AP Europe Midterm
The National Assembly that ruled France from 1789 to 1791 passed laws that
broadened women's rights to seek divorce and inherit property.
Early public health measures that may have helped reduce death rates in eighteenth-century Europe included all of the following except
discovery of an effective vaccine against the bubonic plague
Most girls who sought work outside their families found jobs as
domestic servants
"The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen" guaranteed all of the following except
economic equality.
Friedrich List was an early proponent of
economic nationalism
The key development that allowed continental banks to shed their earlier conservative nature was the
establishment of limited liability investment
The legal definition of the composition of the prerevolutionary Third Estate included
everyone who was not a noble or member of the clergy
In the eighteenth century, some guilds grew more accessible to women, particularly in the
textile industry.
By the 1770s, the biggest increase in British foreign trade was with
the British colonial empire
"In The Condition of the Working Class in England", Friedrich Engels stated that
the British middle classes were guilty of "mass murder" and "wholesale robbery."
The 1685, ____________ set the parameters of slavery and defined the rights of free people of color
"Code noir"
Madame du Coudray's best-known work is
"Manual on the Art of Childbirth"
According to its editor, the fundamental goal of the "Encyclopedia" was to
"change the general way of thinking."
A broad-based campaign to abolish slavery began in Britain after
1775
Industrial growth first really accelerated in Britain during the
1780s
In 1790, African slaves made up about __________ percent of the U.S. population.
20
In 1860, Britain produced _________ percent of the world's output of industrial goods
20
___________, Russia, and Sweden joined with Britain to form the Third Coalition against France.
Austria
"_________'s Historical and Critical Dictionary" displayed his skepticism.
Bayle
The law that outlawed labor unions and strikes in Britain was the
Combination Acts of 1799.
The almanacs popular among European peasants were
Compendiums of astrology, jokes, weird facts, and calendars of religious, astronomical, and agricultural events
In "A Natural History", _________ argued that humans divided into separate species, due largely to climatic conditions.
Comte de Buffon
. The Navigation Acts were a form of economic warfare that initially targeted the
Dutch
____________ captured conservative opinion on the Revolution in his Reflections on the Revolution in France.
Edmund Burke
Which of the following events occurred last?
Edward Jenner performs first smallpox vaccine
The term "Great Fear" refers to the
Fear of vagabonds and outlaws in the countryside that fanned the flames of rebellion in the summer of 1789
Britain's great rival for influence in India was
France
In general, what was Voltaire's attitude toward government?
He believed that a good monarch was the best one could hope for.
____________ believed that the essence of the Enlightenment was the courage to use one's own understanding.
Kant
Which of the following occurred first?
Napoleon overthrows the Directory
By 1800, __________ had the largest population in Europe.
Russia
Napoleon's invasion of __________ began in June 1812.
Russia
Which of the following countries was the least industrialized in 1860?
Russia
In the 1760s, Monday was popularly known as ___________ because so many workers took the day off.
Saint Monday
Which of the following subjects experienced a surge in popularity among the reading public in the eighteenth century?
Science
David Hume was a key figure in the ______ Enlightenment.
Scottish
The decisive round in the colonial conflict between England and France was the
Seven Years' War.
The first great revolt against the Grand Empire occurred in ___________ in 1808.
Spain
Which of the following was not a function of guilds in early modern civic life?
Training of militias
For cottage workers, holy Monday was
a day of relaxation
The grievance petitions from all three Estates called for all of the following except
an American-style republic
William Cockerill was
an English carpenter who built cotton-spinning equipment in Belgium
The Committee of Public Safety was
an emergency executive committee appointed by the Convention
The Reign of Terror was directed primarily at
any and all enemies of the Revolution.
According to the text, the Directory continued French wars of conquest begun by early revolutionary governments
because big, victorious armies kept men employed and could draw sustenance from the conquered areas.
All of the following were aspects of the celebration of Carnival except
begging forgiveness for one's sins
Madame du Châtelet
believed that women's limited contribution to science was the result of unequal education.
The European guild system reached its height in the
eighteenth century
Jethro Tull's contributions to English agriculture were the product of
empirical research.
St. Vincent de Paul is most famous for his
establishment of foundling homes.
The ____________ marked the advent of the second revolution
fall of the monarchy
Most early industrialists drew on ____________ for labor and capital
family and friends
Railroad construction on the continent
featured varying degrees of government involvement.
The enlightened policies of Frederick II of Prussia included all of the following except
freeing the Prussian serfs.
In his Essay "Concerning Human Understanding", John Locke claimed that
human development is determined by education and society.
In the 1780s, over 50 percent of France's annual budget was expended on
interest payments on the debt.
