AP Government and Politics MIDTERM
what has increased presidential power since 1945?
"By the time of 1945, the presidential powers have been exponentially increased by FDR, with the reincarnation of the AAA and Social Security, giving the government personaly access and rights to part of our paychecks and farmer affairs. The first AAA was taken our because it was later founded unconstitutional by congress."
schneck v u.s.
(1919) Oliver Wendell holmes; clear and present danger test; shouting "fire" in a crowded theater is illegal; limits on freedom of speech, especially in wartime.
Government Corporations
(Hybrid organizations) cross between a private business corporation and a government agency
plurality
(in an election with more than 2 options) the number of votes for the candidate or party receiving the greatest number (but less that half of the votes)
founders feared a single president would
* military power, who could overpower states •corruption by Senate because Senate and president shared treaty-making power •presidential bribery to ensure reelection *needed balance power of legislative and executive branches.
what are examples of how social welfare policy gets developed?
*Rational policy making- knowledge about values in society and possible alternative their consequences , costs, benefits *Incrimentalism- publice policy is developed through small changes to existing policies *windown of oportunity-the time period in which political or social events or changes in personnel open the way for a policy to be adapted. *magnitude in policy making-dramatic events create openings for the development and passage of public policies *implementation of policies- evolutionary process and policy changes when it is implemented * street level bureaucrats- the influence and impact on the delivery of social welfare services by those who are directly responsible for its delivery. (front line service workers, lowest levels of the social welfare sytem but extert a tremendous amount of control over how public policy is implement3ed * Critical analysis of Social welfare Policy- Social welfare policy is created in the context of power struggles * Critical Analysis- takes into account who has power who does not who makes decisions and for whom those decisions are made based on critical theory
powers of president alone
*Serve as commander in chief of the armed forces •Commission officers of the armed forces •Grant reprieves and pardons for federal offenses •(except impeachment) •Convene Congress in special sessions •Receive ambassadors •Take care that the laws be faithfully executed •Wield the "executive power" •Appoint officials to lesser offices
Powers of the President
- Executes ( carry out) laws - Veto or approve bills -Command the Army (Commander-in-Chief) - Call special Congress Session - Make treaties - Appoint Judges - Pardon criminals
Describe different political ideologies regarding the role of government in regulating the marketplace
-Democrats favor more environment in the marketplace -Republicans flavor less environment in the marketplace
Describe the elements of a scientific poll
-Diffucalty -need to be unbiased as possible -needs to be fair (fair and evenly as you can) -right sample size (random) -cross section of the county (divide and equal)
Explain the extent to which governmental branches can hold the bureaucracy accountable given the competing interests of Congress, the Pres, and the federal courts.
-Formal and informal powers of Congress, the Pres, and the courts over the bureaucracy are used to maintain its accountability.
Explain how the organization, finance, and strategies of national political campaigns affect the election process.
-It can determine the political parties stances and where they're going to spend their time and money and the impact it may hold which all holds an affect on the outcome of the election.
Explain how presidents have interpreted and justified their use of formal and informal powers.
-Justifications for a single executive are set forth in Federalist 70 -Term of office and constitutional power restrictions, including the passage of the 22nd Amendment, demonstrate changing presidential roles -Diff perspectives of the Pres role, ranging from a limited to a more expansive interpretation and use of power, continue to be debated in the context of contemporary events
Explain how the president ensures that executive branch agencies and departments carry out their responsibilities in concert with the goals of the administration.
-Presidential ideology, authority, and influence affect how executive branch agencies carry out the goals of the administration -Compliance monitoring can pose a challenge to policy implementation
Explain how the bureaucracy carries out the responsibilities of the federal government.
-Tasks performed by departments, agencies, commissions, and government corporations are represented by: 1)writing and enforcing regulations 2)issuing fines 3)testifying before Congress 4)Issue networks and "iron triangles" -Political patronage, civil service, and merit system reforms all impact the effectiveness of the bureaucracy by promoting professionalism, specialization, and neutrality.
Explain how the president's agenda can create tension and frequent confrontations with Congress.
-The potential for conflict with the Senate depends upon the type of exec branch appointments, including: 1)Cabinet members 2)White House staff 3)Ambassadors -Policy initiatives and exec orders promoted by the Pres often lead to conflict with the congressional agenda. -Senate confirmation is an important check on appt powers, but the Pres longest lasting influence lies in life-tenured judicial appointments.
Explain how political ideologies vary on the governments role in regulating the marketplace
-They can vary from monetary policy and fiscal policy - Come down to regulation- more regulations (Democrats) lower regulations (Republicans)
Explain how U.S Political culture (values, attitudes, and beliefs) influence the information, goals, and implementation of public policy over time
-change in politick change swift in the manner how we vote and who's elected over time. Who's in charge and who's elected
Department of Commerce
-conducts census -grants patents and registers trademarks -promotes international trade, economic growth, and technological development
Explain how the ideologies of the two major parties shape policy debates
-democrats (liberals) are more for change -Republicans (conservatives) are not open for change -will affect us
Explain how political ideologies vary on the role of the government in addressing social issues
-liberal contributes to more involvement in government (society is fair) - conservatives- don't involve government (apoatation, schools)
Explain the quality and credibility of claims based on public opinion data
-who conducts the poll? -Is it unbiased? -Is it done correctly -How scientific it was?
Describe ways other branches of government can limit the Supreme Court's power.
.a: Restrictions on the Supreme Court are represented by: ▶ Congressional legislation to modify the impact of prior Supreme Court decisions ▶ Constitutional amendments ▶ Judicial appointments and confirmations ▶ The president and states evading or ignoring Supreme Court decisions ▶ Legislation impacting court jurisdiction
What is the number of national legislature
1
What would be the amount of representatives?
