AP Euro Semester 1 Test Questions

(95 Theses, Martin Luther) As reflected in the excerpt, Martin Luther's views regarding grace most clearly differed from the Church's practice of indulgences by which of the following?

inward grace came directly from God

the advent of the steam engine did all of the following EXCEPT ________

lead to much higher wages for workers in British factories

African slavery in America was based on raising cash crops for export. Several crops were raised by slave labor, but the outstanding crop was _______

sugar

Because of fiscal problems and rising discontent, Louis XVI of France was forced to summon the __________

Estates General

(The English Revolution, George Macualay Trevelyan) Which of the following philosophers would most likely agree with the outcome of the Glorious Revolution, as explained by Trevelyan?

John Locke

Among the unpleasant effects of population growth in the eighteenth century was _______

a surplus of workers and deepening misery for the poor

The French scholar whose teachings on the Reformation appealed to many of the well-to-do throughout Europe was...

John Calvin

Christian missionaries to Asia ______

Often tended to present Christianity in native forms, with priests dressed as Buddhists in Japan, Brahmins in India, Confucians in China

The Jesuits were _______

a vigorous Catholic religious order that became the vanguard of the Catholic Reformation

Martin Luther denounced indulgences because _______

his concept of "justification by faith" meant to him that indulgences were useless Christian salvation

The Anabaptists of the sixteenth century

rejected infant baptism in favor of adult baptism

life for industrial workers in early industrial Britain was marked by _______

insecurity because of low wages and the threat of unemployment; the risk of injury because of the lack of factory safety; the need for workers to follow the pace of machinery rather than set their own working pace

The British working class in the early industrial revolution ________

often worked twelve to sixteen hours a day, six days a week

(Colombian Exchange) In addition to foods, which of the following arguably had a greater if not equal impact?

smallpox

(Graph of Native American Populations) Why is the establishment of plantation economies in the New World not impacted by the same trend described in the graph?

African slaves share immunities to Old World diseases with their European masters

(The Necessity of Reforming of the Church, John Calvin) Which of the following illustrates a major similarity between John Calvin and sixteenth-century Roman Catholic popes?

Christianity served as a stimulus for exploration as religious authorities sought to spread faith

For Martin Luther the concept of "justification by faith" meant that _______

Christians were saved through the grace of God and not through their own efforts

(The Necessity of Reforming of the Church, John Calvin) Which of the following was the most direct consequence of the changes promoted by Calvin?

Despite their efforts, the Hapsburgs rulers failed to restore Catholic unity across Europe

("The Renaissance", Peter Burke) The assumptions made by Burckhardt most clearly show the influence of which of the following trends in nineteenth-century Europe?

European nationalism the scramble for empire

(Guns, Germs and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies, Jared Diamond) Which of the following was a consequence of the Colombian exchange referenced by Diamond?

European's expansion of the African salve trade

(Dignity of Man, Pico della Mirandola) Which of the following historical figures would most likely agree with Mirandola's views in the passage?

Francesco Petrarch

(Political Testament, Richelieu) Which of the following Enlightenment thinkers is most likely to agree with Richelieu's viewpoint?

Hobbes

The figure who, more than anyone else, personified the "Renaissance man" was _________

Leonardo da Vinci

(The Necessity of Reforming of the Church, John Calvin) In this excerpt, Calvin's writing best serves as evidence of which of the following practices occuring in Europe at the time?

Reformers criticized Catholic abuses and established new interpretations of Christian doctrines and practcies

Some modern scholars have suggested that the Renaissance is not a separate historical era, because _____

Renaissance intellectuals overstated their case, underestimating medieval interest in the classics

The Renaissance is often considered the beginning of a modern secular spirit because ________

Renaissance scholars, though religious, were usually not men of the churches, monasteries, or universities - institutions dominated by religious thought

(A Sermon on Indulgences, Tetzel & Martin Luther statement) The debate in the excerpts above directly foreshadowed which of the following developments?

