AP EURO UNITS 2.2-2.3

Jacques-Louis David

"Napoleon Crossing the Saint-Bernard"-became Napoleon's official court painter-Neoclassical style

Olympe de Gouges, The Rights of Woman

"The Rights of Women" french journalist who demanded equal rights for women

Maximilien Robespierre

"The incorruptible;" the leader of the bloodiest portion of the French Revolution. He set out to build a republic of virtue.

Mary Wollstonecraft, Vindication of the Rights of Woman

'Vindiction of the Rights of Women' English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women

St. Domingue (Haiti)

-was one of the richest colonies in the world -Inspired by French Revoution to seek equality with whites and then overthrew them. -Haiti's success helps inspire Latin American independence movement

Assembly of Nobles

A group of nobles and aristocrats invited by the king of France to discuss reform of the government.

Girondins

A political party that emerged in revolutionary France after the fall of the monarchy in 1792 when the jacobins split into two factions. Named for the region in southwestern France where many of their leaders were from, not as radical

Neoclassism

A style of art and architecture that emerged in the later 18th century. Neoclassicism was characterized by the utilization of themes and styles from ancient Greece and Rome.

Thomas Paine, Rights of Man

American Revolutionary leader and pamphleteer who supported the American colonist's fight for independence and supported the French Revolution

Cesare Beccaria

An Italian politician who ventured into philosophy to protest the horrible injustices that he observed in various European judicial systems. Beccaria's book "On Crimes and Punishments" exposed these practices and led to the abolition of many

Law of Suspects

Anyone who harms or intends to harm the revolution by thought, word or deed is prosecuted

Abbe Sieyes, What is the Third Estate?

Argued that lower classes were more important than the nobles and the government should be responsible to the people.

Partition of Poland

As a result of several Eastern European military conflicts, the map of Europe had to be withdrawn, three times to be exact. This reorganization of territory was at the expense of a nation which was ultimately erased from the map of Europe.

Brunswick Manifesto

Austria and Prussia made this saying that they would destroy Paris if any harm came to the French king

Sevens Years War

Austria vs Prussia; Austria ally with France and Russia; Prussia joined with British; significance: no territorial changes in Europe, Britain gained complete control over the overseas colonies of France (called The French and Indian War in North America); Russia and Prussia emerged as powerful forces in European affairs

Wilkes Affair

Began after a John Wilkes, a member of Parliament, criticized the British government during the reign of George III in his newspaper North Briton, soon escalating into a major campaign against the corruption and social exclusiveness of Parliament.

Thomas Hobbes

Best known work was the Leviathan. He believed that the only way for man to lift himself out of his natural state of fear and violence was to give up his freedom and make a social contract with others to accept a central authority. He felt that a monarchy provided the best authority. He also argued that as sovereign power was absolute, the sovereign must also be head of the national religion. He was hostile to the Roman Catholic Church.

Vendee

Counter revolution led by conservative forces (nobles, clergy, and the peasantry).

Revolutionary Calendar

Created by the National Convention, it established after the French Revolution. Day one was the first day of the French Republic. Got rid of church influences

Denis Diderot

Created the encyclopedia. Perhaps greatest and most representative work of philosophes, contained political and social critiques, and popularized views of philosophes to teach people critically and objectively

Tennis Court Oath

Declaration mainly by members of the Third Estate not to disband until they had drafted a constitution for France

Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France

Defended inherited priveledges in general and those of the English monarchy and aristocracy. Glorified unrepresentitive Parliament and predicted reform would lead to much chaos/tyranny.-go back to the old ways

Mary Wollstoncraft

English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women

Civil Constitution of the Clergy, 1790

Established by National Assembly in dealing with issue of Church. Clergy to be elected by the 50,000 electors. Protestants, Jews and agnostics could take part. Number of diocese reduced from 130 to 83 and were to be coterminous with the new departments. No papal approval of appointments was necessary. State was to pay salaries. Abuses such as pluralism were ended. Significance - many did not approve and became counterrevolutionaries. Created big division. Left the Catholic laity terrified and puzzled. Many of peasantry were still devoutly catholic and found this aspect of revolution difficult to accept.