The pattern of late marriage in early modern Europe resulted primarily from the
necessary precondition of economic independence
The primary purpose of Fontenelle's "Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds" (1686) was to
popularize the findings of the scientific revolution.
To improve the rural economy and the lives of peasants, Empress Maria Theresa
reduced nobles' power over their serfs.
According to Adam Smith, government should limit itself to all of the following except
regulating trade.
According to the text, in the summer of 1789 the National Assembly was driven toward more radical action by
revolutionary actions by French peasants and the common people of Paris
All of the following were shortcomings of the putting-out system, from the capitalists' point of view, except
rigid production techniques
Soft pastels, ornate interiors, and sentimental portraits are all characteristics of the style known as
rococo
Dutch commercial activities in Indonesia centered on
spices
The Tennis Court Oath was
sworn by renegade delegates from the Estates General, most of them from the Third Estate.
The social group on which the success of the English agricultural revolution depended was the
tenant farmers
The first modern factories arose in the
textile industry
The parish church served all of the following functions in rural Europe except
the administration of criminal justice.
Rousseau's concept of the "general will" asserts that
the authentic, long-term needs of the people can be correctly interpreted by a far-seeing minority.
According to the text, the underlying reason for the illegitimacy explosion of 1750-1850 was
the growth of cottage industry and peasant migration to the cities.
The key feature of Newton's system was the law of
universal gravitation
Rousseau believed that
women were best suited to the roles of mother and wife
In the eighteenth century, a shortage of __________ held British industry back
wood
______________ managed to raise per capita industrial levels in the nineteenth century.
All European states
Which of the following played a role in the care of the sick in the eighteenth century?
All of these are correct.
The Treaty of ___________ (1802) left France in control of Holland and the Austrian Netherlands.
Amiens
Before the Scientific Revolution, Europeans' view of the universe was based on the ideas of
Aristotle
Napoleon defeated Austria and Russia at the Battle of ___________ in 1805.
Austerlitz
_____________ occupied the summit of the eighteenth-century world of work.
Guild masters
John Wesley founded the movement known as ___________.
Methodism
"____________'s Persian Letters" satirized French society.
Montesquieu
Membership at the salons was
Restricted to the well-born, well-connected, and exceptionally talented
. A ___________ boom in the 1770s enhanced Britain's infrastructure advantage
canal-building
Revisionist historians of the French Revolution stress all of the following except the
conflict between the nobility and the bourgeoisie
John Wesley's "Methodism" was particularly appealing because
he refuted the doctrine of predestination, insisting that anyone who earnestly sought salvation could gain it
The neglectful attitudes toward children in preindustrial Europe were conditioned mostly by
high infant mortality rates.
The British won the American component of the Seven Years' War because
they diverted men and money from Europe to the American theater.
All of the following were true of the French clergy on the eve of the French Revolution except
they were under the complete control of the papacy.
A constant shortage of __________ drove the work of many early industrial inventors
thread
In addition to supervising labor and birth, midwives generally
treated female medical difficulties such as irregular menstrual cycles, venereal diseases, and breast-feeding problems.
Because working conditions were poor in early textile factories, factory owners
turned to orphaned children as an important part of their work force
The earliest steam engines were
used to pump water out of coal mines
. The tendency to hire family units in the early factories was
usually a response to the wishes of the families
The diet of the poorer classes consisted largely of bread and
vegetables
"___________'s Wealth of Nations" argued for the value of free markets.
Adam Smith
The term territorial churches refers to
Churches controlled by the state
The Protestant revival of the late seventeenth century began in
Germany
The major breakthrough in energy and power supplies that catalyzed the Industrial Revolution was
James Watt's steam engine, developed and marketed between the 1760s and the 1780s
The _____________ attacked factories and smashed industrial machinery
Luddites
Enlightenment thinkers developed the idea that race was similar to
Species
All of the following were consequences of revolutionary changes in the textile industry except
a reduction in child labor
The term spinster referred to
a widowed or unmarried woman who spun thread for a living.
The greatest achievement of eighteenth-century medical science was the
conquest of smallpox
The increased importance of fashionable clothing in the eighteenth century was a chief indicator of the ________ revolution.
consumer
The __________ system was meant to exclude British goods from the continent.
continental
By reducing the cost of overland freight, the railroad
created national markets
From 1600 on, the typical system of labor control in Spanish America was
debt peonage.
Changes in the food consumption habits of Europeans in the eighteenth century included all of the following except
declining consumption of alcoholic beverages
In foundling homes, babies
died at the rate of 50 to 90 percent per year.
Edward Jenner received financial prizes from the British government for
discovering that cowpox could be used to vaccinate against smallpox
. All of the following facilitated the Industrial Revolution in eighteenth-century Britain except
extensive investment of foreign capital in Britain
. Between 1000 and 1800, the most dramatic downturn in European population occurred in the
fourteenth century.
