on Native Americans?
The change in the population of central Mexico
Darwin's views of what he termed "savages" are best explained by which of the following?
The conceptions of European cultural and racial superiority common at the time
Which of the following evidence regarding Spain does Azpilcueta use to support his argument?
The cost of goods increased as a result of the influx of gold and silver from the Indies.
Richelieu's ideas best reflect which of the following developments in Europe during the 1600s?
The creation of new systems of government that centralized state power
Which of the following does the author most directly use as evidence of a shift in political attitudes toward authority?
The demands of lay people for their leaders to adopt Protestant reforms
Which of the following was a nearly universal motivation for royal patronage of the arts in the early modern period?
The desire to enhance prestige and authority
Lenin's proposals for revolutionary change in Russia are best explained by which of the following intellectual developments?
The development of a Marxist critique of industrial society
Which of the following features of Renaissance Italy had the most influence on the development of new political theories there?
The division of Italy into numerous city-states
Concern over which of the following best explains Steen's decision to portray The Dissolute Household as shown in image 2 ?
The effects of Dutch material prosperity on morality in the Netherlands
The changes in Russia described by the author in the first two paragraphs were most directly the result of which of the following?
The emergence of a more global economic network resulting from industrialization
The conditions referred to in the report were most directly a result of which of the following developments?
The emergence of new Balkan states as the Ottoman Empire declined
The views of power expressed by Richelieu are best understood as an early example of which of the following developments?
The establishment of absolutist principles of monarchical government across Europe
Which of the following best explains Briand's view as expressed in the passage?
The fears of French and other countries' political leaders of a repeat of the First World War
The events referred to in the song led most directly to which of the following?
The formalization of a constitutional monarchy in France
Taken together, the two portraits best represent which of the following artistic developments of the Italian Renaissance?
The growing emphasis on naturalism and humanism
The tendency of Northern Renaissance artists to focus on contemporary individuals as well as themes of everyday life is most closely connected to which of the following developments in northern Europe during the sixteenth century?
The growing prosperity of new commercial groups
The choice of subject matter in the two paintings is best explained by which of the following historical developments during the artist's life?
The growth of a wealthy trading elite in the Netherlands
The Victorian shift in attitudes toward Africa described by Ferguson in Source 1 was most strongly connected to which nineteenth-century development?
The growth of domestic social reform movements in Britain
Which of the following best explains how increases in agricultural productivity in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries created the conditions for industrialization in western Europe?
The increases freed up labor that was no longer needed to produce food.
The impetus for the labor reforms described by the author are best understood in which of the following political contexts?
The increasing influence of public opinion and mass political parties
Which of the following best explains why Palmerston was anxious to deny the "vulgar declamations" that he claims were made by Layard?
The majority of the military and civilian leaders of the British war effort were members of the aristocracy.
Which of the following best describes the moral positions regarding industrialization expressed by each of the two sources?
The medical examiners see industrialization as unjustly oppressing and harming the workers, while Smiles sees it as uplifting the nation and its people.
Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the two sources' arguments?
The medical examiners want the state to legislate on behalf of the workers, while Smiles does not want the state to intervene in labor relations.
Which of the following best explains why Steen produced paintings like the one in image 1 for wealthy Dutch merchants?
The merchants wished to show that their prosperity did not compromise their moral beliefs.
Napoleon's efforts to limit civil rights and restrict domestic opposition are best explained by which of the following?
The need to maintain a unified France in the face of continued resistance by other European powers to his imperial conquests
The perspective of the artist regarding the Treaty of Versailles is best explained by which of the following developments at the time the poster was created?
The onset of the Great Depression undermined the already unstable economy of the Weimar Republic, which was required to pay reparations to the Allies.
William's letter to Pope Innocent is best explained as an attempt to justify which of the following?
The outcome of the Glorious Revolution
Which of the following best describes the trend in the first two categories from the first period to the second period?
The percentage of crimes categorized as disputes and quarrels remained relatively steady, while the percentage of behavioral offenses increased.
Which of the following best describes the trend in categories three and four from the first period to the second period?
The percentage of crimes categorized as ecclesiastical matters decreased, while the percentage of crimes categorized as sexual misconduct increased.
The presence of the aristocracy in both of the images most directly reflects a continuation of which of the following processes?
The preservation of the nobility's social status despite the absolutist authority of monarchs
Which of the following best explains why the spread of the printing press encouraged the spread of new religious ideas?
The printing press allowed people to bypass the Catholic Church's traditional monopoly on the production of religious texts.
Which of the following best explains how the printing press contributed to the development of national cultures in Europe?
The printing press encouraged the spread of vernacular literature.
Which of the following best explains how the prior development of the putting-out system created the conditions for the early mechanization of the textile industry in Europe?
The putting-out system established a large and steady market demand for clothing.
Which of the following best explains the importance of the East Indies in the European-dominated trade networks of the 1600s and 1700s?
The region was a source of spices and other luxury goods for the European market.
The passage above most clearly shows the influence of which of the following trends in fifteenth-century Europe?
The revival of classical learning and the development of Northern humanism
The portrait of Heraclitus best reflects which of the following features of the Italian Renaissance?
The revival of interest in classical works
The changes in the percentage of urban and rural populations shown in the table are best explained by which of the following?
