AP European History: Chapter 1 (Medieval Legacies and Transforming Discoveries)
The Crusades
A campaign by Christians to reclaim the Holy Land.
Judicial rights Political rights Economic rights
A feudal lord exercised the following rights:
Scholasticism
A method of study involving dispute by elaborate argument with modest conclusions
Birth or remarkable service to a king or lord
A person usually became a noble by:
Cardinals
After the middle of the 11th Century, the popes were appointed by the:
Inflation
An overall price increase when consumer wages stay the same (money made stays constant).
Jacob Fugger
Banker Utilized double-entry banking in the banking industry As he grew wealthier, he loaned money to rulers and influenced political decisions
Consolidate power
Bureaucracies were used to _______________ in the new state structure.
The rise of towns and commerce
By 1100, Europe experienced:
Italian city-states
By 1100, Venice, Florence, Genoa, Milan, and Pisa had become:
Because of economic forces associated with the growth of towns
By the 15th century serfdom had disappeared from most of Western europe. Why?
Came from Europe
Cattle and horses
Strong belief in the supernatural Prevalence of carnivals and festivals Gothic architecture
Characteristics of the Medieval period
Spain
Christopher Columbus explored for what country?
He successfully navigated the Atlantic trade winds
Christopher Columbus succeeded in "discovering" the New World because:
Excommunication
Church's main power or weapon
Sovereign states
Citizens don't identify with the state as a whole Several identities within the state (smaller cultural and political units within the state) Don't have sense of nationality or belonging with the state as a whole (Ex. Citizens of Italian city-states didn't identify as Italian; Instead, they identified as Genoese, Venetian, etc.)
Nation states
Citizens have sense of belonging and identification with the nation state Belong to that nation by being of that nationality Have connections through ethnicity, culture, and language One whole state (Ex. Citizens of modern-day France identify with being French)
German particularism
Concept used to explain the semi-independent territorial states ruled by German Princes in the Holy Roman Empire
Nuclear family
Consists of a man and a woman and their children This social structure was common in early modern England
Parliament
Consultative body government, which limited royal power, was concerned with the interests of leading subjects
Each person has a specific task in the chain One person does may work with the raw resources Then, another person in the chain will continue to work on the product This goes on and on until the product is complete The product is sold and the money made is distributed to all the people
Describe the Cottage industry
Italian city-states
Diplomatic exchanges first occurred in:
Black Death
Disease transmitted by fleas which decimated the population of Europe
Omnipresent
During the High Middle Ages, the Church was:
The estates of the realm
Early Parliaments represented:
Mercenaries
Early modern armies often consisted of these hired soldiers. Military in the states in Western Europe were mainly made up of:
Greek philosophy
Europe's intellectual awakening in the Middle Ages was stimulated by:
Urban growth Growth of government bureaucracies Long distance trade
Europe's revival between 1000 and 1300 was associated with the following:
Smallpox Pigs Horses
European conquistadors brought _________ with them to the New World
Sovereign states
France, England, and Spain in the medieval period became:
Contributed
Free peasantry _______________ the rise of agricultural production.
Detracted
Free peasantry ___________________ the growth of noble authority.
Johannes Gutenburg
German inventor was one of the first to use movable type to mass produce the Bible
China
Gunpowder was first used in what Asian country?
China
Gunpowder was invented in:
Towns
In a strict sense, the system of Feudalism applied to all except:
Civil law, canon law, common law
In early modern European society, the following legal forms existed:
Cottage industry
In search of cheap labor and freedom from guild restrictions, many early modern craftsmen and merchant capitalists moved their operations out of cities, resulting in the rise of rural manufacturing in Europe. This was known as:
Towns
In the Middle Ages, the ___________ experienced the most sovereignty.
The same person
In the Ottoman Empire, religious and political sovereignty rested in:
Guilds
In towns, a means of vocational education was provided by:
Banking
Jacob Fuger became known for his involvement in:
Double-entry bookkeeping
Keeping track of both business credits and debits was called ________ An innovation introduced and practiced by Jacob Fugger in the 15th and 16th centuries
The countryside
Labor for textile production was deepest in:
Fiefs
Land granted to a vassal
Three parts which were rotated from year to year
Land use was improved through the "three field system", which divided arable fields into:
Civil Law
Law evolved from Roman law
Canon law
Law system that deals with people with the Church
Bread
Major food utilized by the peasants
Latin
Major language first used by the Catholic Church
Peasants
Majority of the European population during the Middle Ages were this class of people
The economic side of feudalism
Manorialism is concerned with:
Feudal lords
Medieval towns were not subject to:
Middle Ages
Modern times were immediately preceded by a period of a thousand years historians call
Guilds
Most production and distribution of finished goods were controlled by these associations of artisan.
Middle Ages
Name given to the period that preceded the Renaissance
Latin
Official language of the Catholic Church during the Middle Ages
Cottage industry
Organization allowed people to work without the restrictions of monopolies and guild restrictions
Master Apprentice Journeyman
Organized structure of the guild system as to the way it was organized hierarchically in the manner of production
Black Death
Outbreak of bubonic plague that spread throughout Europe between the 14th and 18th century.
