AP European History Semester 1 Final (Flash Cards)
Andreas Vesalius
"On the Structure of the Human Body" (1543)
In his "Essay on the Principles of Population", Malthus argued that
"Prudential restraint" was the only hope of warding off "positive checks" to population growth.
When Henry II died in 1559, about __________ percent of France's population was Calvinist.
10
The last official execution for witchcraft in Europe was in the Holy Roman Empire in
1775.
The British Parliament abolished the slave trade in 1807, but only freed all slaves in British territories in what year?
1833.
The central feature of Columbus' character was his
Deep religious convictions.
The causes of the Scientific Revolution include all the following except the
Extensive support and funding provided by European governments.
The reform of the Corn Laws ushered in an era of
Free trade.
In general, Romantic authors and artists encouraged
Individualism.
In "Reflections on the Revolution in France," Edmund Burke defended
Inherited privileges of the aristocracy.
In the 1780s, over 50 percent of France's annual budget was expended on
Interest payments on debt.
Where were many urban workers in Great Britain from?
Ireland.
Isaac Newton
Law of universal gravitation
In the Revolution of 1848 in France,
Louis Philippe quickly abdicated.
In Europe in the 1850s and 1860s, the key agent of political change was
Nationalism.
All the following statements regarding the Grand Empire in 1810 are true except
No country was at war against France.
The groups that benefited most from the Revolution and Napoleon were the middle class and the
Peasants.
Alvise da Ca' da Mosto's description of West Africa provides evidence of
Portuguese participation in West Africa trade networks.
Central to Calvin's theology is the principle of
Predestination.
Galileo's greatest achievement was his
Refinement of the experimental method.
France, under Napoleon
Was governed by authoritarianism.
By the end of his life, Columbus
continued to believe he had discovered islands off the coast of Asia.
Prince Henry II of Portugal is significant for his
support of exploration.
Portolans were
written descriptions of sea routes.
Of the 600,000 soldiers that Napoleon took with him to invade Russia, __________ returned.
30,000
Scholars estimated the number of people executed for witchcraft during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries to be upwards of
40,000.
The number of people killed during the Reign of Terror was
40,000.
An estimated __________ of Europeans who sailed for the Americas during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries died on the voyage.
50 percent
Jan Hus was
A Bohemian church reformer.
The Jaquerie was
A French peasant revolt.
Martin Luther wrote his letter entitled "Ninety-Five Theses" to Archbishop Albert in response to
A campaign to sell indulgences.
A sworn association of free men in a city was called
A commune
Out of the Revolution of 1848, there emerged in France
A conservative government led by an emperor.
Generally, the plague disaster of the fourteenth century resulted in all but which of the following for European society?
A decline in flagellantism.
The best description of Machiavelli's "The Prince" is that it is
A description of how government should be organized and implemented.
The Italian Renaissance had as one of its central components ideals
A glorification of individualism.
The Enlightenment reached its highest development in France for all these reasons except
A large portion of the French nobility embraced many Enlightenment concepts.
Mercantilist theory postulated that
A nation's international power was based on wealth, especially its gold supply.
According to Thomas Mun, which of these was crucial to a country's economic health?
A positive balance of trade.
The Time of Troubles refers to
A royal succession crisis and civil war in Russia at the beginning of the seventeenth century.
Between 1792 and 1794, the National Assembly of France passed laws on its colonies that
Abolished all slavery throughout is Caribbean possessions, gave the vote to free people of color, gave free blacks full political rights, and gave the vote to all free blacks. (All of these.)
The key feature of Newton's most important work was the law of
Action and reaction.
The belief in unrestricted private enterprise with no government interference in the economy was promoted by
Adam Smith.
The "labor aristocracy" of the working class
Adopted distinctive values that included a strict personal behavior.
Britain's parliamentary system taxed
Aggressively.
In his "Essay Concerning Human Understanding," John Locke claimed that
All human development is determined by experience.
The invention of the steam engine affected urbanization by
Allowing the building of factories away from water, thus contributing to urbanization.
Between 1815 and 1850, most people who believed in nationalism
Also favored democratic republicanism.
The most important lesson Louis the XIV learned from the Fronde was that the
Alternative to anarchy was absolute monarchy.