Thermidorian Reaction

Extended Political Reign of Terror. Goal was increasingly an ideal democratic republic where justice would reign and there would be neither rich nor poor. their lofty goal was unrestrained despotism and guillotine. ITo the horror of many sans-culorres, Robespierre's Terror wiped out many angry men who had been criticizing Robespierre for being soft on the wealthy. it recalled the early days of the Revolution

83 Departments

France became a centralized national gov't based in paris once the feudal institutions, parlements, estates, provincial law codes, and tarrif and tax bodies were replaced by them

American Revolution

French Revolution was influenced from the American Revolution. hundreds of French officers served in America and were inspired; the Constitution of America; the expenses of supporting the revolutionary forces finished off the French treasury. America got it's independence

National Assembly

French Revolutionary assembly. Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789.

Montesquieu

French aristocrat who wanted to limit royal absolutism; Wrote "The Spirit of Laws", urging that power be separated between executive, legislative, and judicial branches, each balancing out the others, thus preventing despotism and preserving freedom. This greatly influenced writers of the US Constitution. He greatly admired British form of government.

Emigres

French nobles who fled from France during the peasant uprisings. They were very conservative and hoped to restore the king to power.

Descartes

French philosopher and mathematician. His discourse on Method states that all assumptions had to be proven on the basis of known facts. His method of questioning was built upon a strict, orderly logical reasoning.

Georges-Jacques Danton

French revolutionary leader who stormed the Paris bastille and who supported the execution of Louis XVI but was guillotined by Robespierre for his opposition to the Reign of Terror

Bernard de Fontenelle

French writer who tried to make science as easy to read as a novel to appeal to the masses. wrote Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds. He was skeptical about religion and stressed progress

Louis XV

Grandson of Louis XIV and king of France led France into the War of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War, more concerned with mistresses than matters of the state...eventually, he took action to defend his absolutist inheritance after Parliament objection. Louis XV enjoyed the lavish lifestyle that came to him upon becoming king. Instated the Parliament, but later dissolved it due to their opposing his absolutist style.

John Locke

He argued that man is born good and has rights to life, liberty, and property. To protect these rights, people enter social contract to create government with limited powers. If a government did not protect these rights or exceeded its authority, Locke believed the people have the right to revolt. The ideas of consent of the governed, social contract, and right of revolution influenced the United States Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution. He also laid the foundations for criticism of absolute monarchy in France.

Joseph II of Austria

He attempted to impose rational policies on the Habsburg Empire. He also urged religious toleration and confiscated church lands. His attempts to tax the nobility stirred up a revolt. He was an enlightened despot.

Jean Jacques Rousseau

He was committed to individual freedom, but thought that rationalism and civilization corrupt man. Spontaneous feeling was to replace the coldness of intellectualism. Man is born good and needs protection from society. His book, "The Social Contract" tells how social inequalities develop when people sign a social contract agreeing to surrender to the general will in order to be free. This creates a government as a necessary evil to carry out general will. If general will fails, people can replace it. He also wrote "Emile" that attacked society and proposed a new theory of education. He called for focus on logical thinking, reason, love, tenderness, and understanding toward children. He wanted children to be raised naturally and spontaneously in order to raise their emotional awareness.

Voltaire

He was educated by Jesuits, and came to challenge Catholic Church. He believed in distant deistic God - a clock maker who built an orderly world and let it run under laws of science. He hated religious intolerance and felt that religion suppressed human spirit. He wrote "Candide" against evils of organized religion. He argued for religious toleration. His deism was intended to construct a more natural religion based on reason and natural law. He was exiled in England for 3 years, when he came to admire their system of government and advocated freedom of thought and respect for all.