The spread of industrial production methods to Germany
The worldview described in the passage became dominant most likely as a result of which of the following developments?
The spread of printed materials that popularized the ideas of the Enlightenment
The influence of Newton's methodology described in the passage is best understood in the context of which of the following?
The spreading influence of thought associated with the Scientific Revolution
The battle described in the passage was significant in that it was part of which of the following developments of the First World War?
The stalemate that resulted from trench warfare on the Western Front
Which of the following best explains the increase in food supply in Europe in the 1700s?
The transfer of plant species from the Americas to Europe
Which of the following would most directly undermine Copernicus' hope that the papacy would be receptive to his arguments?
The trial of Galileo for publishing heretical works
The commissioning of Image 1 best represents which of the following trends of the Italian Renaissance?
The use of art to enhance the prestige of the elites
Copernicus' citation of Cicero and Plutarch was likely intended to counter which of the following ideas?
The use of classical authorities to support traditional views of the natural world
The third paragraph was most likely intended to argue in favor of which of the following?
The view that religious belief was a private rather than a public matter
The conflict that Herberle describes in his chronicle resulted in which of the following?
The weakening of the Holy Roman Empire and the strengthening of smaller sovereign states within its boundaries
Which of the following does the author most directly use as evidence for the persistence of the religious reformers?
Their use of the printing press to denounce their accusers
All the following statements are historically accurate. Which would most strongly support Gruner's characterization in the second paragraph of the rule of German princes before Napoleon?
There were virtually no instances of significant popular rebellions against German princes in the eighteenth century.
Which of the following best explains why Protestant reformers such as Martin Luther stressed the use of vernacular (non-Latin) languages for religious texts and instruction?
They believed that religious teachings should be directly accessible to as wide an audience as possible.
Which of the following best explains why, in the 1600s and 1700s, Britain and the Netherlands were able overcome Portuguese dominance of the trading networks of India and the East Indies?
They had greater domestic productivity and access to more abundant resources.
Which of the following best explains the emphasis that many early-nineteenth-century conservative thinkers placed on the value of religious belief in maintaining social stability?
They were responding to the upheaval associated with attempts to supplant Christianity during the radical phase of the French Revolution.
Which of the following best explains why many saw Napoleon as an oppressor, as stated in the passage?
While he created some representative institutions in conquered regions, in practice these were manipulated to keep Napoleon's regime in power.
Darwin's perspective in the first paragraph regarding future developments is significant because of its
adaptation by racial thinkers, who used it to justify European imperialist policies
Like those of the Italian Renaissance, the ideas of the Northern Renaissance were strongly influenced by humanists' interest in
classical antiquity
St. Teresa's discussion of God's attitude toward women best reflects
debates during the Reformation regarding proper gender roles
Mannerist painters differed from earlier Renaissance artists primarily in their
deliberate use of distortion and elongation
The emphasis of Northern Renaissance humanists on religious themes was most closely connected to their
desire to reform what they saw as shortcomings of the Roman Catholic Church
Mudie's discussion of the role of women in the cooperative was most likely intended to persuade his audience that
he supported greater economic freedom for women while maintaining traditional gender roles
Napoleon's establishment of what he called republics in various conquered territories is best explained by
his nominal adherence to the French Revolutionary principle of popular sovereignty
The way the kaiser and Bismarck are portrayed is best explained by the
increasing political and diplomatic tensions in Europe in the late nineteenth century
Jean-Jacques Rousseau's calls for the moral improvement of society are best understood in the context of
intellectual discontent with the existing political and economic system of old regime Europe
The prominence of Bismarck in the poster is best explained by his
key role in establishing a new European diplomatic order after the breakdown of the Concert of Europe
The message of the poster is best explained in the context of the
successful unification of Germany under Prussian leadership
Kollwitz' portrayal of the weavers is best explained as an attempt to
sympathetically depict ordinary people affected by social problems
The conflict alluded to in the passage is best explained by
territorial disputes and rival alliance structures involving the two countries
Napoleon's mobilization of large conscript armies is best understood as a continuation of the military practices of
the French Revolutionary period
Kollwitz' depiction of workers and their families is best explained as a rejection of
the Romantic emphasis on heightened emotion and individualism
The change in eighteenth-century thought described in the passage is best understood in the context of
the application of reason and empiricism to human institutions
Mekarska's advocacy for wage equality is best understood in the context of
the drive for greater political and legal rights for women
The results of the attacks described in the passage are best explained in the context of
the emergence of new technologies that disrupted traditional military tactics
The development of new political theories in the Enlightenment, such as those of Locke and Rousseau, can be explained as a reaction to
the growth of absolutist forms of government across much of Europe
New political theories developed during the Renaissance were characterized by an emphasis on
the improvement of centralized forms of government
The aspirations expressed by Briand in the passage would be most directly undermined by his failure to recognize
the political and economic instability of the German Weimar Republic
In 1815 the immediate political result of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars was
the reestablishment of conservative monarchies across much of Europe
The Congress system of diplomacy in the early nineteenth century differed most strongly from the diplomatic arrangements in Europe during the period between the peace of Westphalia and the French Revolution in that members of the Congress system
were explicitly committed to intervening in other states to preserve existing regimes