Which sentence does not describe the working conditions in the early cotton factories?
Although not forced by law, orphan and children workers willingly worked for their "masters" under their apprenticeship to earn money for food and clothes.
What period caused Europe to experience a political and social upheaval that resulted in a halt of economic development?
American Revolution, French Revolution, Napoleonic Wars, and B and C. (All of the above.)
The Pugachev Rebellion of 1773, was
An insurrection of the serfs against Catherine the Great.
According to Frederick William I, a nation's power was best served by having a strong
Army.
Under Ivan the Terrible,
Artisans were bound to their towns so that they could be heavily taxed.
How did the Enlightenment affect attitudes toward popular culture?
As the educated public adopted the Enlightenment's critical worldview, the increasingly saw popular culture as superstitious and vulgar.
Many countries made efforts to adopt the methods of production that were successful in Britain. However, some countries did not prosper in the transition to an industrial economy. These failing regions include
Asia, Middle East, and Latin America. (All of the above.)
In France, the group that met in 1787 to discuss new taxes was the
Assembly of Notables.
Spanish viceroys presided over the __________, a judicial advisory council.
Audiencia.
To undercut the power that the aristocracy exercised through its control of Parliament, most English Tudor kings
Avoided expensive wars.
What is class-consciousness?
Awareness of belonging to a distinct social and economic class whose interests might conflict with those of other classes.
The period when the papacy resides in Avignon is known as the
Babylonian Captivity.
Most people in the fourteenth century believed that the Black Death was caused by
Bad air.
All of the following food crops were introduced from the Americas to Europe except
Bananas.
Galileo's law of inertia stated that
Being at rest was not a natural state for an object.
__________'s state-owned railroads stimulated the development of heavy industry and made the country an early industrial leader.
Belgium
Who were the three leading countries that mastered the industrial technologies that were first developed by Britain?
Belgium, France, and the German states.
Who led the way in the 1830s and 1840s in the development of railroads and travel networks?
Belgium.
Madame du Châtelet
Believed women's limited contribution to science was the result of unequal education.
A comparison of the lives of seventeenth-century western and eastern European peasants reveals
Both groups experienced significant population losses due to the Black Death.
Which of the following characterizes eighteenth-century colonial trade in Europe?
Britain's mercantilist system achieved remarkable success as trade with its colonies grew substantially.
John Cockerill did which of the following?
Built a large industrial enterprise, which produced machinery, steam engines, and railway locomotives.
The religious revival movement known as Pietism
Called for a warm, emotional religion that everyone could experience.
In the fifteenth century, the Portuguese developed a new kind of ship, the
Caravel.
The beginning of European exploration and expansion was marked by the 1415 conquest of
Ceuta.
According to its editor, the fundamental goal of the "Encyclopedia" was to
Change the general way of thinking.
The English civil war (1642-1649) pitted
Charles I against Parliament.
Child rearing in the later nineteenth century, Europe saw
Children and adolescents receive more parental attention than in past generations.
What resulted from the Factory Acts?
Children between nine and thirteen could work a maximum of eight hours per day, children under nine were banned from employment, and teenagers aged fourteen to eighteen could work up to twelve hours per day. (All of the above.)
The largest buyer of silver in the sixteenth and seventeenth century was
China.
Erasmus advocated
Christian education for moral and intellectual improvement.
Edwin Chadwick believed that
Cleaning up the urban environment would reduce poverty.
In 1789, economic conditions in France included all of the following except
Collapsing prices for food.
The purpose of the Holy Alliance, begun in 1815, was to
Combat liberal and nationalist revolutions against established authorities.
According to Luther, salvation
Comes by faith alone.
The Dutch East India Company represents the
Commercial imperialism of the Dutch.
In 1649, after the execution of Charles I, England was declared a
Commonwealth.
Frederick the Great
Condemned serfdom in general but still accepted it into practice.
In the early days, child labor was
Considered desirable for most parents because it helped to pay for poor families.
The Protestant Reformation in Germany
Contributed to its continued fragmentation.
In Central and Eastern Europe, Romantic writers
Created new literary cultures based on local languages and peasant folktales.
In 1851, Great Britain hosted the Great Exhibition in __________, made entirely of glass and iron.
