Chapter 15: The Special Senses

Increase in the distance from the eye to the near point of vision can be caused by A) the lens becoming more rigid with age. B) the lens becoming more opaque with age. C) the lens becoming more convex with age. D) the vitreous humor becoming thicker with age. E) the lens becoming more flexible with age.

A) the lens becoming more rigid with age.

The utricle and saccule are involved in A) static balance. B) kinetic balance. C) hearing low intensity sounds. D) hearing high intensity sounds. E) evaluating movements of the head.

A) static balance.

ceruminous glands A) structures that produce earwax B) fluid in the membranous labyrinth C) fluid between the membranous and bony labyrinth D) ossicles connect this structure to eardrum E) connects the middle ear to the pharynx

A) structures that produce earwax

An inflammation of one of the ciliary glands of the eyelashes is called a A) sty. B) boil. C) chalazion. D) melbomian cyst. E) pinkeye.

A) sty.

canthi: A) the angle where the eyelids join B) the space between the two eyelids C) another name for the eyelids D) the membrane that covers the inner surface of the eyelids E) the membrane that covers the anterior sclera of the eye

A) the angle where the eyelids join

visual field A) the area that can be seen with the eyes open B) opening in the orbit through which the optic nerve passes C) the cerebral area that integrates messages from retina D) area where medial ganglion cell axons cross over E) the route of the ganglionic axons beyond the chiasma

A) the area that can be seen with the eyes open

Which of the following is true? A) The cochlear duct is filled with perilymph. B) The bony core of the cochlea is called the modiolus. C) The foot plate of the incus fits into the round window. D) The vestibule is one of the regions of the organ of cori. E) The spiral organ is found in the semicircular canals.

D) The vestibule is one of the regions of the organ of cori.

Which of the following special senses is relayed directly to the cerebral cortex without going to the thalamus? A) smell B) taste C) sight D) sound E) touch

A) smell

Which of the following statements is true? A) Damaged olfactory neurons are replaced. B) Olfactory epithelial receptors are highly specific. C) Olfaction first goes to the thalamus and is then relayed to the cerebral cortex. D) Continued stimulation of olfactory neurons produces the same level of response. E) Replacement of neurons is a common phenomenon in the body.

A) Damaged olfactory neurons are replaced.

Why does inhaling deeply and slowly through the nose help to identify an odor? A) More air containing the odor is brought into contact with the olfactory epithelium. B) Impulses originate slowly in the olfactory epithelium. C) The tissue needs more time in contact with the odor. D) Threshold for odor detection is high. E) Receptors in the olfactory epithelium are highly specific.

A) More air containing the odor is brought into contact with the olfactory epithelium.

Why does a person's nose run when he cries? A) Tears drain into the nasal cavity via the nasolacrimal duct. B) Parasympathetic nerve stimulation causes the nose to secrete mucus. C) Intense stimulation of the facial nerve as a result of crying increases nasal secretions. D) The lacrimal glands secrete tears directly into the nose. E) This stimulates fluid production in the nose.

A) Tears drain into the nasal cavity via the nasolacrimal duct.

Increased fluid accumulation in the cornea would result in A) a scattering of light rays. B) loss of pigment in the eye. C) a decrease in the strength of the tissue. D) an increase in the ability to transmit light to the retina. E) blockage of light rays.

A) a scattering of light rays.

optic disc A) blood vessels enter and the optic nerve exits here B) a small yellow spot near the center of the posterior retina C) the portion of the retina with the greatest visual acuity D) a jellylike substance in the posterior cavity of the eye E) the fluid that fills the anterior cavity of the eye

A) blood vessels enter and the optic nerve exits here

myopia A) difficulty seeing distant objects B) a type of refractory error C) clouding of the lens of the eye D) increased intraocular pressure that can lead to loss of vision E) loss of acute central vision

A) difficulty seeing distant objects

tympanic membrane A) eardrum B) part of the ear that contains the organ of hearing C) the pinna and external auditory meatus are part of this D) fleshy portion of the external ear E) air-filled space within the temporal bone

A) eardrum

Damage to which of the following cranial nerves may impair the sense of taste? A) facial B) abducens C) trigeminal D) hypoglossal E) glossopharyngeal

A) facial

You taste a sauce with the "tip of your tongue". These taste sensations would be carried via the _____ cranial nerve. A) facial (VII) B) vagus (X) C) Trigeminal (V) D) glossopharyngeal (IX) E) hypoglossal (XII)

A) facial (VII)

More sound volume is perceived when A) sound wave amplitude increases. B) action potentials from hair cells are blocked. C) sound wave amplitude decreases. D) sound wave frequency decreases E) sound wave frequency increases.

