ap euro online assignment

As a result of what has been called the illegitimacy explosion in Europe after 1750, out-of-wedlock births increased from an average of 2 percent to an average of

25 percent.

The term "charivari" refers to what aspect of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century European culture?

A public ritual by village members to police personal behavior

How did patterns of food consumption change over the course of the eighteenth century?

A greater variety of vegetables appeared in towns and cities.

Why did the Jesuit order come under attack in the mid-eighteenth century?

As they became more involved in politics, the Jesuits also gained a broad coalition of enemies.

What conclusion can be drawn from the seventeenth- and eighteenth-century social pressures that kept illegitimacy low and required a couple to marry in case of pregnancy?

An unwed mother with child was viewed as a threat to the stability of the community.

What name was given to those who sold drugs, herbs, and medicines in eighteenth century?

Apothecaries

Which of the following was true of the typical eighteenth-century family in western Europe? (different answer to the same question)

Both men and women married at an average age of twenty-five to twenty-seven.

Which of the following was true of breast-feeding in eighteenth-century western Europe? (different answer from the same question)

Breast-feeding was often used as a form of contraception.

Which statement describes the nature of popular education in Catholic states during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries?

Catholic states introduced their own programs of popular education.

How did patterns of food consumption change over the course of the eighteenth century?

Coffee, chocolate, and tobacco became dietary staples for people of all social classes.

Why did the consumption of colonial foods expand rapidly in Europe after 1700?

Common Europeans wanted to experience the luxurious lifestyles of the elite.

How did the Catholic Church play an integral role in community life during eighteenth-century Europe?

Each parish had its own saints' days, processions, and pilgrimages.

What was an important reason that rural women of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries nursed their babies?

Doing so decreased the likelihood of becoming pregnant again.

What was a favorite recreation for men in a typical eighteenth-century village?

Drinking and socializing in public taverns

The rise of illegitimacy in some parts of Europe during the late eighteenth century can be explained by what social change?

Economic instability meant that if the man's life was insecure, he also often hesitated to take on the burden of a wife and child.

Which statement describes housing in the eighteenth century?

Families began to erect inner barriers and attributed specific functions to specific rooms.

What is one reason that the number of illegitimate births in Europe dramatically increased after 1750?

Fewer social controls also meant fewer pressures to marry in case of pregnancy.

The following is an excerpt from John Wesley's "Advice to Methodists" (Evaluating the Evidence 18.3): "By Methodists I mean, a People who profess to pursue (in whatsoever Measure they have attained) Holiness of Heart and Life, inward and outward Conformity in all Things to the revealed Will of God: Who place Religion in an uniform Resemblance of the great Object of it; in a steady Imitation of Him they worship, in all his imitable Perfections; more particularly, in Justice, Mercy, and Truth, or universal Love filling the Heart, and governing the Life. . . ." According to this excerpt, what did Wesley say a Methodist does?

He or she seeks to conform to the word of God in both thought and behavior.

Which of the following helps explain the appeal of Pietism?

It called for a kind of religious experience that was accessible to everyone.

With the rise in illegitimacy after 1750, what happened to the stigma of the unwed mother?

It did not change.

What happened to infant mortality as a result of the increased use of wet-nursing in the eighteenth century?

It increased substantially.

What Catholic religious sect of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries emphasized original sin and predestination?

Jansenism

Why did religion play an important role in the spread of education after 1750?

Many churches established charity schools to teach poor children.

Which of the following helps explain why families and communities found it harder to supervise the sexual behavior of young people in the second half of the eighteenth century?

Many youths joined the flood of migrants to the cities.

Which statement describes the use of medicines in the eighteenth century?

Medicines were advertised and became part of the burgeoning commercial revolution.

Which of the following was an important characteristic of the eighteenth-century consumer revolution?

Merchants and suppliers took on a new role in dictating consumption preferences.

What contributed to the improvement in bodily hygiene throughout the eighteenth century?

More frequent bathing became the norm.

Which of the following helps explain why families and communities found it harder to supervise the sexual behavior of young people in the second half of the eighteenth century?

More youths in the countryside worked for their own wages.

Which of the following was true of the typical eighteenth-century family in western Europe?

Most couples established their own household and lived apart from their parents.

Which statement describes a common path for many adolescent boys in eighteenth-century Europe?

Moving from a rural village to a town, seeking an apprenticeship in a trade

After 1750, which social group most easily engaged in same-sex relationships?

Nobles and royals

What was the typical family structure in western and central Europe during the eighteenth century?

Nuclear family

The growth in literacy up to the year 1800 resulted in what situation?

Over half the French and English male population could read.

What do historians now believe about parental attachment to their young in the eighteenth century?

Parents were not indifferent toward their young and were heartbroken when they died.

The following is an excerpt from Louis-Sébastien Mercier's account of everyday life in eighteenth-century Paris: "At two o'clock those who have invitations to dine set out, dressed in their best, powdered, adjusted, and walking on tiptoe not to soil their stockings. All the cabs are engaged, not one is to be found on the rank; there is a good deal of competition for these vehicles, and you may see two would-be passengers jumping into a cab together from different sides, and furiously disputing which was first. . . . Three o'clock and the streets are not so full; everyone is at dinner; there is a momentary calm, soon to be broken, for at five fifteen the din is as though the gates of hell were opened, the streets are impassable with traffic going all ways at once, towards the playhouses or the public gardens. Cafés are at their busiest." This passage suggests that

Parisians socialized in public spaces in the late afternoon and evening.

The combining of pagan tradition and the Christian faith during the early eighteenth century was evident in what practice?

Peasants asked priests to bless salt and bread for animals.

