AP European History Chapters 12 and 13 Test
George Stephenson
What inventor is credited with inventing "The Rocket," which is pictured above?
textile production
What type of factory work did the women in the image above do?
ethnic nationalities that might threaten Austrian unity
According to this map, what specific challenge did Austria face in 1848-1849?
London
Crystal Palace during the International Exhibition, 1851 Where did this international Exhibition take place in 1851?
France
What European nation's overthrow of the July Monarchy was the impetus for the revolutions depicted in this map?
the elimination of property qualifications to vote
"Required as we are, universally, to support and obey the laws, nature and reason entitle us to demand, that in the making of the laws, the universal voice shall be implicitly listened to. We perform the duties of freemen; we must have the privileges of freemen. WE DEMAND UNIVERSAL SUFFRAGE. The suffrage to be exempt from the corruption of the wealthy, and the violence of the powerful, must be secret... WE DEMAND THE BALLOT The connection between the representatives and the people, to be benefited must be intimate... To public safety as well as public confidence, frequent elections are essential. WE DEMAND ANNUAL PARLIAMENTS With power to choose, and freedom in choosing, the range of our choice must be unrestricted." -"The People's Petition of 1838" In addition to the demands mentioned above, "The People's Petition" also called for...
to celebrate England's advancements in commercial interests and industry
Crystal Palace during the International Exhibition, 1851 The Crystal Palace depicted in this painting was built for which of the following purposes?
Fewer skills were necessary for these jobs than were required for earlier jobs
How did skill requirements for women in this image differ from those in earlier home production?
It created additional demand for industrial goods like iron, steel, and glass
How did this innovation further contribute to the Industrial Revolution in the second half of the nineteenth century?
The federal government repealed the Corn Laws
"Any agricultural economy that depends on a single product is in a precarious position. If the people that that economy supports also depend on a single source of food, they also stand on the edge of catastrophe - they have nothing to fall back on if their only source of food fails. That kind of catastrophe occurred in Ireland, which was under British rule in the 1840's when the potato crop failed. During the eighteenth century, almost half of the Irish population came to depend in the potato, which had been brought to Europe from South America in the seventeenth century, as virtually their only food. On less than one acre, an Irish peasant could raise enough potatoes to feed the other people for a year and pay his rent (few Irish peasants owned their own land). [A] series of Irish potato crop failures was the worst agricultural disaster to strike the nineteenth-century Europe. Without potatoes, Irish tenants could not pay their rent. Landlords drove starving tenants off their farms. Disease spread, and tens of thousands died." -R.N. Salama, "The History and Social Influence of the Potato" & Cecil Woodham-Smith, "The Great Hunger: Ireland 1845-1849" What best represents the British government's reaction to the crisis discussed by R.N. Salama and Cecil Woodham-Smith in this document?
the Columbian Exchange
"Any agricultural economy that depends on a single product is in a precarious position. If the people that that economy supports also depend on a single source of food, they also stand on the edge of catastrophe - they have nothing to fall back on if their only source of food fails. That kind of catastrophe occurred in Ireland, which was under British rule in the 1840's when the potato crop failed. During the eighteenth century, almost half of the Irish population came to depend in the potato, which had been brought to Europe from South America in the seventeenth century, as virtually their only food. On less than one acre, an Irish peasant could raise enough potatoes to feed the other people for a year and pay his rent (few Irish peasants owned their own land). [A] series of Irish potato crop failures was the worst agricultural disaster to strike the nineteenth-century Europe. Without potatoes, Irish tenants could not pay their rent. Landlords drove starving tenants off their farms. Disease spread, and tens of thousands died." -R.N. Salama, "The History and Social Influence of the Potato" & Cecil Woodham-Smith, "The Great Hunger: Ireland 1845-1849" What earlier historical process created the conditions for the mid-nineteenth century crisis discussed in this document?
Many of the Irish poor emigrated to Britain and the United States
"Any agricultural economy that depends on a single product is in a precarious position. If the people that that economy supports also depend on a single source of food, they also stand on the edge of catastrophe - they have nothing to fall back on if their only source of food fails. That kind of catastrophe occurred in Ireland, which was under British rule in the 1840's when the potato crop failed. During the eighteenth century, almost half of the Irish population came to depend in the potato, which had been brought to Europe from South America in the seventeenth century, as virtually their only food. On less than one acre, an Irish peasant could raise enough potatoes to feed the other people for a year and pay his rent (few Irish peasants owned their own land). [A] series of Irish potato crop failures was the worst agricultural disaster to strike the nineteenth-century Europe. Without potatoes, Irish tenants could not pay their rent. Landlords drove starving tenants off their farms. Disease spread, and tens of thousands died." -R.N. Salama, "The History and Social Influence of the Potato" & Cecil Woodham-Smith, "The Great Hunger: Ireland 1845-1849" What is a specific result of the crisis identified by R.N. Salama and Cecil Woodham-Smith?