The establishment of the first Protestant Religion

The Jacobins and the Girondins __________

Were rival revolutionary political factions in the National Convention

The best description of Elizabeth I's religious policy is that _______

as a moderate Protestant, she opposed Catholics, but permitted all Protestants to worship together even if they had different doctrinal beliefs

(Map of Napoleonic Europe) Upon seizing power in France, Napoleon Bonaparte ______

consolidated his rule by employing and seeking support from a combination of Jacobins, Old Regime Officials, returning emigre nobles, and Catholics

(Heresy, Magic, and Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe, Gary K Waite) Which of the following groups would be most likely to be targeted by the witch-hunters referenced in the passage?

elderly, independent women

British advancements over continental European countries during the early industrial revolution included _________

good water for transportation; major supplies of coal and iron ore; the ability to mobilize capital for industrial development

The social structure of Europe in the nineteenth century during the period of industrialization was altered by the ________

growing prosperity of the middle classes and the growth of an industrial working class

(The Agricultural Revolution in Norfolk, Naomi Riches) What was a direct impact on labor arising from developments such as those discussed in the above passage?

growing working class dependency on wages

("The Renaissance", Peter Burke) Burke differentiates modern historians from Burckhardt in which of the following ways?

he argues that Burckahrdt did not take into consideration biases of his sources

(Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci) Based on the passage, it can be inferred that da Vinci was most influenced by which of the following?

humanism

Cottage industry _____

increased considerably during the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries; was often a cloth industry, but many other items were also manufactured this way; often involved the entire family, including the children, in the work

(The Agricultural Revolution in Norfolk, Naomi Riches) Which of the following developments in the 18th century was most enabled by the Agricultural Revolution?

increased economic mobility among the social classes

(Guns, Germs and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies, Jared Diamond) Exploration and colonization of the New World in the 16th century impacted the European balance of power by _________

increasing the power of Spain and Portugal

(95 Theses, Martin Luther) The excerpt best reflect which aspect of Martin Luther's ideology regarding the Gospel?

individuals are free to interpret scripture for themselves

(The Prince, Niccolo Machiavelli) The passage reflects changes in Italian politics of the Renaissance summarized in which of the following statements?

it embraced a "realistic" component of rule and echoed the politics of ancient Rome breaking from the tradition of the Middle Ages

(Bishop Burnet describing Peter the Great's visit to England) Consider the historical context of the piece. which of the following events could account for Burnet's tone about Peter the Great?

it is after the Glorious Revolution which protected the rights of Parliament against absolutism. Peter the Great was against this type of balance of power.

(The English Revolution, George Macualay Trevelyan) The argument about the English Civil War made in the passage, can best be summarize by which of the following?

it was totally wand completely victorious over the corruption in the monarchy

The Protestant Reformation ___________

led peasants, already upset by inflation and escalating payments to landowners, to adopt strong protestants couched in terms reflecting Lutheran ideas on scripture

(Image about Louis XVI's execution) Which of following best describes the basic underlying cause of conflict between Louis XVI and the French people?

long held economic and social grievances among the lower classes

(Dignity of Man, Pico della Mirandola) Which of the following is best supported by the passage?

most Renaissance humanists believed that men have free will and the potential to do great things

(The Encyclopedia, Denis Diderot) This document is an illustration of which of the following trends of the 1700s?

new forms of literature were made available for a growing educated audience

(The Coming of the French Revolution, George Lefebvre) Lefebvre argues that the discrepancy between the legal social structure and the new economic order was destined to lead to a revolution of some kind. Which historical evidence from the early stages of the French Revolution best lends support to Lefebvre's case?

nobles began to surrender their feudalistic rights

Cottage industry developed in part because _______

of the growing rural labor supply, which would work for lower wages than would the townsmen.

Working-class women in the early nineteenth-century ______

often had to work in factories, neglecting their children, to the dismay of middle-class critics

Which of the following is most directly a result of the development of the printing press?

public access to vernacular literature

(Martin Luther's 95 Theses) The excerpt from Luther's 95 Theses best reflects Luther's efforts to _______

reform the Catholic Church

(Edict of Nantes) Henry IV issued this edict primarily in response to _______

religious turmoil faced by France as a result of the St Bartholomew's Day Massacre

(Heresy, Magic, and Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe, Gary K Waite) The development of witch-hunting referred to in the above passage was most directly a reaction to ___________

religious wars

(Map of Napoleonic Europe) Which of the following most closely reflects the reaction among European countries to the Napoleonic conquests depicted in the above map?