Fiefs
Part of an estate of land given to serfs for them to work on
Large quantities of meat
Peasants usually did not consume
Serfs
Person bound to the land by feudal service obligations to a lord
Characteristics of a Gothic cathedral
Pointed arches Ribbed vaults Flying buttresses
Civil Law
Rational law system that pertained to civilians and applied to human affairs
Introduction of cash payments The Black Death The increased authority of the Roman Catholic Church
Reasons why feudalism declined
"Town air makes free"
Refers to how town residents were not bound by feudal obligations Townspeople could not be serfs and serfs within feudal contexts would escape to towns and gain freedom (after 366 days of residency)
Guilds
Regulated the construction and sale of products (within their specific trades) in the cities.
Parliament
Representative body Initially made up of only rich, older, male landowners Controlled how money was spent Eventually helped put limits on absolutism and absolutist rulers.
Chivalry
Required knights to be brave, loyal, and true to their word
- Exchange of unknown diseases - European conquering of explored areas - Arrival of large domesticated animals in the Americas - Upsetting the ecological balance of conquered lands - Arrival of new crops/food sources in Europe - Increase in food availability - Increase in population - Globalization of trade - Missionaries converting the "Indians" to Christianity
Results of exploration
The Crusades
Series of Holy Wars to recapture the Holy Land
Guilds
Set standards and certified craftsmen
European disease
Smallpox was a:
Mercenary
Soldier who is hired to fight for a state or nation (paid to fight on a certain side regardless of political stance).
The Great Schism
Split between the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church is referred to as:
Given to the Spanish by the Indians
Syphilis was:
Common (customary) law
System of customs and rituals; usually included some sort of ordeal
Three-field rotation system
System used by medieval farmers
Clergy, nobility, peasantry
The 3 principal legal and social divisions within medieval society was:
A dispute over taxation of the clergy by the king
The Babylonian captivity began because of:
Asia
The Black Death originated in:
30% to 50%
The Black Death, or bubonic plague killed approximately _____% of the European population during the 14th century
Definitive division of the Christian world into the Eastern and Western halves Severing of another of the Latin West's ties with antiquity Growing emergence of the Roman Catholic West as an independent center of their own civilization
The Great Schism of 1054 between the Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox Church dignified:
Elected
The Holy Roman emperor was _________ into his position.
In the High Middle Ages
The concept of progress developed when:
Carnival
The days before Lent, European Christians participated in a festive round of eating, drinking, and (sometimes subversive) amusements. This was known as:
Italy (and England)
The first European universities were located in:
Rise in inflation
The increase in the rise of population in Europe after the Black Plague saw a:
Absolutist state
The king has the power to do whatever he chooses without review or check from any other group.
Feudalism
The medieval system by which vassals provided military service to powerful lords in exchange for land
Genoese ships from the Crimea:
The plague was probably brought to Europe by:
Censorship
The printing press made _________ more difficult to enforce.
Living in cities released serfs from their bondage
The saying "town air makes free" meant that:
The growth of towns and the increase of commercial wealth
The surge of cathedral building in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries was closely associated with:
Turkey, and much of the Balkans and North Africa
The territories that made up the Ottoman Empire included:
A program of study that gave a student a license to teach others
The university at first was:
Italian city-states
These small independent affiliations began to emerge throughout Italy
Gunpowder
This invention changed the nature of warfare forever.
Subsistence farming
This type of farming employs agricultural workers who produce only enough foo to feed themselves and their families. Very little, if any, surplus is leftover for trade.
Manor
This was the estate owned by the lord, including villages and the people living there
Apprentice
Trainee working to be a member of a guild Receives no wages for his work
Canon law
Type of law first used by the Catholic Church
Rulers encourage free peasantry because free peasants could be taxed.
What aided the end of 15th century serfdom?
*The Renaissance* *The exploration and colonization of the New World* *The Reformation* The invention of printing The discovery of gunpowder
What changes brought the Middle Ages to an end?
Christian culture The Latin language Trade
What helped promote order and unit in medieval Europe?
- Population decrease - Status of peasants increased - Fall of feudalism - Increase the power held by monarchies
What were some of the effects of Black Death?
- Invention of the musket (replacement of older weapons) - Artillery forces in warfare - Increase in war casualties - More defensive measures for cities/towns - Increase in the length of sieges
What were some of the effects of gunpowder?
Stimulation of trade between east and west religious military orders The creation of new industries and towns The creation of new religious military orders
What were some results of the Crusades?
Kings Lords Vassals Peasants
What were the classes involved in the feudal system (in order of power)?
Clergy Nobles Peasants
What were the three main classes of medieval society?
Civil law, canon law, common law
What were the three main parts of medieval law?
Portugal Then, Spain
Which countries began the age of exploration?
England, France
Which two countries in Western Europe first emerged as sovereign states?
Merchants and craftsmen
Who formed the guilds?