1
What options does a committee have when reviewing a bill?
1) Report the bill favorably, "Pass" 2) Refuse to report the bill 3) Report the bill in amended form 4) Report the bill with an unfavorable recomendation. Not common. 5) Report a committee bill.
What are the President's options when he (and someday she) receives a bill from Congress?
1) To sign it - becomes a law 2) To veto it - refuse to sign it, must be returned to original house with a veto message 3) To allow the bill to become a law without signing - not acting on it for 10 days 4) Pocket Veto - If congress adjours its session within 10 days of submitting and the president does not act, the measure dies.
presidential checks and balances
1. Cannot start wars unless we are actually attacked2. 2. Cannot spend money unless Congress approves this action first 3. With super majorities ( 2/3 to 3/4 votes), Congress can override a president's veto of a law. 4. The president needs approval (confirmation) of Congress for his major appointees to top government positions (Cabinet officers such as Sec. of State, key program heads, etc) as well as for his appointees to Federal courts, including the Supreme Court. 5. The Supreme Court can declare any law signed by the President UNCONSTITUTIONAL 6. For treason and major felonies, the president can be IMPEACHED by the House and tried in the Senate acting as jury.
presidents from FDR
1. FDR 2. Truman 3. Eisenhower 4. Kennedy 5. Johnson
constraints on a presidents programs
1. Public and congressional reactions 2. Limited time and attention span of the president 3. Unexpected crises, such as the 9/11 attacks 4. Programs can be changed only marginally, because most resources are already committed. 5. Public-opinion polls
evolution of the presidency
1. concerns of founders 2. electoral college 3. presidents term of office 4. the firs presidents 5. the jacksonians 6. the re emergence of congress
three audiences
1. fellow politicians and leaders- most important 2. partisan grassroots- want president to exemplify their principles 3. the public- have various views
two ways to develop a program
1. have a policy for everything 2. concentrate on three or four major initiatives
presidents draw on several sources to develop policies
1. intereset groups 2. aides and campaign advisers 3. federal bureaus and agencies 4. outside experts
presidential rules of thumb for dealing with problems
1. move it or lose it- do things early in term before popularity decreases 2. avoid details- few priorities, forget the rest 3. cabinets don't get much accomplished, people do- give people well defined responsibilities
presidential qualifications
1. natural born citizen 2. 35 years old 3. US resident for at least 14 years
order of presidential succession
1. president 2. VP 3. speaker of house 4. president pro tem 5. cabinet positions in order established
three ways in which a president can organize his personal staff (white house office)
1. pyramid- orderly flow and decisions, isolates or misinforms president 2. circular- gives pres great deal of info, confusion and conflict among cabinet members 3. ad hoc- cuts pres off from gov officials, great flexibility
5 pathologies of bureaucracy
1. red tape- all the things you have to do to get something 2. imperialism- agencies keep growing 3. conflict- agencies work against each other 4. duplication- 2 agencies do same thing 5. waste- costs so much money, so everything's covered
three degrees of propinquity
1. the white house office- personal staff, no need senate 2. the executive office- need to be approved 3. the cabinet- most public and prestigious
purposes of signing statements
1.To express presidential attitudes about the law 2.To communicate to executive branch how law should be enforced 3. To declare his belief that a portion of the law is unconstitutional
pres from FDR cont
11. Clinton 12. Bush 13. Obama
Changes to (Sec. 1.3) Electing a President
12th Amendment
how many presidents have served two full terms
14 out of 41
how many cabinet departments
15
Social work profession dates back to
1898
divided occurred ___ out of last 29 elections
19
former slave groups gained rights to vote in late 1800's but was unable due to state laws they were unable until the
1965 Voting Act
General trend for the _________________was toward decentralizing decision making and enhancing the power of the individual member at the expense of the congressional leadership
20th century
Executive changes (additions)
22nd Amendment, 23rd Amendment
How many branches where there in the New Jersey Plan?
3
Requirements to be president
35 years old Resident of the U.S. 14 years Natural born citizen
According to the US Census Bureau there were __________ people below the poverty thresh hold in 2010
45 million
The Constitutional Convention attracted ___ delegates
55
presidents from FDR cont
6. Nixon 7. Ford 8. Carter 9. Regan 10. HW Bush
The congressional Districts in the United States stands at what number
720,000
how many VP have succeeded due to presidents death
8
All of the following are reasons incumbents in the House of Representatives enjoy an electoral advantage over challengers except that incumbents: A Get substantial financial support from their party's national committee B Are better known to voters that are challengers C Find it much easier to raise campaign funds than do challengers D Can use staff members to do constituent case work E Often serve on committees that enable them to help their constituents
A
Elections in the House of Representatives provide: A- Approximately equal representation for every voter B- An equal chance of getting elected for both incumbents and challengers C- A system in which only those candidates who receive a majority of the votes cast wins on the first ballot. D- Proportional representation based on the percentage of votes cast for each party E- Proportional representation of racial and ethnic minorities.
A
texas v johnson
A 1989 case in which the Supreme Court struck down a law banning the burning of the American flag on the grounds that such action was symbolic speech protected by the First Amendment.
pocket veto
A bill fails to become law because the president did not sign it within ten days before Congress adjourns
It quickly became clear that the Constitution would not be ratified without at least the promise of
A bill of rights
Leak
A carefully placed bit of inside information given to a friendly reporter. Leaks can benefit both the leaker and the leakee.