they should work with the middle class to accomplish their objectives
"Required as we are, universally, to support and obey the laws, nature and reason entitle us to demand, that in the making of the laws, the universal voice shall be implicitly listened to. We perform the duties of freemen; we must have the privileges of freemen. WE DEMAND UNIVERSAL SUFFRAGE. The suffrage to be exempt from the corruption of the wealthy, and the violence of the powerful, must be secret... WE DEMAND THE BALLOT The connection between the representatives and the people, to be benefited must be intimate... To public safety as well as public confidence, frequent elections are essential. WE DEMAND ANNUAL PARLIAMENTS With power to choose, and freedom in choosing, the range of our choice must be unrestricted." -"The People's Petition of 1838" The specific disagreement within the movement that limited the effectiveness of "The People's Petition" was whether...
It reflected the ideas of the first large-scale working-class political movement in Europe
"Required as we are, universally, to support and obey the laws, nature and reason entitle us to demand, that in the making of the laws, the universal voice shall be implicitly listened to. We perform the duties of freemen; we must have the privileges of freemen. WE DEMAND UNIVERSAL SUFFRAGE. The suffrage to be exempt from the corruption of the wealthy, and the violence of the powerful, must be secret... WE DEMAND THE BALLOT The connection between the representatives and the people, to be benefited must be intimate... To public safety as well as public confidence, frequent elections are essential. WE DEMAND ANNUAL PARLIAMENTS With power to choose, and freedom in choosing, the range of our choice must be unrestricted." -"The People's Petition of 1838" What is the significance in English political history of "The People's Petition"?
the Chartists
"Required as we are, universally, to support and obey the laws, nature and reason entitle us to demand, that in the making of the laws, the universal voice shall be implicitly listened to. We perform the duties of freemen; we must have the privileges of freemen. WE DEMAND UNIVERSAL SUFFRAGE. The suffrage to be exempt from the corruption of the wealthy, and the violence of the powerful, must be secret... WE DEMAND THE BALLOT The connection between the representatives and the people, to be benefited must be intimate... To public safety as well as public confidence, frequent elections are essential. WE DEMAND ANNUAL PARLIAMENTS With power to choose, and freedom in choosing, the range of our choice must be unrestricted." -"The People's Petition of 1838" Which group of people in England was responsible for the issuance of "The People's Petition"?
Catholic priests and Protestant ministers
"The confederated governments mutually pledge themselves to eliminate from the university or any other public educational institutions all instructors who shall have obviously proved their unfitness for the important work entrusted to them by opening deviating from their duties, or by going beyond the boundaries of their functions, or by abusing their legitimate influence over young minds, or by presenting harmful ideas hostile to public order or subverting existing governmental instructions. The laws that have for some time been directed against secret and unauthorized societies in the universities shall be strictly enforced... The governments mutually agree that all individuals who shall be known to have maintained their membership in secret or unauthorized associations, or shall have taken membership in such associations, shall not be eligible for public office. As long as this edict remains in force, no publication which appears daily, or as a serial not exceeding twenty sheets of printed matter, shall be printed in any state of the Confederation without the prior knowledge and approval of the state officials..." -"Carlsbad Decrees", 1819 The "Carlsbad Decrees" did not limit the activities of what group?
conservatism
"The confederated governments mutually pledge themselves to eliminate from the university or any other public educational institutions all instructors who shall have obviously proved their unfitness for the important work entrusted to them by opening deviating from their duties, or by going beyond the boundaries of their functions, or by abusing their legitimate influence over young minds, or by presenting harmful ideas hostile to public order or subverting existing governmental instructions. The laws that have for some time been directed against secret and unauthorized societies in the universities shall be strictly enforced... The governments mutually agree that all individuals who shall be known to have maintained their membership in secret or unauthorized associations, or shall have taken membership in such associations, shall not be eligible for public office. As long as this edict remains in force, no publication which appears daily, or as a serial not exceeding twenty sheets of printed matter, shall be printed in any state of the Confederation without the prior knowledge and approval of the state officials..." -"Carlsbad Decrees", 1819 Which nineteenth century ideology triumphed with the issuance of the "Carlsbad Decrees" in 1819?