A) sound wave amplitude increases.

Glaucoma can result from A) inhibition of the circulation of aqueous humor. B) damage to the suspensory ligament. C) a decrease in the number of cones. D) opacity of the lens. E) increased amounts of vitreous humor.

A) inhibition of the circulation of aqueous humor.

Which of the structures listed below is part of the vascular tunic? A) iris B) retina C) optic disc D) fovea centralis E) cornea

A) iris

The contractile structure that surrounds the pupil is the A) iris. B) ciliary ring. C) sclera. D) ciliary muscle. E) retina.

A) iris.

Color vision A) is a function of cone cells. B) is most acute in dim light. C) is interpreted in the cerebellum. D) depends on the amount of available rhodopsin. E) is the interaction between rods and cones

A) is a function of cone cells.

The anterior and posterior compartments of the eye are separated by the A) lens. B) retina. C) cornea. D) canal of Schlemm. E) optic disc.

A) lens.

Meibomian glands A) lubricate the eyelid B) protect the eye from falling objects C) an inflamed ciliary gland D) small tubes that drain tears into the lacrimal sac E) inflammation of the conjunctiva

A) lubricate the eyelid

Blood vessels enter the eye and nerve processes exit the eye at the A) optic disc. B) macula lutea. C) sensory retina. D) fovea centralis. E) pupil.

A) optic disc.

The sensory cells for hearing are located in the A) organ of Corti or spiral organ. B) oval window. C) middle ear. D) vestibule. E) semicircular canals.

A) organ of Corti or spiral organ.

organ of Corti A) organ of hearing B) passageway from the outside to the eardrum C) interconnecting tunnels in the temporal bone D) tiny bones in the middle ear E) connecting chambers of inner ear filled with endolymph

A) organ of hearing

Which of the following sequences is correct? A) oval window, vestibule, scala vestibuli B) round window, helicotrema, scala tympani C) bony labyrinth, round window, basilar membrane D) tympanic membrane, vestibular membrane, basilar membrane E) vestibular membrane, basilar membrane, auditory membrane

A) oval window, vestibule, scala vestibuli

rods A) photoreceptor cells that function in black and white vision B) photoreceptor cells that function in color vision C) the opening in the iris D) the innermost tunic of the eye E) a pigmented contractile structure

A) photoreceptor cells that function in black and white vision

mitral cells A) relay olfactory information to the brain and synapse with association neurons in the olfactory bulb B) area of the brain where the olfactory tracts terminate C) enlargements on the dendrites of olfactory neurons D) fibers that connect the olfactory bulb to the cortex E) the expanded anterior portions of the olfactory nerves

A) relay olfactory information to the brain and synapse with association neurons in the olfactory bulb

Rhodopsin is found in the A) rods. B) cones. C) choroid. D) pigmented retina. E) amacrine cells.

A) rods.

Arrange the following in correct sequence: 1. gustatory cell depolarizes 2. action potential stimulated in gustatory neurons 3. food substance dissolves in saliva 4. neurotransmitter released by gustatory cell 5. food substance enters taste pore and attaches to receptor on gustatory hair A) 5, 4, 1, 2, 3 B) 3, 5, 1, 4, 2 C) 5, 3, 1, 4, 2 D) 3, 1, 4, 5, 2 E) 3, 2, 1, 5, 4

B) 3, 5, 1, 4, 2 food substance dissolves in saliva food substance enters taste pore and attaches to receptor on gustatory hair gustatory cell depolarizes neurotransmitter released by gustatory cell action potential stimulated in gustatory neurons

Which of the following statements is false? A) Each taste bud is most sensitive to one of the five basic tastes. B) Sensitivity of taste buds for sweet taste is very high. C) Adaptation for taste is rapid. D) Olfaction influences taste. E) Sensitivities for sweet and salty tastes are the lowest.