Public Policy
A choice that government makes in response to a political issue
Ideology
A coherent set of beliefs about politics, public policy, and public purpose. It helps give meaning to political events, personalities, and policies.
Mandates
A command or an authorization given by a political electorate
Joint committee
A committee of the House and the Senate that usually acts as a study group and reports its findings back to the House and the Senate
Selective Exposure
A concept in media and communication research that refers to individuals' tendency to favor information that reinforces pre-existing views while avoiding contradictory information.
Marble Cake Federalism (Cooperative Federalism)
A concept of federalism in which national, state, and local governments interact cooperatively and collectively to solve common problems, rather than making policies separately
Roll call vote
A congressional voting procedure that consists of members answering "yea" or "nay" to their names.
Impeachment
A constitutional procedure by which federal judges and civil officers can be removed from office before their terms expire. (can also apply against a high official of Government.)
Federalism
A constitutional system that divides and shares the powers and authorities between a national government and subunits (states)
One primary feature of most early state constitutions was
A detailed bill of rights
Preemption
A doctrine based on the Supremacy Clause of the U.S. Constitution that holds that certain matters are of such a national, as opposed to local, character that federal laws preempt or take precedence over state laws
Fiscal Federalism
A form of federalism depending on how competencies (expenditure side) and fiscal instruments (revenue side) are allocated across different (vertical) layers of the administration
Regulatory Federalism
A form of federalism focusing on extensive federal regulations mandating functions for states and localities to perform
Permissive Federalism
A form of federalism that states that the national government is supreme and the states only have those powers which the national government permits them to exercise
executive agreement
A formal agreement between the U.S. president and the leaders of other nations that does not require Senate approval.
divided government
A government in which one party controls the White House and another party controls one or both houses of Congress
unified government
A government in which the same party controls the White House and both houses of Congress
Revenue Sharing
A government unit's apportioning of part of its tax income to other units of government
Caucus (congressional)
A group of members of Congress sharing some interest or characteristic. Most are composed of members from both parties and from both houses.
war powers resolution
A law passed in 1973 in reaction to American fighting in Vietnam and Cambodia that requires presidents to consult with Congress whenever possible prior to using military force and to withdraw forces after 60 days unless Congress declares war or grants an extension. Presidents view the resolution as unconstitutional.
electoral college
A legal system by which states select electors who then vote for the president and vice president
Latency
A measure of time delay experienced in a system, the precise definition of which depends on the system and the time being measured.
pyramid structure
A method of organizing a president's staff in which most presidential assistants report through a hierarchy to the president's chief of staff
circular structure
A method of organizing a president's staff in which several presidential assistants report directly to the president
ad hoc structure
A method of organizing a president's staff in which several task forces, committees, and informal groups deal directly with the president
Condensation Symbol
A name, word, phrase, or maxim which stirs vivid impressions involving the listener's most basic values
Subgovernments
A network of groups within the American political system which exercise a great deal of control over specific policy areas. Also known as iron triangles, subgovernments are composed of interest group leaders interested in a particular policy, the government agency in charge of administering that policy, and the members of congressional committees and subcommittees handling that policy.
Population/ Universe
A particular section, group, or type of people or animals living in an area or country.
standing committee
A permanent committee established in a legislature, usually focusing on a policy area
Adversarial Press
A person or group of persons that acts as a protector or guardian against inefficiency, illegal practices
lame duck
A person still in office after he or she has lost a bid for reelection
Carrot and Stick
A policy offering a combination of rewards and punishment to induce behavior
Liberalism
A political ideology whose advocates prefer a government active in dealing with human needs, support individual rights and liberties, and give higher priority to social needs than military needs.
Conservatism
A political or theological orientation advocating the preservation of the best in society and opposing radical changes.
Centrism
A political philosophy of avoiding the extremes of left and right by taking a moderate position or course of action
New Federalism
A political philosophy of devolution, or the transfer of certain powers from the United States federal government back to the states
direct democracy
A political system in which all or most citizens participate directly by either holding office or making policy
representative democracy
A political system in which leaders and representatives acquire political power by means of a competitive struggle for the people's vote
lame duck
A politician who is still in office after having lost an reelection bid
inherent power
A power of the president derived from statements in the Constitution that the president should have executive power and "take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed"
Enumerated power
A power specifically granted to the national government by the Constitution. The first seventeen clauses of Article I, Section 8, specify most of the enumerated powers of the national government.n
cabinet
A president's council of advisers
pyramid structure
A president's subordinates report to him through a clear chain of command headed by a chief of staff
impoundment of funds
A presidential refusal to spend money appropriated by Congress
Double tracking
A procedure to keep the Senate from going on in a filibuster in which the disputed bill is shelved temporarily so that the Senate can get on with other business.
Restrictions
A regulation or limitation
Supermajority
A requirement for a proposal to gain a specified level or type of support which exceeds a simple majority
How is a resolution different from a bill? Describe the different type of resolutions.
A resolution is deals with matters concerning either house alone and are taken up only by that house. Joint - Simalar to bills, have the force of law. Usually deal with unusual or temporary matters. Concurrent - deal with matters which the House and Senate must act Jointly. No force of law.
Political System
A set of institutions and activities that link together people, politics and policy
Wedge Issue
A social issue, often of a divisive or controversial nature, which splits apart a population or political group.