Flight to Varennes

King Louis XVI and his families attempt to escape paris; made it only to Varennes where they were arrested and put on house arrest. End of French Monarchy

Frederick II of Prussia

King of Prussia. Invaded Austria, sparking the War of the Austrian Succession, in which he gained Silesia; invaded Saxony, sparking the Seven Years War, but did not gain any territory; he spent 2/3 of all Prussian money on the army; proposed the First Partition of Poland, from which he gained a bit of Polish-Lithuanian territory; insisted his court spoke French; was personal friends with Voltaire; instituted a uniform civil justice system; believed strongly in education; encourage agricultural innovation. (Example of an enlightened despot.)

Catherine the Great of Russia

Leader of Russia who became very familiar with Enlightenment thought. Good friends with Diderot and Voltaire. She tried to enact major reforms but she never intended to abandon absolutism. She assured nobles of their rights and by the end of her reign had imposed press censorship.

September Massacres

Louis's imprisonment was followed by the September massacres. Wild stories seized the city that imprisoned counter-revolutionary aristocrats/priests were plotting with the allied invaders. As a results, angry crowds invaded the prisons of Paris and summarily slaughtered half the men and women they found.

Coup d'Etat Brumaire

Napoleon Bonaparte overthrew the French Directory, replacing it with the French Consulate.

Napoleonic Code

Napoleon produced a constitution that essentially granted him total authority and power; it protected the benefits gained during the revolution and kept the suffrages abolished; it gave women less rights and influence however

Equality, Liberty, and Fraternity

New government based on these ideals.

"Temple of Reason"

New name for the Cathedral of Notre Dame (nonchristain)

assignats

Paper currency, the French churches were used as collateral -the first French paper currency issued by the General Assembly.

Women's March to Versailles

Parisian women marched to Versailles to talk to King Louis XVI about bread price

Enrages

Radical group that opposed the jacobins, fought against by robespierre

Jacobins

Radical republicans during the French Revolution. They were led by Maximilien Robespierre

Storming of the Tuileries

Responding to Brunswick Manifesto, mobs seized power in Paris. The king was taken prisoner. Marks the beginning of the "Second Revolution".

Cult of the Supreme Being

Robespierre's attempt to an alternative to Christianity with this Deistic cult

Mountain

Robespierre, urban radicals

Adam Smith

Scottish economist who advocated private enterprise and free trade

David Hume

Scottish philosopher whose skeptical philosophy restricted human knowledge to that which can be perceived by the senses

Lycees

State secondary schools, intended to give it's students technical training and to produce loyal military officers and government officials from the graduates.

Estates General

The French national assembly summoned in 1789 to remedy the financial crisis and correct abuses of the ancien regime. Hadn't been called since 1614, each estate got one vote

Levee en masse

The creation under the Jacobins, of a citizen army with support from young and old, heralding the emergence of modern warfare.

First Estate

The first class of French society made up of the clergy of the Roman Catholic Church

Law of Maximum

The fixing of prices on bread and other essentials under Robespierre's rule.

Committee of Public Safety

The leaders under Robespierre who organized the defenses of France, conducted foreign policy, and centralized authority

Nobility of the Robe

The nobles whose nobility was either acquired by serving in the bureaucracy or had purchased them.

"Great Fear"

The panic and insecurity that struck French peasants in the summer of 1789 and led to their widespread destruction of manor houses and archives.

Second Estate

The second class of French society made up of the noblility

National Convention

The third estate of the Estates General -broke from the Estates because they wanted the Estates to sit as a committee and not as segregated groups.

Third Estate

Third Estate made up of Bourgeoisie, urban lower class, and peasant farmers. Basically everyone else

Benedict Spinoza

This 17th-century Dutch thinker argued that all matter is a part of God -- God did not just create the universe - he was the universe (pantheism)

War of Austrian Succession

This was caused by Prussia's invasion of the Austrian province of Silesia. The Pragmatic Sanction was shattered and the balance of power as set forth by the Treaty of Utrecht was disrupted. The events resulted in this war.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

This was the new constitution that the National Assembly wrote that gave all citizens free expression of thoughts and opinions and guaranteed equality before the law

Old Regime (ancien regime)

a political and social system that no longer governs (especially the system that existed in France before the French Revolution)