B) Sensitivity of taste buds for sweet taste is very high.

macula A) blood vessels enter and the optic nerve exits here B) a small yellow spot near the center of the posterior retina C) the portion of the retina with the greatest visual acuity D) a jellylike substance in the posterior cavity of the eye E) the fluid that fills the anterior cavity of the eye

B) a small yellow spot near the center of the posterior retina

astigmatism A) difficulty seeing distant objects B) a type of refractory error C) clouding of the lens of the eye D) increased intraocular pressure that can lead to loss of vision E) loss of acute central vision

B) a type of refractory error

olfactory cortex A) relay olfactory information to the brain and synapse with association neurons in the olfactory bulb B) area of the brain where the olfactory tracts terminate C) enlargements on the dendrites of olfactory neurons D) fibers that connect the olfactory bulb to the cortex E) the expanded anterior portions of the olfactory nerves

B) area of the brain where the olfactory tracts terminate

Auditory impulses are transmitted by the _____ portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve. A) spiral B) cochlear C) vestibular D) ossicular E) tympanic

B) cochlear

The lacrimal glands A) cause a sty when inflamed. B) constantly produce a fluid called tears. C) are located in the superomedial corner of the orbit. D) are innervated by parasympathetic fibers from the oculomotor nerve. E) produce sebum.

B) constantly produce a fluid called tears.

Palpebrae is another name for the A) eyes. B) eyelids. C) eyebrows. D) eyelashes. E)conjunctiv

B) eyelids.

Taste buds are not associated with _____ papillae. A) foliate B) filiform C) fungiform D) vallate E) papilliform

B) filiform

endolymph A) structures that produce earwax B) fluid in the membranous labyrinth C) fluid between the membranous and bony labyrinth D) ossicles connect this structure to eardrum E) connects the middle ear to the pharynx

B) fluid in the membranous labyrinth

The lens A) is biconcave. B) focuses light on the retina. C) floats in the vitreous humor. D) is attached to the retina by suspensory ligaments. E) is normally opaque.

B) focuses light on the retina.

The cornea is relatively easy to transplant because A) its proteoglycan content is high. B) it is easy to access and remove. C) it has an extensive blood supply. D) its high immunological activity prevents infection. E) it is not attached to the eye.

B) it is easy to access and remove.

The position of the head with respect to gravity is determined by the A) shift in fluid in the semicircular canals. B) movements of otoliths in response to gravity. C) movements of perilymph in the vestibular chamber. D) impulses transmitted from the macula of the semicircular canals. E) stimulation of the cochlear portion of the nerve.

B) movements of otoliths in response to gravity.

optic foramen A) the area that can be seen with the eyes open B) opening in the orbit through which the optic nerve passes C) the cerebral area that integrates messages from retina D) area where medial ganglion cell axons cross over E) the route of the ganglionic axons beyond the chiasma

B) opening in the orbit through which the optic nerve passes

inner ear A) eardrum B) part of the ear that contains the organ of hearing C) the pinna and external auditory meatus are part of this D) fleshy portion of the external ear E) air-filled space within the temporal bone

B) part of the ear that contains the organ of hearing

external auditory meatus A) organ of hearing B) passageway from the outside to the eardrum C) interconnecting tunnels in the temporal bone D) tiny bones in the middle ear E) connecting chambers of inner ear filled with endolymph

B) passageway from the outside to the eardrum

cones A) photoreceptor cells that function in black and white vision B) photoreceptor cells that function in color vision C) the opening in the iris D) the innermost tunic of the eye E) a pigmented contractile structure

B) photoreceptor cells that function in color vision

The correct pathway for impulses leaving the retina is A) photoreceptors, ganglion cells, bipolar cells, optic nerve. B) photoreceptors, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, optic nerve. C) photoreceptors, bipolar cells, optic nerve, ganglion cells. D) photoreceptors, ganglion cells, optic nerve, bipolar cells. E) ganglion cells, bipolar cells, photoreceptors, optic nerve

B) photoreceptors, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, optic nerve.

eyebrows A) lubricate the eyelid B) protect the eye from falling objects C) an inflamed ciliary gland D) small tubes that drain tears into the lacrimal sac E) inflammation of the conjunctiva

B) protect the eye from falling objects

To which colors are the three different kinds of cones sensitive? A) blue, red, and yellow B) red, blue, and green C) red, violet, and yellow D) violet, green, and blue E) orange, indigo, violet

B) red, blue, and green

The pigmented layer of the retina A) determines the color of the iris. B) results in increased visual acuity. C) protects the optic nerve from damage. D) causes increased scattering of incoming light. E) is the vascular layer of the retina.

B) results in increased visual acuity.

When rhodopsin is exposed to light, A) more rhodopsin is formed. B) retinal separates from opsin. C) the cones generate action potentials. D) free retinal is converted to vitamin A. E) retinal becomes more attached to opsin.

B) retinal separates from opsin.

The outermost tunic of the eyeball is the A) iris. B) sclera. C) retina. D) choroid. E) conjunctiva.

B) sclera.