Hot Button Issue
A social, economic, theological, spiritual, scientific or legal issue which has become a political issue, as a result of deliberate action or otherwise, whereby people become politically active over that issue.
rules committee
A standing committee of the House of Representatives that provides special rules under which specific bills can be debated, amended, and considered by the house.
veto message
A statement sent to Congres by the president giving the reasons for vetoing a bill
Constitutional Democracy
A system of government based on popular sovereignty in which the structures, powers, and limits of government are set forth in a constitution
Dual Federalism
A system of government in which both the states and the national government remain supreme within their own spheres
cooperative federalism
A system of government in which powers and policy assignments are shared between states and the national government. They may also share costs, administration, and even blame for programs that work poorly.
Democracy
A system of selecting policymakers and of organizing government so that policy represents and responds to the public's preferences
Random Digit Dialing
A technique used by pollsters to place telephone calls randomly to both listed and unlisted numbers when conducting a survey.
What is the purpose of a conference committee?
A temporary joint committee of the two houses used to iron out the differences and come up with a compromise bill.
Select committee
A temporary legislative committee established for a limited time period and for a special purpose.
Gender Gap
A term that refers to the regular pattern by which women are more likely to support Democratic candidates. Women tend to be significantly less conservative than men and more likely to support spending on social services and to oppose higher levels of military spending.
Class Consciousness
A term used in social sciences and political theory to refer to the beliefs that a person holds regarding one's social class or economic rank in society, the structure of their class, and their class interests.
Pluralism
A theory of government and policies emphasizing that politics is mainly a competition among groups all pressing for preferred policies
Elite Theory
A theory of government and politics contending that societies are divided among class lines and that an upper-class elite will rule
Hyperpluralism
A theory of government contending that groups are so strong that government is weakened
Bureaucratic Theory
A theory that believes policy is dominated by the federal bureaucracy
Centralized Federalism
A type of federalism that arose after the Civil War; this is more centralized in the central government
Redistributive policy
A type of policy that takes benefits (usually through taxes) from one group of Americans and gives them to another (usually through spending).
Unitary System
A way of organizing a nation so that all power resides in the central government
Civil rights protects people with disabilities
ADA (Americans with Disabilities ACT of 1990
The official poverty line is a measure of
Absolute Line
Political Socialization
According to Richard Dawson,"the process through which an individual acquires his/her particular political orientation-his/her knowledge, feelings, and evaluations regarding his/her political world."
Department of Veterans Affairs
Administers benefits, pensions, and medical programs for veterans of the armed forces. Oversees military cemeteries.
Department of Education
Administers federal aid to schools and conducts educational research.
Department of Transportation
Administers programs to promote and regulate highways, mass transmit, railroads, waterways, air travel, and oil and gas pipelines.
State Department
Advises the President on foreign policy, negotiates agreements with foreign countries, and represents the U.S. abroad.
D
After a national census has been taken, changes in population distribution cause the changing of Congressional seats among the states. This effect is commonly called A. congressional districting B. apportionment C. gerrymandering D. reapportionment E. census apportionment
C
After receiving a bill the president may I. sign the bill II. veto the bill III. return the bill to Congress for clarification on some point within the bill IV. allow the Congress to pocket veto the bill, thereby allowing the bill to become law without his signature A. I only B. II only C. I and II only D. I, II, and III only E. I, II, III, and IV
independent agencies
Agencies headed by appointees who serve for fixed terms and can be removed only "for cause"
Executive Office of the President
Agencies that perform staff services for the president but are not part of the White House
Neoconservative
Aggressive foreign policy, democracy is the end of the evolution of governments, strongly anti-communism, anti-totalitarian, can install a democracy after a conflict to end a dictatorship, and belief in moral clarity and moral certainty. Believe we can accelerate the inevitable end.
Consensus
Agreement. Consensus is reflected by an opinion distribution in which a large majority see eye-to-eye
Commander-in-Chief
All of the nation's armed forces/military are under the control of the President.
The final report of the Constitutional Convention was approved on September 17, 1787 by
All twelve states in attendance
A major argument in favor of reducing the separation of powers called for in the U.S. Constitution is that it would
Allow prompt, decisive leadership in times of crisis
The legislative powers
Allows the president to check and persuade Congress
The judicial powers
Allows the president to check the judiciary
Examples of Government Corporations
Amtrak, US Postal service, corporation for public broadcasting
Logrolling
An agreement by two or more lawmakers to support each other's bills
Article II
An article of the United States Constitution in which makes the executive branch of the government. It states and defines the constitutional powers of the president.
Explain what a filibuster is and how it works. (Make sure your answer includes why it is used.)
An attempt to "talk a bill to death"
Capitalism
An economic system in which individuals and corporations, not the government, own the principal means of production and seek profits. Pure capitalism means the strict noninterference of the government in business affairs
Necessary and Proper
An enlargement of the powers granted Congress; also known as the Elastic Clause
Equality of Opportunity
An equal chance for all persons in such areas as education, employment, and political participation.
Political Issue
An issue that arises when people disagree about a problem and a public policy choice
executive office of the president
An organization established by FDR to assist the president in carrying out major duties
Political Culture
An overall set of values widely shared within a society.
Madison dramatized his perspective in a Federalist paper by observing that "if men were ___, no government would be necessary."
Angels
Presidential Cabinet
Appointed leaders of the Executive agencies that advise and assist the president in executing laws
The judiciary powers job
Appoints federal judges and justices for life terms, grants reprieves (cancel or postpone punishment), grants pardons (forgiveness of a crime), grants amnesty (forgiveness for a group), grants commutations (shortening the length of a punishment), courts can declare acts of the president unconstitutional (they can check him as well)
powers given to congress by the constitution
Art 1 Sec 8 To lay and collect taxes, duties, imports, and excises To borrow money To regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the states To establish rules for naturalization and bankruptcy To coin money To fix the standard of weights and measures To establish a post office and post roads To issue patents and copyrights To create courts (other than the Supreme Court) To define and punish piracies To declare war To raise and support an army and navy To provide for a militia To exercise exclusive legislative powers over the District of Columbia and other federal facilities
where are the formal powers of the president found?