rising anti-French nationalism

(The Agricultural Revolution in Norfolk, Naomi Riches) A long-term effect of the Agricultural Revolution on the general western European population was ______

rising populations with better hygiene

Which of the following most accurately describes the political system of the Dutch republic of the 17th century?

rule by wealthy merchants

(Leviathan, Hobbes; Second Treatise of Civil Rights, Locke) Which of the following statements best describes the impact of the ideas of Locke on serfdom?

serfdom was seen as inhumane and unjust

The purpose behind the initial decision to build the Crystal Palace was for Great Britain to ________

show off its great wealth and industrial advancement to the rest of Europe

(Uncovering the New World Columbus Created, Charles C Mann) In addition to the disease referenced in the passage, which of the following best reflects the impact of Europeans on the populations of the Americas?

subjugation through forced labor

During the Thirty Years' War, France pursued a policy of ___________

supporting the Protestant princes and rulers against the Hapsburgs

one sign of growing discontent in France with the Reign of Terror and the Republic of Virtue was _______

the anti-revolutionary revolt in the Vendee region; the assassination of Marat; Danton's advice that the Revolution take a more moderate course

The text calls the Renaissance a multifaceted movement. Which of the following ideas is NOT one of the facets?

activism

The great European fear of witchcraft _________

began before the Reformation and lasted through the seventeenth century

(Colombian Exchange) Based on your knowledge of early modern history, which of the Old World items was most impactful on both the New and Old World?

coffee

The "Act of Supremacy" ________

declared Henry VIII to be the "supreme head of the Church of England

(The Enclosure Act) Which of the following was a direct result of the Enclosure Laws?

increase in the labor supply

In the "commercial revolution" of the sixteenth century, which of the following did NOT occur?

reduced government trade barriers and reduced economic regulations

(King James I Speech) All of the following echoed the ideas expressed by James I EXCEPT __________

the inability of the Polish monarchy to assert power of its nobility

The major reason for the brutal Spanish treatment of natives in the New World was _______

the need for labor to raise crops and extract precious metals from mines

(A Sermon on Indulgences, Tetzel & Martin Luther statement) The passages above most directly illustrates the debate between Luther and Tetzel concerning which of the following?

the selling of indulgences by the Catholic Church

The development of the printing press led most directly to which of the following in 15th century Europe?

the spread and influence of humanist thought

(The Prince, Niccolo Machiavelli) Machiavelli's philosophy of rule mirrored a secular model for political behavior because ___________

there was a distinct break from morality as espoused in Christianity and the Church

(Map of Napoleonic Europe) One of Napoleon's main goals of the military conquests depicted in the map was _________

to spread his ideals of the French Revolution

Population growth during the eighteenth century ________

was partially caused by the availability of more and better food

Which of the following would have been most likely to patronize Da Vinci's art?

wealthy merchants

(Heresy, Magic, and Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe, Gary K Waite) Which of the following best reflects a common belief regarding witchcraft in early modern Europe?

witches could be detected by scientific means

The Thirty Years' Wars began ________

with a Protestant religious revolt against the Catholic Habsburgs in Bohemia

The famous motto of the French Revolution was _______

"Liberty, Equality, Fraternity"

(Leviathan, Hobbes; Second Treatise of Civil Rights, Locke) Thomas Hobbes and John Locke would most likely agree on which of the following?

Enlightened absolutism is an ideal form of government

The Peace of Augsburg in 1555 _________

Established the Lutheran Church in Germany as an alternative to the Catholic Church

The religious wars in France ended because _______

Henry of Navarre, a Protestant survivor of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre, became King and issued the Edict of Nantes

(Martin Luther's 95 Theses) According to Luther's 95 Theses, how did his concept of Salvation differ most from that of the Catholic Church?

Luther believed that salvation came from faith alone, while the Catholic Church promoted the understanding that one could earn their way into heaven through good deeds

The "Thermidorian Reaction" during the French Revolution came when the Convention overthrew and executed ________

Robespierre

(Dignity of Man, Pico della Mirandola) The thinking expressed by Pico della Mirandola and similar authors of the period led to which of the following?