Immanuel Kant

a professor in East Prussia argued that if serious thinkers were granted the freedom to exercise their reason publicly in print, then enlightenment would follow. He suggested that Prussia's Frederick the Great was an enlightened monarch because he permitted freedom of press

Lettre de cachet

a warrant formerly issued by a French king who could warrant imprisonment or death in a signed letter under his seal

Declaration of Pillnitz

afraid that other countries would follow France's lead and begin revolutions, Emperor Leopold II of Austria and King Frederick William II of Prussia issued this declaration in August 27, 1791, inviting other European monarchs to intervene on behalf of Louis XVI if his monarchy was threatened.

Careers Open to Talent

citizens theoretically were able to raise in government service purely according on their abilities, creation of new imperial nobility to reward most talented generals and officals

Parlement of Paris

claimed the right to register royal decrees before they could become law

The Directory

created by the new constitution it was the first bicameral legislature in French history. It consisted of a parliament of 500 representatives, but the majority of French people wanted to be rid of them.

Bourgeoisie

educated, middle class of France; provided force behind the Revolution

Consulate Period

ended the revolution in France; most classes had achieved their goals and needed a ruling body to protect their new rights; Napoleon came and established a code of law that worked to maintain those rights and privileges to best benefit the country of France

Consulate Era

era after the directory with napolean acting as head, took public vote of support that reaffirmed napoleans right to lead

Concordat of 1801

established between Napoleon and Pope Pius VII to relieve tension between the Catholic Church and France; it made all clergy opposing the revolution to step down and made Catholicism the main religion in France, although it was not required

Jacques Necker

financial expert of Louis XVI, he advised Louis to reduce court spending, reform his government, abolish tarriffs on internal trade, but the First and Second Estates got him fired

Corvee

forced labor that required peasants to work for a month out of the year on roads and other public projects

War of the First Coalition

french revolutionary forces were soundly defeated by the austrian military

First Consul

in the Constitution of the Year VIII, it established this rule of one man (Bonaparte); this references back to the rule of Caesar and Augustus in Rome

George III

king of England whom the colonists claimed was, with Parliament, attacking their liberties and dissolving bonds of moral and political allegiance that had formerly united the two groups of people; he felt that powerful Whig families were dominating and bullying previous monarchs, so he began to appoint his own officials into Parliament and crush the power of aristocrats; though the Whig families claimed that this king was trying to become a tyrant, he was only seeking to restore more royal influence to the government of Great Britain

Louis XVI

king of France, he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed. Louis and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were executed in 1793.

Toissant L'Ouverture

leader of slave rebellion on the French sugar island of St. Domingue in 1791; led to creation of independent republic of Haiti in 1804

"Refactory Clergy"

members of the Roman Catholic clergy during the French Revolution who refused to swear an oath of allegiance to the state under the Civil Constitution of the Clergy.

Napoleon Bonaparte

military leader who rose to power in France when they needed a leader to pull them out of the slums of the Revolution; he conquered a great mass of Europe and ruled one of the largest kingdoms in all of history

Plebiscite

overwhelmingly approved

Conspiracy of Equals

plot led by Gracchus Babeuf which called for a return to many ideals of the Revolution and an overthrow of the Directory

Jean-Paul Marat

radical journalist, led to many executions and eventually murdered by a Girondin women

Legislative Assembly

replaced National Assembly; took away most of king's power

Bank of France

served interests of the state and financial oligarchy; balanced national budget, sound currency and public credit, simulated economy

Cahiers de doleances

statements of local grievances that were drafted throughout France during the elections to the Estates-General

Reign of Terror

the historic period during the French Revolution when thousands were executed

Storming the Bastille

the medieval fortress and prison known as the Bastille contained only seven prisoners, its fall was the flashpoint of the French Revolution and it subsequently become an icon of the French Republic

Sans-culottes

urban workers "with long pants"

Lazare Carnot

was in charge of military of Committee of Public Safety (one of prominent leaders of Committee of Public Safety)

Madame de Stael

woman who was influenced by germany, became a leader of romanticism in France