Immanuel Kant argued for
freedom of the press
The English Navigation Acts mandated that all English imports and exports be transported on English ships, and they also
gave British merchants a virtual monopoly on trade with British colonies.
The first factories
grew out of the putting-out system.
Scholarly statistical studies of the condition of members of the British working class indicate that
improvement did not come until after 1820
According to Olympe de Gouges,
men and women should be equal in the eyes of the law.
All of the following were considered members of the Third Estate except
nuns
According to the text, the string of French military victories after the winter of 1793-1794 was largely due to
patriotism and the superior numbers supplied by the draft
The life-and-death political struggle between the Girondins and the Mountain resulted mainly from
personal hatred and jealousy
A striking feature of the salons was that
philosophes, nobles, and members of the upper middle class intermingled.
Thomas Malthus argued that growth in __________ would always outstrip growth in the food supply
population
British economist Thomas Malthus argued that
population always grew faster than the food supply
Copernicus's theory of the universe
postulated a sun-centered view of the universe
The American crop that became an important dietary supplement by the end of the century was
potatoes
Typically, the putting-out industry employed
rural families
All of the following were causes of the scientific revolution except
the active support of the papacy.
Joseph II's conversion of labor obligations to cash payments
was opposed by both nobles and peasants.
In the eighteenth century, a number of Roman Catholic monarchs including those of __________, instituted reforms that increased state power over the clergy.
France, Austria, and Spain
The Enlightenment reached its highest development in France for all the following reasons except that
French scientists and universities were the most preeminent in the scientific revolution.
____________'s mistress, Madame de Pompadour, exercised tremendous influence over the arts.
Louis XV
The Reign of Terror ended when
members of the Convention, afraid Robespierre would turn the Terror on them, had him arrested and executed
Many surgeons gained anatomical knowledge and practical experience
on the many battlefields of Europe.
The dissolution of the Jesuit order in 1773 is a striking indication of the
power of the state over the church
The Mines Act of 1842
prohibited underground work for women as well as boys under ten
All of the following were aspects of the Protestant revival in Germany except
rationalism
According to the text, one danger that threatened young girls living away from home in
risk of sexual attack by males in the households they served.
The difficulties faced by the continental economies in their efforts to compete with the British included all of the following except the
scarcity of human capital.
The agricultural revolution was first manifested in
the Low Countries.
Between 1750 and 1789, the majority of French books were produced by publishing companies in
the Netherlands and Switzerland
The leadership of the Dutch people in farming methodology can be attributed primarily to
the necessity to provide for a densely populated country
In the eighteenth century, the basic religious unit in Europe was
the parish church.
The concept of the reading revolution refers to
the shift from reading out loud texts perceived as authoritative to reading many different texts rapidly, silently, and individually
Abbé Sieyès's answer to the question "What is the Third Estate?" was that it was
the true strength of the French nation
All of the following played a role in the erosion of French absolutism except the
theories of Charles Montesquieu
The most famous salon was that of
Madame Geoffrin
During the Reign of Terror, the dominant person on the Committee of Public Safety was
Maximilien Robespierre
____________ were the offspring of Spanish men and Indian women.
Mestizos
During the Hundred Days
Napoleon returned from exile to rule France briefly
Which of these events happened first?
Passage of British Navigation Acts
__________ led the revitalization of Spain in the eighteenth century
Philip V
Between 1500 and 1600, the ____________ were the major European players in the Indian Ocean trade.
Portuguese
Which powers participated in the partitioning of Poland in the late eighteenth century?
Prussia, Russia, and Austria
___________ put an end to Catherine the Great's intention to reform Russian serfdom.
Pugachev's rebellion
The two men generally given credit for creating the modern scientific method were Francis Bacon and
René Descartes
__________ reduced all substances to matter and mind.
René Descartes
Catherine the Great of Russia came to power in 1762 through
a military coup.
According to the text, the diet of wealthy Europeans in the eighteenth century
included large amounts of meat and sweets.
The American Revolution had its immediate origins in struggles over
increased taxes
The Crystal Palace exhibition of 1851 commemorated the
industrial dominance of Britain
The accomplishments of the National Assembly included all of the following except the
introduction of universal compulsory education
The strength of popular religion in Catholic countries reflected
its importance in community life
All of the following help explain the appeal of Pietism except
its insistence on the authority of the pope
The consumer economy was concentrated in
large cities in northwestern Europe and North America.
The men elected to represent the Third Estate at the Estates General were primarily
lawyers and government officials.
The Factory Act of 1833
limited the workday for children between nine and thirteen to eight hours a day
The switch from charcoal to _________ helped revolutionize the iron industry
lump coal
In seventeenth- and early-eighteenth-century Europe, most couples
married in their late twenties