University groups were viewed as promoters of liberalism and nationalism
"The confederated governments mutually pledge themselves to eliminate from the university or any other public educational institutions all instructors who shall have obviously proved their unfitness for the important work entrusted to them by opening deviating from their duties, or by going beyond the boundaries of their functions, or by abusing their legitimate influence over young minds, or by presenting harmful ideas hostile to public order or subverting existing governmental instructions. The laws that have for some time been directed against secret and unauthorized societies in the universities shall be strictly enforced... The governments mutually agree that all individuals who shall be known to have maintained their membership in secret or unauthorized associations, or shall have taken membership in such associations, shall not be eligible for public office. As long as this edict remains in force, no publication which appears daily, or as a serial not exceeding twenty sheets of printed matter, shall be printed in any state of the Confederation without the prior knowledge and approval of the state officials..." -"Carlsbad Decrees", 1819 Why did the "Carlsbad Decrees" implement these particular restrictions and limitations?
They lost control of their means of production
"When the first water-frames for spinning cotton were erected at Cromford... mankind were little aware of the mighty revolution which the new system of labor was destined by Providence to achieve, not only in the structure of British society, but in the fortunes of the world at large. Arkwright alone had the sagacity to discern, and the boldness to predict in glowing language, how vastly productive human industry would become... when made to consist of the task of guiding the work of mechanical fingers and arms, and regularly impelled with great velocity by some indefatigable physical power..." -Andrew Ure, "The Philosophy of Manufactures", 1835 How were artisans negatively affected by the factory system process Ure described?
available supply of natural materials like coal and iron ore
"When the first water-frames for spinning cotton were erected at Cromford... mankind were little aware of the mighty revolution which the new system of labor was destined by Providence to achieve, not only in the structure of British society, but in the fortunes of the world at large. Arkwright alone had the sagacity to discern, and the boldness to predict in glowing language, how vastly productive human industry would become... when made to consist of the task of guiding the work of mechanical fingers and arms, and regularly impelled with great velocity by some indefatigable physical power..." -Andrew Ure, "The Philosophy of Manufactures", 1835 What contributed to the rise of the new labor system in England that Andrew Ure referenced?
Friedrich Engles
"When the first water-frames for spinning cotton were erected at Cromford... mankind were little aware of the mighty revolution which the new system of labor was destined by Providence to achieve, not only in the structure of British society, but in the fortunes of the world at large. Arkwright alone had the sagacity to discern, and the boldness to predict in glowing language, how vastly productive human industry would become... when made to consist of the task of guiding the work of mechanical fingers and arms, and regularly impelled with great velocity by some indefatigable physical power..." -Andrew Ure, "The Philosophy of Manufactures", 1835 Which 19th century writer disagreed with Andrew Ure's description of labor?
factory owner
"When the first water-frames for spinning cotton were erected at Cromford... mankind were little aware of the mighty revolution which the new system of labor was destined by Providence to achieve, not only in the structure of British society, but in the fortunes of the world at large. Arkwright alone had the sagacity to discern, and the boldness to predict in glowing language, how vastly productive human industry would become... when made to consist of the task of guiding the work of mechanical fingers and arms, and regularly impelled with great velocity by some indefatigable physical power..." -Andrew Ure, "The Philosophy of Manufactures", 1835 Who was most likely to provide the capital needed for this system of labor and production?
socialism
"When, in the course of development, class distinctions have disappeared, and all production has been concentrated in the hands of a vast association of the whole nation, the public power will lose its political character. Political power, properly so called, is merely the organised power of one class for oppressing another. If the proletariat during its contest with the bourgeoisie is compelled, by the force of circumstances, to organise itself as a class, and, as such, sweeps away by force the old conditions of production, then it will, along with these conditions, have swept away the classes generally, and will thereby have abolished its own supremacy as a class. In place of the old bourgeois society, with its classes and class antagonisms, we shall have an association, in which the free development of each is the condition for the free development of all." -Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, "Communist Manifesto" 1848 Marx and Engels' assertion that "the free development of each is the condition for the free development of all" is an extension of what other intellectual idea?
demanded the complete elimination of private property, whereas other thinkers advocated a significant rearrangement of society while still allowing for private property
"When, in the course of development, class distinctions have disappeared, and all production has been concentrated in the hands of a vast association of the whole nation, the public power will lose its political character. Political power, properly so called, is merely the organised power of one class for oppressing another. If the proletariat during its contest with the bourgeoisie is compelled, by the force of circumstances, to organise itself as a class, and, as such, sweeps away by force the old conditions of production, then it will, along with these conditions, have swept away the classes generally, and will thereby have abolished its own supremacy as a class. In place of the old bourgeois society, with its classes and class antagonisms, we shall have an association, in which the free development of each is the condition for the free development of all." -Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, "Communist Manifesto" 1848 This passage from Marx and Engels demonstrates a significant difference between their ideology and other thinkers because Marx and Engels...