Crystal Palace
Who proposed the theory of the iron law of wages?
David Ricardo.
On August 27, 1789, the National Assembly issued a statement of principles known as the
Declaration of the Rights of Man.
__________ was the first European to round the Cape of Good Hope.
Diaz
In late eighteenth-century France, the third estate
Did not have the right to wear swords.
The Renaissance Italians' skill in diplomacy
Did not lead to the formation of a consolidated federal system.
Edward Jenner received financial prizes from the British government for
Discovering that cowpox could be used to vaccinate against smallpox.
The greatest killer of the native American population was
Diseases such as smallpox.
Pierre Bayle is famous for his
Doubts about the attainability of certainty.
Across Europe, the favorite leisure-time activity of working people was
Drinking alcohol.
The participation of the laboring poor in the French Revolution was motivated primarily by their
Economic distress.
Mary Wollstonecroft's "Vindication of the Rights of Woman" was intended as a reply to
Edmund Burke's "Reflections on the Revolution in France".
According to the Dutch humanist Erasmus, the key to moral improvement was
Education.
What was the safety valve for European overpopulation?
Emigration.
In response to the German Peasant Revolts of 1524-1525, Luther
Encouraged the princes to crush revolts.
Tycho Brahe
Established himself as Europe's leading astronomer with his detailed observations of the new star.
Under the terms of the Peace of Westphalia,
European conflicts over religious faith ended.
After he was defeated at Waterloo in 1815, Napoleon was
Exiled to St. Helena.
Historians today consider the success of absolutism under Louis XIV to be due mostly to his
Expansion and professionalization of the army.
An encomienda granted by the Spanish king allowed Spaniards to
Extract tribute and forced labor from the native people on a particular piece of land.
In the fifteenth century, __________ powers dominated the Italian peninsula.
Five
The Medici family claimed their power in the city of
Florence.
One of the root sources of Florentine prosperity was
Florentine merchants' control of papal banking.
Abundant food and high wages meant all of the following except
Food prices were rising.
Alvise da Ca' da Mosto's description of West Africa offers insight into the
Forces of supply and demand that fueled the West African slave trade.
In 1778, rebels in the American War of Independence made a formal alliance with
France.
The doctrine of socialism began in
France.
One of the first "Renaissance men" was
Francesco Petrarch
The Inca Empire was conquered by
Francisco Pizarro.
The true establishment of Prussian absolutism came under the rule of
Frederick William I.
Which of the following occurred first?
French voters approve Napoleon's constitution.
__________ was a German journalist and thinker who was a strong proponent of government support for industrialization. He believed industrialization was essential to prevent the German states from falling behind the rest of the world.
Friedrich List
Who was a German journalist and thinker who was a strong proponent of government support for industrialization, focusing on railroad building and the tariff?
Friedrich List.
By the seventeenth century, nobles in eastern Europe had
Gained unchallenged control over the peasants who worked their lands.
As a result of Pugachev's rebellion, Catherine II
Gave the nobles more power over their serfs.
The plague was probably brought into Europe by
Genoese ships from the Crimea
The three most numerous ethnic groups in the Austrian empire were
Germans, Hungarians, and Czechs.
Printing with movable type was developed in the mid-fifteenth century in
Germany.
In response to peasant disorders, on August 4, 1789, the National Assembly voted to do all of the following except
Grant peasants the rights to lands seized from nobles.
The Edict of Nantes
Granted the Huguenots the right to public worship in 150 towns.
In 1851, London hosted an industrial fair called the
Great Exhibition.
René Descartes
Greatest achievement was to develop his initial vision into a whole philosophy of knowledge and science
In seventeenth-and eighteenth-century Europe, guild masters
Guarded their guild privileges jealously.
Metternich's hatred of liberalism was based on his belief that liberalism
Had been responsible for a generation of war.
During the seventeenth century, the scientific revolution
Had few practical applications.
By 1740, under the rule of Frederick William I, Prussia, twelfth in Europe in population
Had the best army in Europe.
In 1804, the French colony of Saint-Domingue was renamed
Haiti.
On his initial voyage to the Americas in 1492, Columbus considered the natives he met to be
Handsome and peaceful.