Article II of the constitution
presidential roles authorized by constitution
Article II, Section 1, of the Constitution provides that the "executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States," making the president the head of the Executive Branch of the federal government. Sections 2 and 3 enumerate specific powers granted to the president, which include the authority to appoint judges, ambassadors, and other high-ranking government officials; Veto legislation; call Congress into special session; grant pardons; issue proclamations and orders; administer the law; and serve as commander in chief of the armed forces.
The Federalist papers were
Articles written by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay to gain support for the Constitution
Narrowcasting
As opposed to traditional "broadcasting", the appeal to a narrow, particular audience by channels such as ESPN, MTV, and C-SPAN.
Department of Agriculture
Assists farmers and consumers of farm products
office of management and budget
Assists the president in preparing annual budget, clearing and coordinating departmental agency budgets, and supervising the administration of the federal budget, develops reorganization plans. reviews legislative proposals of agencies
applying the concept of "survival of the fittest" to humanity is a key component of
Biological determination
The Cabinet's Role
Cabinet members have two major jobs: Individually, each is the administrative head of one of the executive departments. Together, they are advisors to the President.
reorganization
Changing the structure of the staff, departments, and agencies that are subordinate to the executive.
impeachment
Charges against a president approved by a majority of the House of Representatives
The progressive era was a time of great social welfare reform. What occur as part of the progressive era?
Charity organization societies the settlement movements the suffrage movement supreme court legitimized seprate facilities for african americans in plessy vs ferguson 19th amendment to the constitution granted women rights in 1920 to vote
Political Efficacy
Citizens' trust and faith in government and their own belief that they can understand and influence political affairs, commonly measured by surveys and used as an indicator of the broader health of civil society
Federal superfund
Cleaning up hazardous areas
What is a Social Welfare Policy
Collective responses to social problems for the maintenance of social well being
Department of the Treasury
Collects, borrows, spends, and prints money
The military powers of the president
Commander in chief, backs up foreign policy with force, can send troops anywhere, anytime, unlimited powers during wartime, War Powers Resolution 1973(attempt to limit presidential power during wartime)
Relative deprivation
Comparing your lifestyle to another with a better lifestyle
Centralists
Concentration of power and authority in a central organization, as in a political system
Department of Labor
Concerned with the working conditions and wages of US workers
How does Congress control the bureaucracy?
Congress can confirm nominations made by the president to appoint people to departments, appoint people to departments, appropriate money, create and pass the legislation needed to create these departments, investigate the administration, shape the laws that would be executed by that administration
Legislative oversight
Congress' monitoring of the bureaucracy and its administration of policy, performed mainly through hearings
Legislative powers are vested in _________________, those powers would be shared with the _________________(who could veto acts of Congress), limited to powers explicitly conferred on the federal government and subject to the power of the _________________ _________________to reclaim acts of congress unconstitutional
Congress, President, Supreme Court
The purpose of the Constitutional Convention of 1787 was to
Consider revisions to the Articles of Confederation
Student loans
Considered a social welfare program
PMs must pay attention to Cabinet rivals and party politics when making appointments
Constrained by how much they can hire and fire. Related to politics of the context they're in, and the context of their parties. e.g. Theresa May trying to move Jeremy Hunt to Department of Health; refused to go; now believed she has no political sway (as she chose not to fire him). PM having to balance two different wings of her party - consider different elements of the contexts of her party.
Which of the following is true about divided party control of the presidency and Congress? A- It is a natural occurrence due to the constitutional system of checks and balances. B- It rarely occurs in United States elections because of straight ticket voting C- It promotes quick action by the president and Congress on such issues as the federal budget. D- It reflects a frequent election pattern over the past three decades. E- It results from the reapportionment of House seats after the decennial census.
D
Department of Housing and Urban Development
Deals with the special needs and problems of cities
Parliament tends to be made up of people loyal to the national party leadership who meet to _________________and _________________
Debate and vote on issues
Congress tends to be a _______________________, with each member more interested in his or her own views and those of his or her voters than with the programs proposed by the president
Decentralized institution
12th Amendment changes
Decided that candidates would run for president and VP separately before the first winner was President and the loser was VP the House of Representatives gets the votes
Who most likes the New Jersey plan?
Delaware
The state of affairs in Pennsylvania seemed to suggest that
Democracy and tyranny might not be all that far apart from one another
Majoritian Democracy
Democracy based on a majority view of the citizens
Part vote
Democrats are on one side, Republicans on the other
Cross Pressures
Demographic characteristics of an individual that create conflicting pressures on the individuals political beliefs and behaviors.
Explain how different ideologies impact policy on social issues
Depending on the officials in government and their ideologies that will change what laws are passed -affect the laws we pass
Food stamps, similar programs
Designed to improve quality of life
Social welfare
Designed to improve the quality of life
Electioneering
Direct group involvement in the electoral process. Groups can help fund campaigns, provide testimony, and get members to work for candidates, and some form PACs.
The diplomatic powers of the president
Director of foreign policy, shares power with Congress, makes treaties (formal) and executive agreements (informal) to influence
Department of Energy
Directs an overall energy plan for the nation
Department of Veterans Affairs
Directs services for veterans
Explain how the federal bureaucracy uses delegated discretionary authority for rule making and implementation.