As an object moves closer to the eye, A) the lens flattens. B) the eyes rotate medially. C) the ciliary muscles relax. D) the diameter of the pupil increases. E) the eye blinks.

B) the eyes rotate medially.

palpebral fissure: A) the angle where the eyelids join B) the space between the two eyelids C) another name for the eyelids D) the membrane that covers the inner surface of the eyelids E) the membrane that covers the anterior sclera of the eye

B) the space between the two eyelids

Neurons synapsing on the hair cells of the maculae and the crista ampullaris have cell bodies in the A) superior colliculus. B) vestibular ganglion. C) superior olivary nucleus. D) medial geniculate nucleus. E) cochlear ganglion.

B) vestibular ganglion.

Which of the following is a part of the bony labyrinth? A) malleus B) vestibule C) cochlear duct D) tympanic membrane E) ossicles

B) vestibule

Tears A) are produced only when a person cries. B) wash foreign objects away from the eye. C) contain lysozyme to trap dust. D) are very acidic and kill microbes. E) contain little water.

B) wash foreign objects away from the eye.

Arrange the following list of membranes in correct sequence. 1. tectorial membrane 2. vestibular membrane 3. tympanic membrane 4. basilar membrane A) 1, 2, 3, 4 B) 3, 4, 1, 2 C) 3, 2, 4, 1 D) 2, 4, 3, 1 E) 4, 3, 2, 1

C) 3, 2, 4, 1 tympanic membrane vestibular membrane basilar membrane tectorial membrane

Arrange the following events in correct sequence. 1. retinal cells generate action potential 2. person becomes aware of the information obtained by CNS 3. visual cortex translates action potential 4. bright light is shone into the eye 5. optic nerve conducts action potential to CNS A) 4, 5, 1, 3, 2 B) 4, 1, 2, 3, 5 C) 4, 1, 5, 3, 2 D) 4, 2, 1, 5, 3 E) 4, 3, 5, 2, 1

C) 4, 1, 5, 3, 2 bright light is shone into the eye retinal cells generate action potential optic nerve conducts action potential to CNS visual cortex translates action potential person becomes aware of the information obtained by CNS

Night blindness could be caused by A) a lack of cones. B) a lack of iodopsin. C) a lack of rhodopsin. D) too much vitamin A in the diet. E) a lack of vitamin C in the diet.

C) a lack of rhodopsin.

Which of the following cranial nerves innervates an eye muscle? A) optic B) facial C) abducens D) trigeminal E) vagus

C) abducens

sty A) lubricate the eyelid B) protect the eye from falling objects C) an inflamed ciliary gland D) small tubes that drain tears into the lacrimal sac E) inflammation of the conjunctiva

C) an inflamed ciliary gland

palpebrae: A) the angle where the eyelids join B) the space between the two eyelids C) another name for the eyelids D) the membrane that covers the inner surface of the eyelids E) the membrane that covers the anterior sclera of the eye

C) another name for the eyelids

The ability of the olfactory system to adapt to a particular odor may involve A) sensitivity of the lateral olfactory area. B) an increase in the sensitivity at the receptor sites. C) association neurons inhibiting mitral cells or tufted cells. D) the intermediate olfactory area sending afferent impulses to the olfactory bulb. E) molecules that do not bind to receptors anymore.

C) association neurons inhibiting mitral cells or tufted cells.

In order for a molecule to be detected by the olfactory neurons, it must A) be present in high concentrations. B) be one of the seven primary classes of odors. C) be dissolved in fluid covering the olfactory epithelium. D) interact with the mechanoreceptors of the olfactory hair membrane. E) enter the nose slowly.

C) be dissolved in fluid covering the olfactory epithelium.

Cochlear neurons are stimulated by A) vibrating the oval window. B) vibrations of the tectorial membrane. C) bending microvilli or stereocilia on the hair cells. D) movement of the otoliths in the endolymph. E) turning the spiral organ.

C) bending microvilli or stereocilia on the hair cells.

The transparent mucous membrane that covers the anterior surface of the eye is the A) conjunctival fornix. B) surface conjunctiva. C) bulbar conjunctiva. D) palpebral conjunctiva. E) sclera.

C) bulbar conjunctiva.

Taste buds A) can perceive seven basic tastes. B) are replaced approximately every 30 days. C) can only perceive taste if the molecules are in solution. D) can be found covering both the superior and inferior surfaces of the tongue. E) have axons and generate their own action potentials.