Copernicus rejected the Ptolemaic model of the solar system primarily because
He felt that it was too unwieldy to be part of God's harmonious creation.
Napoleon negotiated the Concordat of 1801 with the pope largely because
He hoped that the Catholic Church would help stabilize society and maintain order.
When the Inca leader Atauhualpa first met the Spanish
He was seized and ultimately executed.
Under King Henry VIII, the head of the Church of England was
Henry VIII.
The Aztec Empire was conquered by
Hernando Cortés.
Johannes Kepler
His duties as a court mathematician included casting horoscopes, and writing at length on cosmic harmonies
The most enduring legacy of Frederick William I was
His providing a foundation for the most militaristic country of modern times.
Alvise da Ca' da Mosto's description of West Africa includes accounts of Arabs acquiring slaves by trading
Horses.
Plans by Napoleon to invade England were stopped by
Huge French losses in the Battle of Trafalgar.
The "new learning" of the Renaissance was called
Humanism
Herbert Spencer argued that
Humans' economic struggle was determined by "the survival of the fittest."
Kepler refined the Copernican model of the solar system by
Hypothesizing elliptical orbits for the planets.
Population growth in Europe in the eighteenth century occurred
In all regions.
The Declaration of Pillnitz
Incited France to declare war on the Hapsburg monarchy.
Peter the Great was interested in reform because he hoped to
Increase Russia's territory.
How did the problem of food shortages change in the eighteenth century?
Increased road and canal building permitted food to be more easily transported to regions with local crop failure and famine.
The Church practice that led Luther to revolt was
Indulgences.
Napoleon's Grand Empire
Inspired reactive nationalism.
The Carlsbad Decrees
Instituted repressive measures in the German Confederation.
The National Assembly accomplished all of the following except
Introduction of universal compulsory education.
In the political sphere, the Renaissance Italian powers
Invented the practice of permanent embassies, used spies to gain information, sought to maintain a balance of power between themselves, and sent ambassadors to live in the capitals of other powers. (All of these.)
In the 12th-13th century, much of Europe saw a trend toward diversity and pluralism except for
Ireland
Since steam engine technology grew more expensive, what industries were largely invested?
Iron and coal. (A and B.)
Theory proposed by English economist David Ricardo suggesting that the pressure of population growth prevents wages from rising above subsistence level
Iron law of wages
Napoleon's Civil Code of 1804 did all of the following except
It gave all citizens the right to vote.
Why did European slave traders in Africa adopt the "shore method" of trading in the eighteenth century?
It permitted Europeans to move easily along the coast, obtaining slaves at various slave markets and then departing quickly for the Americas.
During the Renaissance, in the field of art,
It was believed that only God created artistic genius in individuals.
Which of the following statements about Florence at the time of the Renaissance is false?
It's major industry was wool production.
Elizabeth I of England was succeeded by
James I.
One of the century's most influential works on child reading was "Emile," or "On Education" by
Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
The Saint Bartholomew's Day massacre
Killed thousands and turned into a long civil war.
An important factor in the strengthening of French absolutism was
King Louis XIV's refusal to call the Estates General into session.
In the early seventeenth century, the king of England claimed
Kings had absolute power by divine right.
In the eighteenth century, advocates for agricultural innovation argued that
Landholdings and common lands needed to be consolidated and enclosed in order to farm more efficiently.
In elections to the Estates General, the third estate was represented primarily by
Lawyers and government officials.
When eighteenth-century liberals spoke of equality, they were referring to
Legal equality.
For the common person in the seventeenth-century France, critical reason was enhanced by the emergence of
Lending libraries, book clubs, Masonic lodges, and coffeehouses. (All of these.)
The Charter issued by Louis XVIII in 1814, established a
Limited constitutional monarchy.
The followers of the English theologian-reformer Wyclif were called
Lollards.
__________ ruled from 1643 to 1715, the longest reign in European history.
Louis XIV.
During Louis XIV's reign, French explorers in North America established
Louisiana.
Which of the following resulted from Martin Luther's nailing his list of ninety-five theses to the door of the Castle Church at Wittenberg?
Luther became famous overnight, and German officials began official proceedings against him.
Which of the following is true of Lutheranism?
Lutheranism taught salvation through faith alone, not good works.