Discretionary and rule-making authority to implement policy are given to bureaucratic agencies such as: -U.S. Department of Agriculture -U.S. Department of Defense -U.S. Department of Homeland Security -U.S. Department of Transportation -U.S. Department of State -U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs -U.S. Department of Education
Safe districts
Districts in which incumbents win by margins of 55 percent or more.
trustee model
Do what the public good requires, regardless of popular opinion
delegate model
Do what your constituents want you to do.
The boundary lines of congressional districts are drawn by: A- The United States House of Representatives B- The United States Senate C- United States District court D- State governors E- State legislators
E
What were parts of the Elizabethan Poor law?
Economic support must come from family first, then local community person in need has to be a legal resident of the community Belief that there is work for everyone if you want to work
The effect of Shay's Rebellion on attendance by delegates at the planned Constitutional Convention of 1787 was to
Encourage attendance by delegates fearing the collapse of state governments
Executive Branch
Enforce laws
Chief Executive
Enforces laws, in charge of people/departments in Executive Branch
The importance of the Great Compromise was that it
Ensured support for a strong national government from small as well as large states
Iron Triangle
Entities composed of bureaucratic agencies, interest groups, and congressional committees or subcommittees, which have dominated some areas of domestic policymaking. Iron triangles are characterized by mutual dependency, in which each element provides key services, information, or policy for others.
EPA
Environmental Protection Agency
What social welfare programs developed as a result of the war on poverty
Equal opportunity Act head start VISTA (Volunteers in service to America) Community service Job corp Food stamp program
Article II
Executive Branch, presidential election process/requirements. Explains the Electoral college requirements
T/F - Ironically, the slave trade was mentioned four times in the Declaration of Independence
False
T/F - The Articles of Confederation created a strong central government
False
T/F - The Articles of Confederation empowered the national government with the ability to regulate interstate commerce
False
T/F - The delegates to the Constitutional Convention were popularly elected
False
social welfare services are provided thru
Federal state local tribal gov
What were the outcomes of the civil war
Federal government provided benefits for the first time Freedmans Bureau Racial discrimination for both african american and native americans started consideration that poverty went beyond the individual
Project Grants
Federal grants given for specific purposes and awarded on the basis of the merits of applications
Block Grants
Federal grants given more or less automatically to states or communities to support broad programs
Categorical Grants
Federal grants that can be used only for specific purposes or categories of state and local spending
How have debate and voting rules in the House changed in the past two centuries? What are the benefits of these changes?
Forbidding any member from holding the floor for more than one hour without unanimous consent to speak for a longer time. Speaker has the power to force any member who strays from the subject at hand to give up the floor. New computerized system for voting. They make a more efficient, modern system.
Individual members of Congress are ______________________.
Free to express their views and vote as they wish
The First Amendment addressed the issue of
Freedom of speech
Political Action Committees
Funding vehilces created by the 1974 campaign finance reforms. A corporation, union, or some other interest group can create a PAC and register it with the Federal Election Commission (FEC), which will meticulously monitor the PAC's expenditures.
Department of Health and Human Services
Funds health care research programs, conducts programs to prevent and control disease, enforces pure food and drug laws, administers Medicare and Medicaid.
GAO
General Accounting Office- performs primarily routine financial audits of the money spent by the executive branch departments and investigates agencies and policies and makes recommendations on almost every aspect of government
Publicity
Getting attention on a specific matter.
Litigation
Going to court to get a specific ruling on a case.
Pennsylvania's government was considered "radically democratic" because it featured no
Governor
Political Equality
Granting equal citizenship to all members of the state,and also, to ensure conditions that allow the citizens to participate in the affairs of the state
By 1776, eight states
Had written constitutions
Who was the youngest delegate at the Constitutional Convention at the age of thirty?
Hamilton
Department of Justice
Has responsibility for all aspects of law enforcement
Incumbents
Have fundraising advantages over challenges, can use their power to get programs passed or funds spent to benefit their districts
Department of Labor
Helps workers get fair wages and working conditions, operates job training programs, applies unemployment insurance and workers' compensation programs.
To put down Shay's Rebellion, the governor of Massachusetts
Hired a volunteer army with private funds
Senate judiciary committee
Holds confirmation hearings for the nominations for federal judges by the president.
impeachment
House action that formally charges an official with wrongdoing. Conviction requires 2/3 vote from the Senate.
ways and means
House committee that writes the tax code
The central issue in the framing of the U.S. Constitution was that of
How strong to make the national government
Intensity
How strongly an individual feels about something. A psychological advantage that can be enjoyed by small/large groups.
what is the first step in analysis of social welfare policies
Identify a social issue or problem
PMs office: small, they cannot keep track of everything
If a Cabinet of 25-30 cannot keep track, how can one PM? 100-120 civil servants compared to Treasury's employing of 1000s of civil servants. (Treasury: one of Cabinet's departments)
Entitlement program
If you meet the requirements your entitled the benefits
If people receive medical care directly form a public social welfare program they are recipients of
In Kind benefits
Quasi-legislative agencies
Independent agencies who have the responsibility for filling in gaps from legislation and writing rules
Congress has ______________, defines by the Constitution, that it can exercise without regard to presidential preferences
Independent powers
Congress can ______,________,__________ or _________________, and they share with the president supervision of the administrative agencies of the government
Initiate, modify, approve, or reject laws
What is an institutional approach to social welfare policy
Institutional approach is before the problem social welfare programs are seen as a normal part of the social structure Institutional social welfare policy orivudubg servuce as a legitimate function of society
Policy Networks
Interaction in a common policy area among lobbyists, elected officials, staff personnel, bureaucrats, journalists, and private sector experts.