C) can only perceive taste if the molecules are in solution.

cataract A) difficulty seeing distant objects B) a type of refractory error C) clouding of the lens of the eye D) increased intraocular pressure that can lead to loss of vision E) loss of acute central vision

C) clouding of the lens of the eye

The ciliary body A) contains rods and cones. B) is continuous with the sclera. C) consists of a ciliary ring and ciliary processes. D) produces vitreous humor. E) is photosensitive.

C) consists of a ciliary ring and ciliary processes.

Light converges as it passes through the A) vitreous humor, sclera, and iris. B) lens, aqueous humor, and sclera. C) cornea, retina, and vitreous humor. D) lens, cornea and humors of the eye. E) sclera, iris, and retina

C) cornea, retina, and vitreous humor.

The transparent anterior portion of the sclera is the A) iris. B) retina. C) cornea. D) choroid. E) pupil.

C) cornea.

Which of the following functions is carried out by both aqueous and vitreous humor? A) cleanses the eye B) nourishment of the eye C) refraction of light rays D) generation of a visual image E) control the amount of light entering the eye

C) refraction of light rays

olfactory vesicles A) relay olfactory information to the brain and synapse with association neurons in the olfactory bulb B) area of the brain where the olfactory tracts terminate C) enlargements on the dendrites of olfactory neurons D) fibers that connect the olfactory bulb to the cortex E) the expanded anterior portions of the olfactory nerves

C) enlargements on the dendrites of olfactory neurons

Some thyroid disorders are characterized by an increase in the width of the palpebral fissure. This would be an increase in the distance between the A) eyebrows. B) eyelashes. C) eyelids. D) eyes. E) lacrimal glands.

C) eyelids.

perilymph A) structures that produce earwax B) fluid in the membranous labyrinth C) fluid between the membranous and bony labyrinth D) ossicles connect this structure to eardrum E) connects the middle ear to the pharynx

C) fluid between the membranous and bony labyrinth

The area of greatest visual acuity is the A) lens. B) optic disc. C) fovea centralis. D) posterior chamber. E) blind spot.

C) fovea centralis.

Which of the following is part of the spiral organ (organ of Corti)? A) modiolus B) vestibule C) hair cells D) scala tympani E) chorda tympani

C) hair cells

The photoreceptor cells are located A) on the surface of the retina. B) in the ganglionic layer of the retina. C) in the photoreceptive layer of the retina. D) in the choroid layer of the retina. E) in the pigment cell layer of the retina.

C) in the photoreceptive layer of the retina.

Which portion of the ear contains the sense organs for hearing and balance? A) external ear B) middle ear C) inner ear D) auditory tube E) tympanic membrane.

C) inner ear

bony labyrinth A) organ of hearing B) passageway from the outside to the eardrum C) interconnecting tunnels in the temporal bone D) tiny bones in the middle ear E) connecting chambers of inner ear filled with endolymph

C) interconnecting tunnels in the temporal bone

Damage to the left side of the brain near the visual cortex could result in which of the following visual changes? A) loss of temporal visual fields from both eyes B) loss of nasal visual fields from both eyes C) loss of right visual fields from both eyes D) loss of left visual fields from both eyes E) none of the above

C) loss of right visual fields from both eyes

Rapid changes in altitude can distort the eardrum. Symptoms that may occur include A) dizziness. B) light headedness. C) muffled sounds. D) ringing in the ears. E) loss of hearing.

C) muffled sounds.

A person loses all vision in their left eye. One possible cause could be damage to the A) optic chiasma. B) left optic tract. C) optic nerve in the left eye. D) right lateral geniculate nucleus. E) right visual cortex in the occipital lobe.

C) optic nerve in the left eye.

The age-associated changes that result in loss of accommodation of the eyes is called A) myopia. B) hyperopia. C) presbyopia. D) retinopia. E) astigmatism.

C) presbyopia.

The attenuation reflex A) amplifies loud noises. B) enhances low frequency sounds. C) prevents damage to delicate ear structures. D) involves the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani. E) vibrates the tympanic membrane.

C) prevents damage to delicate ear structures.

Which of the following is (are) associated with the retina? A) lens B) ciliary muscle C) rods and cones D) canals of Schlemm E) pupil

C) rods and cones

In bright sunlight the pupil of your eye constricts and contracts the A) ciliary muscles B) dilator pupillae C) sphincter pupillae D) suspensory ligaments E) ciliary ring

C) sphincter pupillae

Sensory structures that detect taste are A) palates. B) papillae. C) taste buds. D) ciliary membranes. E) thermoreceptors.