According to the authors of the textbook, the most important literary work of the Renaissance is
Machiavelli's "The Prince".
In the fifteenth century, the largest commercial center of the Indian Ocean was
Malaka.
The negative reputation of Ivan the Terrible grew from his violent treatment of
Many of the leading boyar families.
In his effort to produce a son, King Henry VIII did all of the following except
Married Jane Seymour and later had her executed after she failed to produce a male child.
The author of Defensor Pacis and proponent of the idea that authority in the Christian church rested in a general council rather than in the papacy was
Marsiglio of Padua
Tycho Brahe is best known for his
Massive collection of astronomical data.
Georges Haussmann is best remembered for
Massive rebuilding projects in Paris.
During the Reign of Terror, the dominant person on the Committee of Public Safety was
Maximilien Robespierre.
In her "Vindication of the Rights of Woman," Mary Wollstonecroft argued that
Men and women would benefit from equal rights.
Luther and other Protestants believed all of the following except
Men should never strike a woman or force her to act against her will.
At the end of the nineteenth century, white-collar employees were identified with the
Middle class.
Oliver Cromwell's Protectorate is best described as a
Military dictatorship.
China failed to compete with the Europeans in the maritime expansion into the Americas in the fifteenth century because of
Military pressure from the Mongols and administrative inefficiency.
The Enlightenment thinker who argued in favor of separating and sharing political power was
Montesquieu.
During the mid-eighteenth century, all of these were the effects of the new methods of farming in Britain except
More than half of Britain's population worked in agriculture.
Robespierre was the co-leader of the
Mountain.
Before the Portuguese gained control of the spice trade in the Indian Ocean, the trade had been controlled by the
Muslims.
In both England and France, the Hundred Years' War promoted
Nationalism
Madame du Châtelet translated the work of __________ into French.
Newton
The first great departure from the Aristotelian view of the universe came from
Nicolaus Copernicus.
Prior to the Columbian Exchange, Native Americans had
No animals for travel except alpacas and llamas.
The title of Thomas More's classic work, Utopia, means
Nowhere.
Who allowed the British state to adopt aggressive tariffs on imported goods to protect its industries?
Oliver Cromwell.
On what grounds might a supporter of Clive and an opponent of Equiano have defended slavery?
On the grounds that the increased power of England justified the suffering of African slaves.
In the later nineteenth century in Europe, all of the following statements regarding science are true except
Ordinary citizens gained detailed scientific knowledge in a wide range of subjects.
In late eighteenth-century France, the second estate
Owned 25 percent of the land in France.
All of the following were powerful Renaissance Italian city-states except
Palermo
In 1783, American independence was recognized in the Treaty of
Paris.
During the September Massacres,
Parisian crowds slaughtered prison inmates.
Catherine the Great's most significant territorial triumph was the
Partition of Poland.
In 1789, Napoleon was a
Patriot committed to the revolution.
During the eighteenth century, which group of people were semi-forced into factory labor?
Pauper children.
The division of Christianity in Germany into Catholic and Lutheran states was recognized by the
Peace of Augsburg.
The most striking feature of the states in eastern Europe was a
Peasantry reduced to serfdom.
All of the following wrote important works of vernacular literature except
Peter Abelard
Catherine the Great was married at age fifteen to
Peter III.
Paracelsus
Pioneered the use of chemicals and drugs to address illness.
According to the English Test Act of 1673,
Political participation was based upon adherence to the Church of England.
The industrious revolution was a result of
Poor families choosing to reduce leisure time and the production of goods for household consumption in order to earn wages to buy consumer goods.
During the Renaissance, in the field of art,
Portrait paintings became more realistic in style.
The European kingdom that took the lead in overseas exploration was
Portugal.
What was the staple of the Irish diet?
Potato.
The primary factor determining the direction of Spanish exploration in the Americas was
Prevailing winds and tides.
French foreign policy under Cardinal Richelieu focused primarily on
Preventing the Catholic Habsburgs from holding territories surrounding France.
The invention of moveable-type printing
Probably occurred in Mainz, Germany, involved casts of individual letters rather than whole words, and facilitated propaganda. (All of the above.)
The philosopher, Jeremy Bentham argued that
Public policy should be based on the principle of the greatest good for the greatest number.