A growing willingness among intellectuals to question traditional sources of authority

(Drawing of a bunch of women with pitchforks and whatever) The woman who supported movements like the one depicted and argued for greater equality for women during the revolutionary period was _______

De Gouge

(Political Testament, Richelieu) How did the political structure of France change during Richelieu's ministry?

Feudalism to Absolutism

(Civilization and Capitalism, Fernand Braudel) The economic pattern described in the passage is most similar to which future pattern?

Transition of economic power from Iberian to North Atlantic states

(Map of Napoleonic Europe) Napoleon's invasion of Russia failed for several reasons, including _______

a lack of adequate supplies, and a hard, cold winter

The French Revolution was in part precipitated by ______

a major financial crisis that weakened monarchical government

("The Renaissance", Peter Burke) Which of the following quotations is most similar to the ideas and assumptions made by Burckhardt in his description of the Renaissance?

"There is something else about France. She can't afford to be just a free country. She must also be a great country. She must spread her influence over the world, and export wherever she can her language, her ways, her flag, her force of arms, and her genius"

Renaissance

known for major new trends in literature, architecture, and the visual arts

In response to the Reformation, the Catholic Church _______

undertook its own reformation, spearheaded by rigorous religious scholarship in Spain and by new religious orders such as the Jesuits

Which of the following was a direct long term effect of the development depicted in the image?

the establishment of Protestantism

(Map of Napoleonic Europe) Which of the following is NOT correctly given as a reason for growing European resistance to Napoleonic rule?

dissatisfaction with the Napoleonic Code because it embodied the principles of the French Revolution

(Graph of Native American Populations) The trend demonstrated in the graph is primarily caused by _____

exposure to European disease

(Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci) Which of the following best reflects how art in the earlier Middle Ages differed from that in Da Vinci's time?

the art was stylized and symbolic

The "agricultural revolution" of the eighteenth century refers to ________

major changes that occured in the way land was plowed and crops planted, leading to a major increase in food production

(The Coming of the French Revolution, George Lefebvre) Ironically, which was a discrepancy in the legal status of women and their role in the French Revolution itself?

many women were active participants without equal legal or political rights

(The Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith) These ideas were specifically used to challenge which of the following?

mercantilism

The theological doctrine most commonly associated with Calvin is ___________

predestination

(A Sermon on Indulgences, Tetzel & Martin Luther statement) Which of the following was most supportive of Luther's condemnation of the Catholic Church?

the German Princes

Which of the following was the most important assumption underlying the economic philosophy of mercantilism?

the wealth of nations was limited and needed to be carefully preserved

English entrepreneurs financed the establishment of the New World colonies primarily through ________

private funds from the creation of joint-stock companies

The Council of Trent, the Spanish Inquisition, and the mysticism of Teresa of Avila were all part of the ______

Catholic Reformation

(Revolution Anthem, The Marseillaise) The sentiment expressed in the passage was ultimately opposed to most forcefully by which of the following?

Congress of Vienna

(King James I Speeches) The ideas expressed by James I most closely align with which 17th and 18th century philosophy?

Divine Right Absolutism

Henry VIII of England ______

Expected papal approval of his annulment of his marriage with Catharine of Aragon because popes had traditionally deferred to kings in these matters

(Revolution Anthem, The Marseillaise) Partially as a consequence of the sentiment described above, the wars of the French Revolution could be considered "modern" in that ______

Large, citizen armies fought for national, rather than dynastic, goals

One the eve of the French Revolution, the nobility, the middle classes, Enlightenment intellectuals, and peasants all had disagreements with the monarch. Which of the following is NOT an accurate description of these disagreements?

The nobility resented the loss of their privileges and the ending of serfdom because of the enlightened absolutism of Louis XV and Louis XVI

(School of Athens) The art piece best reflects the Renaissance's ___________

focus on humanist ideals

(Map of Napoleonic Europe) The basic purpose of Napoleon's Continental System was to _______

harm the British economy preventing Britain from exporting its goods into continental Eurpope

The term "humanism", when applied to Renaissance Italy, refers primarily to the ________

non-Christian themes that became prominent in Italian art and literature

Those in the Estates General who took the Tennis Court Oath vowed to _______

not separate until they had written a constitution for France

The industrialization of continental Europe _________

started first in Belgium, the northeastern France, northern Germany, and northwestern Italy.