C) taste buds.

visual cortex A) the area that can be seen with the eyes open B) opening in the orbit through which the optic nerve passes C) the cerebral area that integrates messages from retina D) area where medial ganglion cell axons cross over E) the route of the ganglionic axons beyond the chiasma

C) the cerebral area that integrates messages from retina

To focus on objects closer than 20 feet, A) the lens must become flatter. B) the cornea must move inward. C) the ciliary muscles must contract. D) the suspensory ligaments increase tension on the lens. E) the retina must bend.

C) the ciliary muscles must contract.

When you try to focus on the tip of your nose, A) the pupils dilate. B) the ciliary muscles relax. C) the lens becomes more spherical. D) the tension on the suspensory ligament increases. E) the lens becomes flatter.

C) the lens becomes more spherical.

pupil A) photoreceptor cells that function in black and white vision B) photoreceptor cells that function in color vision C) the opening in the iris D) the innermost tunic of the eye E) a pigmented contractile structure

C) the opening in the iris

external ear A) eardrum B) part of the ear that contains the organ of hearing C) the pinna and external auditory meatus are part of this D) fleshy portion of the external ear E) air-filled space within the temporal bone

C) the pinna and external auditory meatus are part of this

fovea centralis A) blood vessels enter and the optic nerve exits here B) a small yellow spot near the center of the posterior retina C) the portion of the retina with the greatest visual acuity D) a jellylike substance in the posterior cavity of the eye E) the fluid that fills the anterior cavity of the eye

C) the portion of the retina with the greatest visual acuity

The external ear terminates at the A) pinna. B) oval window. C) tympanic membrane. D) internal auditory meatus. E) ossicles.

C) tympanic membrane.

Arrange the following to reflect the correct sequence an action potential would follow to reach the lateral olfactory area of the brain: 1. olfactory bulb 2. olfactory cortex 3. olfactory epithelium 4. olfactory tract A) 1, 2, 3, 4 B) 3, 4, 1, 2 C) 1, 4, 2, 3 D) 3, 1, 4, 2 E) 4, 3, 2, 1

D) 3, 1, 4, 2 olfactory epithelium olfactory bulb olfactory tract olfactory cortex

Arrange the following structures in the order in which they would vibrate as a result of the tympanic membrane vibrating. 1. oval window 2. vestibular membrane and endolymph 3. ossicles 4. basilar membrane 5. perilymph A) 3, 5, 2, 4, 1 B) 1, 2, 5, 3, 4 C) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 D) 3, 1, 5, 2, 4 E) 3, 2, 4, 5, 1

D) 3, 1, 5, 2, 4 ossicles oval window perilymph vestibular membrane and endolymph basilar membrane

vitreous humor A) blood vessels enter and the optic nerve exits here B) a small yellow spot near the center of the posterior retina C) the portion of the retina with the greatest visual acuity D) a jellylike substance in the posterior cavity of the eye E) the fluid that fills the anterior cavity of the eye

D) a jellylike substance in the posterior cavity of the eye

The round window A) reflects sound waves. B) vibrates the basilar membrane. C) allows for compression of the organ of Corti. D) acts as a mechanical release for waves within the cochlea. E) increases the pressure of the perilymph.

D) acts as a mechanical release for waves within the cochlea.

optic chiasma A) the area that can be seen with the eyes open B) opening in the orbit through which the optic nerve passes C) the cerebral area that integrates messages from retina D) area where medial ganglion cell axons cross over E) the route of the ganglionic axons beyond the chiasma

D) area where medial ganglion cell axons cross over

Damage to the vestibular branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve would result in loss of A) taste. B) sight. C) hearing. D) balance. E) smell.

D) balance.

You are an airborne molecule that dissolves in the fluid covering the olfactory epithelium. Which of the following must you do in order to depolarize neurons in the olfactory epithelium? A) stimulate mitral cells B) release acetylcholine C) cause proliferation of basal cells D) bind to receptor molecules on the olfactory hair membrane E) lower the threshold of the cell

D) bind to receptor molecules on the olfactory hair membrane

Pinkeye is an inflammation of the A) retina. B) choroid. C) sclera. D) conjunctiva. E) lacrimal gland.

D) conjunctiva.

The direction from which a sound is coming can be determined by the A) volume of the sound. B) frequency of sound waves. C) amplitude of the sound waves. D) differences in the time that sound waves take to reach each ear. E) timbre of sounds.

D) differences in the time that sound waves take to reach each ear.