The Scientific Revolution's enthusiasm to classify and "order" nature led to a new practice of grouping people by
Race.
After the Seven Years' War, Frederick II set out to
Rebuild the Prussian economy and improve the lives of his subjects.
All of the following were aspects of the centralizing efforts of Charles VII of France except
Redistribution of feudal lands.
To improve the rural economy and lives of the peasants, Empress Maria Teresa
Reduced nobles' power over their serfs.
When the Spanish arrived in Tenochtitlán, they found an Aztec empire that was
Reeling from internal weaknesses.
Among the "enlightened" actions of Catherine the Great were all of the following except the
Refusal to participate in the partition of Poland.
The root cause of the Thrity Years' War was
Religious.
According to recent scholarship, during the eighteenth century the guild system
Remained flexible as masters adopted new technologies and circumvented impractical rules.
The two men generally given credit for creating the modern scientific method were Francis Bacon and
René Descartes.
The Peace of Utrecht
Represented the balance-of-power principle in operation.
To strengthen his armies, Peter the Great did all of the following except
Require all military positions be filled by native Russians to ensure loyalty to him.
The spinning of thread for the loom
Required the work of several spinners for each loom which led merchants to employ the wives and daughters of agricultural workers at terribly low wages.
The Thermidorian reaction saw the __________ reassert their authority in French politics.
Respectable middle class
The accomplishments of Frederick II included all of the following except
Restructuring the Prussian social system.
The effect of the Hundred Years' War on England was that it
Resulted in a great net loss in cash.
The most important factor in the emergence of the Italian Renaissance was the
Rise of a wealthy, urban business elite.
Spain's economy in the sixteenth century suffered from
Rising prices, repeated government repudiations of debt, shortages of desired products, and noncompetitive pricing of Spanish goods on the international market. (All of these.)
George Stephenson acquired much glory for his locomotive named
Rocket.
The Great Fear was led by
Rural peasants.
Wet-nursing practices included
Rural wet-nursing conducted within the framework of a putting-out system.
Cossaks were
Russian peasants who had fled their lords.
In Paris, wealthy women presided over __________ where new books and ideas were discussed.
Salons
In Europe, marriages in the later nineteenth century
Saw couples develop stronger emotional ties to each other, were increasingly based on love and sexual attraction as financial considerations declined, saw eroticism become more central to the couple after marriage, and manuals were sold with advice for marrying couples. (All of these.)
In 1765, the British imposed new taxes on the American colonies to help pay for the
Seven Years' War.
Peter the Great's "westernization" of Russia included the requirement that nobles
Shave their beards, mix socially with men and women together, wear Western clothing, freely choose their own spouses. (All of these.)
As king, Louis XVI was
Shy and well-intention.
The collapse of the __________ gave a boost to Indian Ocean trade.
Silk Road
In the eighteenth century, the term "public sphere" referred to
Social and economic elites.
Thomas More's "Utopia" placed the blame for society's problems on
Social institutions.
A major difference between northern and Italian humanism is that northern humanism stressed
Social reform based on Christian ideals
Ignatius Loyola founded the
Society of Jesus.
The Conciliar Movement
Sought church reform through general councils.
Both Catherine the Great and Frederick the Great
Sought to improve the lives of their subjects.
In the mid-sixteenth century, the largest concentration of slaves from Africa in Europe was found in
Spain and Portugal.
In 1793, France was at war with
Spain, Austria and Prussia, Britain, and Holland. (All of these.)
The concept that blood could be either "Christian" or "Jewish" was developed by officials in the
Spanish Inquisition.
Luther would have most approved of a woman
Staying at home to be a wife and mother.
The invention of movable-type printing resulted in all of the following except
Strict controls on the subject matter that was allowed in print.
Francis Bacon
Strongly endorsed governmental intervention in supporting scientific community.
Italian humanists stressed the
Study of the classics for what they could reveal about human nature.
The efforts of the Counter-Reformation were generally
Successful in making widespread reforms in the Catholic church.
In the sixteenth century, there was a huge increase in the use of enslaved Africans in Brazil in order to produce
Sugar.
What was Tariff protection used for in European countries?
Supports country's own economy.
At the battle of Poltava, Peter the Great defeated
Sweden.