The following is an excerpt from Louis-Sébastien Mercier's description of the daily bustle and routine in Paris in the eighteenth century (Evaluating the Evidence 18.2): "By eleven, renewed silence. People are at supper, private people, that is; for the cafés begin at this hour to turn out their patrons, and to send the various idlers and workless and poets back to their garrets for the night. A few prostitutes still linger, but they have to use more circumspection, for the watch is about, patrolling the streets, and this is the hour when they 'gather 'em in'; that is the traditional expression." Which of the following is implied in this passage?

Prostitutes were most visible earlier in the evening, prior to the time the city watch went on patrol.

Which European state took the lead in providing universal education?

Prussia

What did education consist of in the late seventeenth and the eighteenth centuries?

Reading, religion, and arithmetic for boys and needlework for girls

Which of the following had high infant mortality rates in eighteenth-century Europe?

Rural areas where women tended to be busy in agricultural work and had less time to care for infants

What happened to a female domestic servant in the eighteenth century if she became pregnant?

She was fired and then often not accepted back into her own home.

As midwifery increasingly came under attack, what did Madame du Coudray do?

She wrote a textbook on childbirth and began teaching birthing techniques to illiterate women.

How did peasant families of the eighteenth century spend their spare time during winter?

Singing, telling stories, and doing craftwork.

What development followed the invention of forceps in the early eighteenth century?

Surgeon-physicians began to criticize midwives as ignorant and dangerous.

What was one result of the custom of late marriage in western Europe from 1600 to 1800?

The economic advantage that western Europe enjoyed relative to other regions of the world

What is one reason that patterns of food consumption for the common people changed markedly from 1500 to 1700?

The introduction of the potato changed eating patterns.

What was the focal point of community cohesion in the eighteenth century?

The local church

How did patterns of food consumption change over the course of the eighteenth century? (different answer same question)

The potato became an important dietary supplement in much of Europe.

What trend is represented by Thomas Paine's pamphlet Common Sense, written and published during the American Revolution?

The spread and reception of Enlightenment ideas among the working class

Why did the common people eat less meat in 1700 than in 1500?

Their standard of living had declined, and meat was more expensive.

Which statement describes the population of children sent to foundling homes in the eighteenth century?

There were as many girls as boys.

In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, why did local lords or landowners often not give permission for poor rural couples to marry?

They believed that early marriage would result in higher costs for welfare.

After 1750, what was the educated elites' response to festivals and carnivals that enjoyed popular support?

They criticized the superstition and vulgarity that they felt were present in these events.

What complaint did eighteenth-century surgeon-physicians make about midwives?

They had no education and were universally ignorant.

Which statement describes how eighteenth-century physicians conducted surgeries?

They performed operations without anesthesia.

What was true of blood sports such as bullbaiting and cockfighting in the eighteenth century?

They remained popular with the masses.

Why did Enlightenment critics mount a harsh attack against wet-nursing in the late eighteenth century?

They said the practice robbed society of its full growth potential.

Based on Enlightenment ideas, what did some Catholic rulers of the eighteenth century come to believe about monasteries and convents?

They should make a more practical contribution to society.

Why did young people in eighteenth-century western Europe marry in their late twenties?

They waited until they could support themselves.

What was generally believed to be true about the nature of children throughout the eighteenth century?

They were innately sinful, but with discipline, parents could overcome their bad behavior.

Which statement describes the foundling homes of the eighteenth century?

They were places of disease, malnutrition, and neglect.

What happened in the eighteenth century to the general attitude of tolerance toward sexual activities outside heterosexual marriage that had existed earlier?

This general tolerance continued its process of decline.

Why did wealthy women of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries often hire wet nurses?

To breast-feed their babies

The humorous stories, fairy tales, and romances that were often included in eighteenth-century chapbooks had what specific purpose?

To give people a brief period of relief from harsh everyday reality

What function did carnival season serve in eighteenth-century Catholic Europe?

To give people a chance to release their frustrations over a rigid hierarchy and hard work

What was the overall purpose of the short pamphlets in the eighteenth century known as chapbooks, which often included stories of saints and exemplary Christians?

To provide moral teachings that would help believers cope with their daily struggles

How did the rising consumer economy of the eighteenth century affect opportunities for female labor?

Women had more opportunities as the demand for skilled female labor rose.

Which of the following was true of breast-feeding in eighteenth-century western Europe?

Women of the lower classes generally breast-fed their infants for two years or more.

The following is an excerpt from Jacques-Louis Ménétra's account of his childhood in Paris (Evaluating the Evidence 18.1): "I was born on 13 July 1738 a native of this great city. My father belonged to the class usually called artisans. His profession was that of glazier. Hence it is with him that I begin my family tree and I shall say nothing about my ancestors. My father married and set himself up at the same time and wed a virtuous girl who gave him four children, three daughters and one boy, myself, all of whose little pranks I'm going to write about." What general trend in early modern marriage is illustrated by this passage?

Young people generally waited to marry until they were financially independent.

Edward Jenner discovered a vaccine for smallpox after

carefully collecting data on dairy maids for eighteen years.

In Protestant areas in the eighteenth century,

clergy of the official church dominated education.

By the end of the eighteenth century, as many as one-third of Parisian children grew up in foundling homes because

many single mothers abandoned their babies.

Enlightenment philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed that girls' education

should reflect their future domestic responsibilities as wives and mothers.

Despite the late age of marriage in Europe, the low rate of illegitimacy until 1750 suggests

that there was significant community pressure to marry in case of a pregnancy.

By the end of the eighteenth century, Enlightenment critics called for a new approach to childhood and childrearing, and they urged

treatment based on greater tenderness and new teaching methods.

Despite the late age of marriage before 1750, the number of illegitimate births in Europe

was relatively small.