Bipartisan
Involving two political parties.
How does iron triangles and issue networks foster democratic principles?
Iron triangles and issue networks foster democratic principles because they are among the most popular subjects in politics
What happens to a bill immediately after it is introduced in the House?
It is numbered.
What is the effect of a Presidential veto? How can Congress respond?
It is sent back to the house it originated in with a veto message. Can be passed over the president's veto by congress by a 2/3 vote.
Which of the following statements about the Declaration of Independence is CORRECT?
It was essentially a lawyer's brief justifying a revolution
The delegate at the Constitutional Convention suggested that the president be elected directly by the people
James Wilson
The Constitutional Convention delegates' defense of liberty as a natural right was derived from the writings of the philosopher
John Locke
judiciary committee
Key Senate committee that is responsible for recommending presidential judicial appointments to the full Senate for approval.
This group is not protected by civil rites
LGBT (Lesbian , gay, bisexual and transgender rights
James Madison's main argument in favor of a federalist position stated in Federalist No. 10 and No. 51, was in defense of
Large republics
All of the following were true of the government under the Articles of Confederation EXCEPT
Larger states had more votes in the national legislature
Amicus Curiae Briefs
Legal briefs submitted by a "friend of the court" for the purpose of raising additional points of view and presenting information not contained in the briefs of the formal parties. These briefs attempt to influence a court's decisions.
25 amendment
Legislation that specifies the conditions and order of succession to the presidency and vice presidency when the president leaves office before completion of his term
Laissez-faire
Let the economy fix itself
The principal goal of the American Revolution was
Liberty
What is cloture and why is it hard to achieve?
Limiting debate. There is a large procedure. Also senators hesitate because they have dedication to the tradition of free debate and they have a worry that the frequent use of cloture will undercut the value of the filibuster that they may someday want to use.
Checks and Balances
Limits imposed on all branches of a government by vesting in each branch the right to amend or void those acts of another that fall within its purview
22nd Amendment
Limits the president to two terms.
Working poor
Living off minimum wage, has a job but can't support
Who introduced a set of twelve proposals to the First Congress from which the eventual Bill of Rights would be ratified?
Madison
_________________-_________________ districts have increased the power of Africa's American and Latino members as senior leaders in Congress, especially on committees
Majority-minority
Informal Powers of the President
Make executive agreements, issue executive orders, and make legislative proposals.
Parliament once in legislature, find that they can _________________ _________________—whether or not they support the government
Make only one important decision
Image Making
Making an effort to have a good public reputation.
Department of the Interior
Manages and protects the nations public lands and natural resources
Department of Agriculture
Manages national parks, inspects food, assists farmers and ranchers, administers food stamps and school lunch programs.
Department of the Interior
Manages public lands, wildlife refugees, and national parks. Helps native americans manage their affairs and operates hydroelectric power plants.
Department of Defense
Manages the armed forces
Department of Transportation
Manages the nations highways, railroads, airlines, and sea traffic
Moderate
Many are dillusioned with big government programs, general belief that politics has become too partisan and too shrill, look to leadership by individuals and common sense policies, and have grown weary of the bickering and like solution-oriented policies.
Which statement most accurately summarizes the aftermath of the American Revolution?
Many cities were in ruins, many farmers owned large debts, and the British were still a powerful presence
Government health insurances
Medicaid- low income must mert gov. Requirment Medicare- 65 years or older Affordable healthcare act- for someone who doesnt qualify for the other healthcares
To create majority-minority districts, many racial and ethnic groups need to be packed into a single district, and as a result, surrounding districts typically have fewer racial and ethnic minorities. 2 consequences:
Members in surrounding districts have less incentive to respond to the needs of minority voters, these districts are less likely to elect Democrats to office
Parliament insists that all _________________ _________________. Someone refuses and they are not denominated in the next election
Members of the party vote together on almost all issues
In Federalist No. 10 and No. 51, Madison argued in favor of a large republic, which went against the ideas of this political philosopher
Montesquieu
Spin
Name given to political consultants who try to shape the story or actions of their clients to the media in a positive manner.
Each state would have had an equal number of votes in the legislature under the
New Jersey Plan
Love canal
Niagra falls late 60's people buried their trash and people we're getting sick
In 1776, one important reason that colonists regarded independence as a desirable alternative was that they
No longer had confidence that the British government would protect their liberties
Work fare trap
Not willing to give up gov. Check for a lower paying job.
Executive Departments
Often called the Cabinet departments, they are the traditional units of federal administration.
divided government
One party controls the White House and another party controls one or both houses of Congress
News Making/ Newsmakers
One whose actions make the headlines of news reports; one who effects the course of public discourse.
Department of Housing and Urban Development
Operates home financing and public housing and enforces fair housing laws.
Movements
Organizations of individuals that share a political idea or point of view but feel they cannot work through government.
Interest Groups
Organizations of individuals that share a political idea or political point of view and seek to influence policy through government.
527s
Organizations under section 527 of the Internal Revenue Code, raise and spend money to advance political causes
Department of Homeland Security
Oversees America's defenses against terrorist attack
in and outers
People who alternate between jobs in the federal government and employment in the private sector
How are the two plans different?
Perhaps the most important of these was introduced by the Connecticut Compromise, which established a bicameral legislature with the U.S. House of Representatives apportioned by population, as desired by the Virginia Plan, and the Senate granted equal votes per state, as desired by the New Jersey Plan.
Political/ Media Consultant
Person who specializes in running a political campaign.