As the nineteenth century progressed, the upper-middle class
Tended to merge with the old aristocracy.
The American Revolution influenced the French Revolution in all of the following respects except
The Americans sent supplies and military advisers to aid the French cause.
Who sponsored prizes for innovations in machinery and agriculture and played a pivotal part in the circulation of "useful knowledge"?
The British Royal Society of Arts.
Which is not true of Joan of Arc?
The French king intervened to prevent her execution.
In Great Britain, the majority of the working class population consisted of
The Irish.
During the middle decades of the seventeenth century, the European nation that prospered the most was
The Netherlands.
Who dominated banking in Catholic France?
The Protestants and Jews.
A pretest for the Hundred Years' War was
The Salic law's prohibition of a woman on the French throne.
Which of the following did not experience faltering efforts at industrialization?
The United States.
Prussia moved to the forefront of the German principalities with
The acquisition of Silesia in 1742.
Empiricism emphasized
The actual examination of phenomena.
The text cites Francesco Petrarch as an example of
The belief in the Middle Ages that Germanic migrations had created the "Dark Ages."
All of the following were part of the reshaping of Paris after 1850 except
The building of government-subsidized housing for the poor.
As literacy expanded among the common people, what was a staple of popular literature other than the Bible?
The chapbook containing Bible stories, prayers, and stories about the lives of the saints.
Most seventeenth- and eighteenth-century "philosophes" believed that
The common people were incapable of governing themselves.
The battle of Crecy witnessed
The decisive use of longbows and cannons.
Which of the following describes the treatment of children in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries?
The disciplining of children was often severe in order to conquer the child's will.
According to the Aristotelian view of universe
The earth was motionless.
The growth of the international scientific community in the seventeenth century was spurred on by
The establishment of national academies of science across Europe, scientific competition, the making of new discoveries, and common interests and shared values. (All of these.)
All of the following were factors in the origins of the French revolution except
The famine created by the government's attempt to end manorial agriculture.
Rousseau's "Social Contract" was based on two fundamental concepts: popular sovereignty and
The general will.
The growth in eighteenth-century consumerism and clothing was encouraged by what two factors?
The growth of fashion merchants who dictated changing styles and the declining production costs based on female labor.
As a result of the Renaissance,
The gulf between the learned minority and uneducated majority increased.
The "Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen" asserted all of the following except
The illegality of monarchies.
Which of the following describes the enclosure movement of the eighteenth century?
The land was divided into plots bounded by fences to farm more effectively.
According to Enlightenment thinkers,
The methods of natural science should be used to examine all aspects of life.
All of the following contributed to Spain's mid-seventeenth century financial crisis except
The monarchy's refusal to declare bankruptcy.
French intendants were directly responsible to
The monarchy.
Friedrich Engels, author of "The Condition of the Working Class in England" (1844), believed
The new poverty of industrial workers was worse than the old poverty of cottage workers and agricultural laborers.
The fatal obstacle to German unification under Prussian leadership in 1850 was
The opposition of Austria and Russia.
From 1701 to 1763, what was at stake in the wars between Great Britain and France?
The position as Europe's leading maritime power, with the ability to claim profits from Europe's overseas expansion.
In Renaissance thinking, secularism focused attention on
The present.
The German philosopher Kant asserted that
The publication of the ideas of the philosophes would lead to an enlightened society.
The concept of a "reading revolution" asserts all of the following except that
The reading public grew selective in its choice of reading material.
Over the course of the second half of the nineteenth century, in England
The real wages of British workers almost doubled.
The success of the Revolution of 1830 in France was due primarily to
The revolutionary actions of the artisans, shopkeepers, and workers of Paris.
By 1791, the National Assembly had expanded the rights of women in all of the following areas except
The right to vote.
Fur-collar crime is a term used to describe
The robbery and extortion inflicted on the poor by the rich.
The guiding principle behind Cardinal Richelieu's domestic policies was
The subordination of all groups and institutions to the monarchy.
Nicolaus Copernicus
The sun, rather than the earth was at the center of the universe
What caused the pattern of late marriage in early modern Europe?
The tendency of couples to wait to marry until they were economically independent.