(The Enclosure Act) The industrial revolution was _______

the transformation of the European economy through the development of large factories based on new technologies

(Dignity of Man, Pico della Mirandola) The term humanism, when applied to Renaissance Italy, refers primarily to the:

scholarly interest in the study of the classical cultures of Greece and Rome and the belief in the potential value and worth of human beings

Based on the above passage, it can be inferred that Da Vinci was most influenced by which of the following?

secularism

(Civilization and Capitalism, Fernand Braudel) According to the passage, which nation was primed for economic supremacy by 1498?

Portugal

Cortes and Pizarro were able to conquer the Aztec and the Inca empire because the _________

Spaniards possessed guns and steel weapons and were partially immune to the diseases that devastated the native populations

(Martin Luther's 95 Theses) What effect did Luther;s 95 theses have one the future of the Catholic Church?

The Catholic Church reaffirmed the traditional Catholic doctrine and strengthened the use of the Inquisition to root out heresy

During the French wars of religion _________

There was a major massacre of French Protestant leaders on St. Bartholomew's Day, August 24, 1572

Which of the following best reflects the most important contribution of improved navigational tools by the 16th century?

ability to sail in open seas for significant distances

Renaissance painters ________

developed the technique of linear perspective to create the illusion of three-dimensional space

(Bishop Burnet describing Peter the Great's visit to England) The testimony supports which of the following goals of Peter the Great ______________

reduce boyars' attachment to traditional Russian culture as well as to publish the Table of Ranks

The core of Renaissance humanism was ______

the study of history, literature, and philosophy, stressing grammar, poetry, history, and ethics

(King James I Speech) Which European ruler's reign most successfully reflected the ideas of James I expressed in these speeches?

Louis XIV of France

("They are ungrateful, changeable, simulators and dissimulators, runaways in danger, eager for gain; while you do well by them they are all yours, they offer you their blood, their property, their lives, their children when need is far off; but when it comes near you, they turn about") What Renaissance text this quote found in?

Machiavelli's The Prince

(The English Revolution, George Macualay Trevelyan) The "second crisis" in England, as explained in the source above, was caused by which of the following?

Parliament feared the ties that James II had with the Roman Catholic Church

(The Coming of the French Revolution, George Lefebvre) What evidence from the time period of the French Revolution best supports Lefebvre's prediction in the above passage regarding the fate of the church in France?

State control of church revenue and property

(The Necessity of Reforming of the Church, John Calvin) The critiques expressed by Calvin generated which of the following broader religious changes in the sixteenth century?

The Catholic Reformation revived the church but cemented the division within Christianity

(Image about Louis XVI's execution) The execution of Louis XVI could best be viewed as a turning point in the history of the French Revolution in which of the following ways?

The Jacobins began to harshly repress opposition through arrest and public execution of suspected enemies

(Image about Louis XVI's execution) The image seems to convey an ambivalence toward the execution of Louis XVI, provoking sympathy, but also seeming to mock the king. Which of the following best describes a development regarding the French Revolution, which can be attributed to the decision to execute Louis XVI and which is supported by the image?

The french revolution became significantly disunified and lost sympathy of many who might have otherwise supported it

(Uncovering the New World Columbus Created, Charles C Mann) Which of the following was most directly an effort on Europe of the development described in the passage?

a shift of economic wealth to Europe's Atlantic region

After the Reformation, _______

a strong link was forged, especially in Protestant countries, between education and work

(The Agricultural Revolution in Norfolk, Naomi Riches) How did wealthy landowners in the 18th century take advantage of the development such as that being described in the above passage?

by controlling and expanding their ownership of land through Parliamentarian enclosure acts

(A Sermon on Indulgences, Tetzel & Martin Luther statement) The passage by Luther most weakens Tetzel's claims in the first passage by _______

by stating that tetzel "even sold indulgences for future sins"

(Drawing of a bunch of women with pitchforks and whatever) Which of the following statements best characterizes the role of women in the later phases of the revolution?