Humans are able to distinguish several million shades of color because A) humans have large retinas. B) humans have binocular vision. C) they have many different types of cone cells. D) different proportions of cone cells respond to each wavelength of light. E) humans have more cones than rods.

D) different proportions of cone cells respond to each wavelength of light.

olfactory tracts: A) relay olfactory information to the brain and synapse with association neurons in the olfactory bulb B) area of the brain where the olfactory tracts terminate C) enlargements on the dendrites of olfactory neurons D) fibers that connect the olfactory bulb to the cortex E) the expanded anterior portions of the olfactory nerves

D) fibers that connect the olfactory bulb to the cortex

auricle A) eardrum B) part of the ear that contains the organ of hearing C) the pinna and external auditory meatus are part of this D) fleshy portion of the external ear E) air-filled space within the temporal bone

D) fleshy portion of the external ear

Vitreous humor A) is produced on a daily basis. B) is less viscous than aqueous humor. C) does not contribute to intraocular pressure. D) helps to hold the lens and retina in place. E) is located in the anterior compartment.

D) helps to hold the lens and retina in place.

Rods, a type of photoreceptor cell, respond to light (stimulus) by A) depolarizing. B) repolarizing. C) hypopolarizing. D) hyperpolarizing. E) opening Na+ channels in the cell membrane.

D) hyperpolarizing.

glaucoma A) difficulty seeing distant objects B) a type of refractory error C) clouding of the lens of the eye D) increased intraocular pressure that can lead to loss of vision E) loss of acute central vision

D) increased intraocular pressure that can lead to loss of vision

The cornea A) is highly vascular. B) maintains the shape of the eye. C) is white like the rest of the sclera. D) is part of the focusing system of the eye. E) does not contain connective tissue.

D) is part of the focusing system of the eye.

Depth perception A) relies on monocular vision. B) does not require cerebral interpretation. C) requires the image to strike the retina of both eyes in exactly the same way. D) is the ability to distinguish between near and far objects and judge their distance. E) only works when looking down at water.

D) is the ability to distinguish between near and far objects and judge their distance.

The blink reflex is designed to A) maintain balance. B) regulate pupil size. C) provide clearer vision. D) keep the eyes moist. E) orient the eyes.

D) keep the eyes moist.

oval window A) structures that produce earwax B) fluid in the membranous labyrinth C) fluid between the membranous and bony labyrinth D) ossicles connect this structure to eardrum E) connects the middle ear to the pharynx

D) ossicles connect this structure to eardrum

Which of the following structures is considered to be an accessory structure of the eye? A) lens B) retina C) sclera D) palpebrae E) cornea

D) palpebrae

To which of the following substances would the taste buds be most sensitive? A) syrup B) vinegar C) salt water D) quinine (tonic) water E) jelly

D) quinine (tonic) water

Which of the following definitions best describes the timbre of sounds? A) loudness B) amplitude C) wave frequency D) resonance quality E) pitch

D) resonance quality

Sensory receptors for balance are found in the A) pinna. B) cochlea. C) auditory ossicles. D) semicircular canals. E) auditory tube.

D) semicircular canals.

The superior olivary nucleus A) generates the endocochlear potential. B) receives impulses from the vestibular nerve. C) helps localize high-pitched tones near the apex of the basilar membrane. D) sends efferent impulses that inhibit all hair cells not vibrating maximally. E) stimulate additional hair cells.

D) sends efferent impulses that inhibit all hair cells not vibrating maximally.

lacrimal canaliculi A) lubricate the eyelid B) protect the eye from falling objects C) an inflamed ciliary gland D) small tubes that drain tears into the lacrimal sac E) inflammation of the conjunctiva

D) small tubes that drain tears into the lacrimal sac

Otoliths A) amplify hearing. B) are part of the ampulla. C) are found in the semicircular canals. D) stimulate hair cells to produce action potentials. E) are found in the cochlear duct.