Charles Darwin's theory of evolution through natural selection tended to reinforce
The views of secularists such as Spencer and Marx.
Eugène Delacroix's artwork celebrated
The virtue of popular revolution.
Rousseau was more skeptical than earlier Enlightenment philosophers of
The virtues of civilization and rationalism.
As a result of the Peace of Augsburg,
There were no religious wars in Germany for many decades.
All of the following statements regarding the Protestants are true except
They believed a monastic life was superior to a secular life.
German rulers were attracted to Luther's ideas because
They could use them as a means to seize valuable church lands, Luther's words inspired nationalist feelings in them, they could use them to increase their political power, and they gave the rulers more independence from the emperor. (All of these.)
What was the status of Jews in European colonies in the eighteenth century?
They faced political and economic forms of discrimination but were considered to be white Europeans and thus could not be enslaved.
The Directory continued France's foreign wars largely because
They helped alleviate a number of domestic problems, including unemployment.
What place did prostitutes generally hold among the common people in towns?
They were accepted members of the community of the laboring poor.
Regions in the Middle East, Asia, and Latin America could not respond to low-cost imports by raising tariffs mainly because
They were controlled by imperial powers that did not allow them to do so.
Which of the following contemporaries believed that due to the major growth in population, women were to be married later in order to prevent future diseases?
Thomas Malthus.
In regard to the education of women, Italian humanists
Thought the proper sphere for women was private and domestic.
In the early seventeenth century, English Puritans wanted
To eliminate, among other things, bishops from the Church of England.
Rich individuals sponsored artists and works of art
To glorify themselves and their families.
Beginning in 1545, the papacy created the Council of __________ to help plan the Counter-Reformation.
Trent
By the late 14th century, guilds
Tried to keep monopolies, often limited entrance to family members of guildsmen, and barred most of the women from entry. (All of the above.)
As a result of the Thirty Years' War, the Austrian Habsburgs
Turned inward and eastward in an attempt to unify their power.
Peter the Great built Saint Petersburg largely with
Unpaid peasant labor.
The __________ was a new religious order for women that emerged in the sixteenth century.
Ursuline Order
The political and cultural center of the Hapsburg empire was
Vienna.
During the struggle between Frederick William the Great Elector and the Prussian nobility,
War and invasion strengthened Frederick William's hand.
One of the main reasons for popular dissatisfaction with the Directory in 1797, was
War weariness.
What delayed Latin American countries from joining the Industrial Revolution?
Wars of independence.
In religious affairs, Elizabeth I of England established a policy that
Was a Middle course between Catholic and Protestant extremes.
Higher wages and a more abundant amount of food meant that an ordinary English family
Was able to spend more on manufactured goods and could afford to send their children to school. (Both A and C.)
According to Machiavelli, the sole test of "good" government was whether it
Was effective.
Christian humanists believed that human nature
Was fundamentally good.
The development of germ theory
Was led by Louis Pasteur.
Spain, compared to England and France during the Renaissance,
Was much less unified.
Copernicus' theory of the universe
Was not published until the last year of his life.
Prostitution in late medieval society
Was not respected but was legalized.
In Peter the Great's tour of western Europe, he
Was notably impressed by the Dutch and English.
Joseph II's conversion of labor obligations to cash payments
Was opposed by both nobles and peasants.
The English Peasants' Revolt most probably
Was the largest single uprising of the entire Middle Ages.
As an "age of crisis," problems in seventeenth century Europe included all of the following except
Weakened governments.
At the Congress of Vienna, the victorious allies
Were guided by the principle of the balance of power.
In 1815, the principal ideas of liberalism
Were in practice in Europe, in France, and Great Britain.
Galileo Galilei
When asked, replied it was too dangerous to express support for heliocentrism publicly
According to Adam Smith, under what conditions did the "natural price" of a commodity more or less equal its "market price"?
When supply more or less equaled demand.
Which of the following were responsible for calling the early factories "satanic mills", as well as protesting against the hard life of the London poor?
William Blake.
All of the following individuals were part of the Romantic movement except
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.
The images of guild-based economic activity suggest that
Women were active participants in the urban economy.
More than three-quarters of those accused of witchcraft were
Women.
As a result of the Renaissance,
most scholars and artists came from economically humble origins.