citizenship in the republic was restricted to men

Which of the following best reflects the effect of maritime explorations on European society in the 16th and 17th centuries?

creation of economic opportunities through trade and colonization

(Martin Luther's 95 Theses) Which of the following was most likely the catalyst for Luther's belief on Salvation as stated in the passage above?

the election of Pope Leo X, the youngest ever to be elected Pope, and member of the Medici family

(Drawing of a bunch of women with pitchforks and whatever) The picture best illustrates which of the following?

the enthusiastic participation by women in the early phases of the Revolution

Sugar growers in the New World turned to Africa as a slave source because _______

the great decline in the number of natives in the Americas made enslaving them impractical; Africans had a greater resistance to European diseases than the natives of the Americas and could survive in larger numbers; some African chiefs found that they could profit enormously through this trade

The early industrial revolution in Britain and on the continent resulted in ________

the more than threefold increase of Britain's national product between 1780 and 1850

(The Enclosure Act) Which of the following groups would have been the most supportive of the Enclosure Laws?

the owners of large amounts of land

(Edict of Nantes) What was the long term political impact this document had on France?

the provision outlined in the edict would successfully end religious turmoil in France until Napoleon's rise to power at the end of the eighteenth century

(Civilization and Capitalism, Fernand Braudel) Which of the following economic patterns does the passage describe?

Shifting of economic power in Europe from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic states

(Uncovering the New World Columbus Created, Charles C Mann) Which of the following was a direct long term effect of the development described in the passage above?

the ability of European communities to avoid frequent devastating famines

The basic principle of mercantilism was that ______

the amount of the world's wealth was fixed, so that one country could increase its trade and manufacturing only at the expense of others

Which of the following best reflects how art in the earlier Middle Ages differed from that in Da Vinci's time?

the art was religious in nature

(Guns, Germs and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies, Jared Diamond) According to Diamond's argument, the most important success of European colonization of the Americas lay in ______

the biological and environmental advantaged held by Europeans

(The Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith) Which of the following most directly led to the development of Smith's ideals?

the challenges to coercive labor systems

(Graph of Native American Populations) All of the following are effects of the trend described in the graph except ________

the creation of resources extraction economies

(Leviathan, Hobbes; Second Treatise of Civil Rights, Locke) Writings like these emerged mainly as a result of which of the following?

the destruction of the Wars of Religion

An important part of the new agricultural methods seen in Great Britain was _______

the development of larger blocks of land by the enclosure process, and smaller farmer's loss of land

(Revolution Anthem, The Marseillaise) The selection above exemplifies which of the following trends during the French Revolution?

the diffusion to all classes of revolutionary ideals such as liberty and nationalism

Which of the following developments most directly led to European maritime exploration in the 16th century?

the discovery of trade winds and ocean currents

(School of Athens) Raphael used the societal climate of the early 16th century to draw attention to what aspect of Renaissance culture?

the emphasis on Ancient Greek culture and its focus on rational thought

(95 Theses, Martin Luther) Martin Luther's views regarding the Church, as reflected int he above excerpt, most directly influenced which of the following movements?

the rise of the Anabaptists and other radical movements

Luther's ideas spread rapidly in sixteenth century Europe because _______

popular preachers told peasants in villages about Luther's ideas; they offered a simple and elegant solutions o the query, "How do I know that i am saved?"; printing presses produced numerous widely-read pamphlets permitting many people to pick up Luther;s ideas easily and quickly++

(The Encyclopedia, Denis Diderot) The production of works like the text helped to do which of the following?

popularize Enlightenment ideas and mold public opinion

(The Prince, Niccolo Machiavelli) The primary purpose of this work was to promote the ideals of __________

preservation of order and security for a government

The urban middle class - the bourgeoisie - of the eighteenth century ________

probably gained the most from the improved commerce, industry, and agriculture of the century

The major purpose of the Reign of terror during the French Revolution was to __________

protect the new French Republic from its enemies and to satisfy the demands by the sans-culottes for immediate action against those enemies

What were facets of the Renaissance?

realism, a secular spirit, romanticism

Renaissance sculpture _______

shows an exuberant praise of anatomical realism, such as in Michelangelo's David