D) stimulate hair cells to produce action potentials.

retina A) photoreceptor cells that function in black and white vision B) photoreceptor cells that function in color vision C) the opening in the iris D) the innermost tunic of the eye E) a pigmented contractile structure

D) the innermost tunic of the eye

palpebral conjunctiva: A) the angle where the eyelids join B) the space between the two eyelids C) another name for the eyelids D) the membrane that covers the inner surface of the eyelids E) the membrane that covers the anterior sclera of the eye

D) the membrane that covers the inner surface of the eyelids

auditory ossicles A) organ of hearing B) passageway from the outside to the eardrum C) interconnecting tunnels in the temporal bone D) tiny bones in the middle ear E) connecting chambers of inner ear filled with endolymph

D) tiny bones in the middle ear

Arrange the following structures in the order in which they vibrate when a sound wave enters the ear. 1. eardrum 2. endolymph 3. ossicles 4. oval window 5. perilymph A) 1, 3, 5, 2, 4 B) 1, 4, 3, 5, 2 C) 3, 1, 5, 2, 4 D) 1, 3, 2, 5, 4 E) 1, 3, 4, 5, 2

E) 1, 3, 4, 5, 2 eardrum ossicles oval window perilymph endolymph

Light and dark adaptation involves A) pupillary reflexes. B) variations in rod and cone function. C) changes in the amount of available rhodopsin. D) both A and C E) A, B, and C

E) A, B, and C pupillary reflexes. variations in rod and cone function. changes in the amount of available rhodopsin.

Which of the following is false? A) Rods cannot detect color. B) The visual pigment of cones is iodopsin. C) Most of the optic tract axons terminate in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus. D) Association neurons in the inner retinal layers modify signals of rods and cones. E) Most of the optic tract axons terminate in the medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus.

E) Most of the optic tract axons terminate in the medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus.

iris: A) photoreceptor cells that function in black and white vision B) photoreceptor cells that function in color vision C) the opening in the iris D) the innermost tunic of the eye E) a pigmented contractile structure

E) a pigmented contractile structure

middle ear A) eardrum B) part of the ear that contains the organ of hearing C) the pinna and external auditory meatus are part of this D) fleshy portion of the external ear E) air-filled space within the temporal bone

E) air-filled space within the temporal bone

The semicircular canals A) are parallel to each other. B) can detect movement in only one direction. C) have a base called a papilla. D) contain cupulae that respond to gravity. E) allow a person to detect movement in all directions.

E) allow a person to detect movement in all directions.

auditory tube A) structures that produce earwax B) fluid in the membranous labyrinth C) fluid between the membranous and bony labyrinth D) ossicles connect this structure to eardrum E) connects the middle ear to the pharynx

E) connects the middle ear to the pharynx

The optic disc A) is located in the vascular tunic. B) is the site of greatest visual acuity. C) is also called the macula lutea. D) is on the anterior surface of the eye. E) contains no photoreceptor cells.

E) contains no photoreceptor cells.

The auditory tube A) amplifies sound waves. B) helps maintain balance. C) carries sound to the eardrum. D) carries sound to the inner ear. E) equalizes air pressure between the middle ear and outside air.

E) equalizes air pressure between the middle ear and outside air.

The most sensitive taste buds are found in _____ papillae. A) formate B) filiform C) fungiform D) vallate E) foliate

E) foliate

conjunctivitis A) lubricate the eyelid B) protect the eye from falling objects C) an inflamed ciliary gland D) small tubes that drain tears into the lacrimal sac E) inflammation of the conjunctiva

E) inflammation of the conjunctiva

macular degeneration A) difficulty seeing distant objects B) a type of refractory error C) clouding of the lens of the eye D) increased intraocular pressure that can lead to loss of vision E) loss of acute central vision

E) loss of acute central vision

The main factor affecting depth of focus is the A) convergence. B) accommodation. C) shape of the lens. D) size of the lens. E) size of the pupil.

E) size of the pupil.

olfactory bulbs: A) relay olfactory information to the brain and synapse with association neurons in the olfactory bulb B) area of the brain where the olfactory tracts terminate C) enlargements on the dendrites of olfactory neurons D) fibers that connect the olfactory bulb to the cortex E) the expanded anterior portions of the olfactory nerves

E) the expanded anterior portions of the olfactory nerves

aqueous humor A) blood vessels enter and the optic nerve exits here B) a small yellow spot near the center of the posterior retina C) the portion of the retina with the greatest visual acuity D) a jellylike substance in the posterior cavity of the eye E) the fluid that fills the anterior cavity of the eye

E) the fluid that fills the anterior cavity of the eye

bulbar conjunctiva A) the angle where the eyelids join B) the space between the two eyelids C) another name for the eyelids D) the membrane that covers the inner surface of the eyelids E) the membrane that covers the anterior sclera of the eye

E) the membrane that covers the anterior sclera of the eye

optic tract A) the area that can be seen with the eyes open B) opening in the orbit through which the optic nerve passes C) the cerebral area that integrates messages from retina D) area where medial ganglion cell axons cross over E) the route of the ganglionic axons beyond the chiasma

E) the route of the ganglionic axons beyond the chiasma