historical tension concerning the control of the means of production
"When, in the course of development, class distinctions have disappeared, and all production has been concentrated in the hands of a vast association of the whole nation, the public power will lose its political character. Political power, properly so called, is merely the organised power of one class for oppressing another. If the proletariat during its contest with the bourgeoisie is compelled, by the force of circumstances, to organise itself as a class, and, as such, sweeps away by force the old conditions of production, then it will, along with these conditions, have swept away the classes generally, and will thereby have abolished its own supremacy as a class. In place of the old bourgeois society, with its classes and class antagonisms, we shall have an association, in which the free development of each is the condition for the free development of all." -Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, "Communist Manifesto" 1848 What did Marx and Engels view as the fundamental cause of the conflict discussed in this selection?
the social and economic order that emerged with the industrial revolution
"When, in the course of development, class distinctions have disappeared, and all production has been concentrated in the hands of a vast association of the whole nation, the public power will lose its political character. Political power, properly so called, is merely the organised power of one class for oppressing another. If the proletariat during its contest with the bourgeoisie is compelled, by the force of circumstances, to organise itself as a class, and, as such, sweeps away by force the old conditions of production, then it will, along with these conditions, have swept away the classes generally, and will thereby have abolished its own supremacy as a class. In place of the old bourgeois society, with its classes and class antagonisms, we shall have an association, in which the free development of each is the condition for the free development of all." -Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, "Communist Manifesto" 1848 What specific economic and social conditions were Marx and Engels referring to in this selection?
the individual's experience is of utmost importance
Caspar David Friedrich, "The Polar Sea" "There was a time when meadow, grove, and stream, The earth, and every common sight, To me did seem Appareled in celestial light, The glory and the freshness of a dream. It is not now as it hath been of yore - Turn whereso'er I may, By night or day, The things which I have seen I now can see no more." - William Wordsworth, "Ode to Intimations of Immortality", 1803 "Ode to Intimations of Immortality" reflects Romanticism's tendency to believe that...
the power and attraction of nature
Caspar David Friedrich, "The Polar Sea" "There was a time when meadow, grove, and stream, The earth, and every common sight, To me did seem Appareled in celestial light, The glory and the freshness of a dream. It is not now as it hath been of yore - Turn whereso'er I may, By night or day, The things which I have seen I now can see no more." - William Wordsworth, "Ode to Intimations of Immortality", 1803 What common element of Romanticism do these two artistic pieces reflect?
The power of nature is much greater than the influence of mankind
Caspar David Friedrich, "The Polar Sea" "There was a time when meadow, grove, and stream, The earth, and every common sight, To me did seem Appareled in celestial light, The glory and the freshness of a dream. It is not now as it hath been of yore - Turn whereso'er I may, By night or day, The things which I have seen I now can see no more." - William Wordsworth, "Ode to Intimations of Immortality", 1803 What idea associated with the Romantic movement of the nineteenth century did Caspar Friedrich demonstrate in "The Polar Sea"?
were emotionally drawn t the powerful forces displayed in nature
Joseph William Turner - "Rain, Steam, and Speed - The Great Western Railway," 1844 Artist like Joseph William Turner often focused intensely on nature in their paintings because they...
Romanticism
Joseph William Turner - "Rain, Steam, and Speed - The Great Western Railway," 1844 This painting best illustrates what nineteenth century artistic movement?
the new technology of the Industrial Revolution and its interaction with natural world
Joseph William Turner - "Rain, Steam, and Speed - The Great Western Railway," 1844 What nineteenth century tension does Turner highlight in this image?
conservatism
Karl Konrad, "The Insurrection of the Decembrists at Senate Square, St. Petersburg on 14th December, 1825" What political ideology triumphed at the conclusion of the Decembrist uprising?
military officers who wanted to see the ideas of the Enlightenment implemented in Russia
Karl Konrad, "The Insurrection of the Decembrists at Senate Square, St. Petersburg on 14th December, 1825" What specific group in Russian society led the uprising depicted in Karl Konrad's painting?
the rejection of Nicholas' leadership and calls for a constitution
Karl Konrad, "The Insurrection of the Decembrists at Senate Square, St. Petersburg on 14th December, 1825" What was the immediate cause of this uprising in Russia in 1825?
It allowed for the cheaper and more efficient transportation of raw materials and finished goods
What economic benefit did this industrial innovation have?
Austrian Netherlands
What group on this map did not resist Austrian control during the events of 1848-1849?
Napoleon's aggressive foreign policy that led to the conquest of most of the continent
What was not a cause in 1848 of the European event shown in this map?
young, single women and widows
Which group of women typically composed the work force depicted in the image above?
Greece and Belgium
Which two uprisings were fueled by nationalism and resulted in independence from another European power>
Britain elected to implement reforms rather than risk revolution by the people
Why is there no revolution in the United Kingdom on the map above?