Discharge petition
Petition that, if signed by majority of the House of Representatives' members, will pry a bill from committee and bring it to the floor for consideration.
Relative to the notion of democratic government, the Supereme Court's power of judicial review
Places limits on majority rule
Department of State
Plans and carries out the nations foriegn policies
Agenda Setting
Policy goals typically set by political parties.
Marginally poor
Poor but still looking for a job
The Great Compromise finally allocated representation on the basis of
Population in the House and statehood equality in the Senate
rule of propinquity
Power is wielded by people who are in the room when a decision is made.
Appointment Power
Power to appoint office positions, ex: cabinet members, Attorney General, U.S. Marshals, ambassador. REQUIRES Senate approval.
Reserved Powers
Powers given to the states and not the federal government by the United States Constitution
Concurrent Powers
Powers in nations with a federal system of government that are shared by both the states and the federal government
Delegated Powers
Powers of Congress expressed in Article 1, Section 8
Implied Powers
Powers of the federal government not specifically listed in the Constitution
Enumerated Powers
Powers of the federal government that are specifically addressed by the Constitution
Expressed power
Powers that ARE specifically listed in the Constitution,
Inherent Powers
Powers that a sovereign entity can assume to have as a necessity to the working ability of the governme nt or office
Issue Framing
Presenting an issue in a way that will likely get the most agreement from others
presidential system
President and legislators are separately elected and serve fixed terms.
25th Amendment
Presidential Succession; Vice Presidential Vacancy; Presidential Inability
White House Office
Presidential staff who oversee the policy interests of the president
Explain how the president can implement a policy agenda.
Presidents use powers and functions of the office to accomplish a policy agenda -think of the formal and informal powers he has and what they do
semi presidential systems
Prime ministers are selected and subject to removal by parliamentary majority as well as a president who is separately elected.
parliamentary system
Prime ministers are selected by legislative majority and can be removed by same.
Gerrymandering
Process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power.
Gatekeeper
Process through which information is filtered for dissemination, whether for publication, broadcasting, the Internet, or some other mode of communication.
Department of Treasury
Produces money, collects taxes, borrows money and manages debt, and enforces alcohol, tobacco, and firearms laws.
Congress _____________ that they will "clean up that mess" and not tell people that they don't know how Congress was created and organized
Promises
Department of Energy
Promotes production of renewable energy, fossil fuels, and nuclear energy. Transmits and sells hydroelectric power. Conducts nuclear weapons research and production.
Department of Justice
Prosecutes those accused of violating federal law, enforces federal laws operates federal prisons, represents the U.S. in court, and provides legal advice to the President.
Department of Education
Provides advice and funding for schools
Department of Defense
Provides military support/force to deter war and protect the nation's security.
Rule 22
Provides that debate in the Senate could be cut off of 2/3rds of the Senators present and voting agreed to a cloture motion
Lobbying
Providing information to policymakers in order to influence decisions.
The job of the legislative leader
Pushes political agenda (recommends legislation to Congress), bargains and persuade leaders, makes speeches to support his programs/policies, signs, vetoes, or pocket legislation, calls special sessions
Rule Making
Refers to the process that executive and independent agencies use to create, or promulgate, regulations.
Sources of conflict
Relationship with Congress
The nature of the amendment process has probably kept the amendments added to the U.S. Constitution
Relatively few in number
The goal of the Framers of the U.S. Constitution was to create a(n)
Republic based on a system of representation
How do regulatory agencies work to protect society?
Responsible for exercising autonomous authority over some area of human activity in a regulatory or supervisory capacity
Quasi-judicial agencies
Responsible for rule enforcement and punishing violators
Which state refused to send a delegate to the Constitutional Convention?
Rhode Island
Under the Articles of Confederation, the national government could
Run the post office
The food stamp program was renamed as
SNAP (Supplemental Nutrition and Assistance Program
public assistance for poor elderly persons falls under
SSI Supplemental Security Income 65 or disabled
Order of bureaucracy
Secretary of department, under secretary, senior executive service
The Declaration of Independence explicitly stated that governments were instituted among men to
Secure rights
The American version of representative democracy is based on two major principles: ___ and ___.
Separation of powers; federalism
What are selective social welfare programs
Services are restricted to those who can demonstrate need, through established eligibility criteria Provided to only those recipients who are identified as incapable of providing for themselves
circular structure
Several of the president's assistants report directly to him
ad hoc structure
Several subordinates, cabinet officers, and committees report directly to the president on different matters
Sound Bite
Short video clips of about 15 seconds, which are typically all that is shown from a politician's speech or activities on TV news.
Attentive Public
Small groups of people who follow one or more particular issue very closely.
What programs does the Social Security Act include?
Social Insurance Public assistance
The Social Welfare System can be viewed as what four components?
Social Issues Policy Goals legislation and regulation social welfare systems
what programs were parts of the New Deal Social Welfare policy?
Social Security act of 1935 Social insurance Public assistance federal emergency relief act (fera) civilian conservation corps (ccc) works progress administration (wpa)
Driving on an interstate highway is a form of what
Social Welfare System
The "state of nature" refers to
Society without government
When EPA was established
Some businesses left the country
Benefits of the bureaucracy
Specific standards and regulations of work and output that make sure no matter your role or position within the hierarchy all must obey the same rules.
What did the plan purpose?
States should have all equal number of representatives
Department of Commerce
Supervises trade, promotes US tourism and business
The largest and most well known public assistance program
TANF
Broadcasting
Television and radio, covering all topics.
Mass Media
Television, radio, newspapers, magazines, and other means of popular communication.
B
Temporary committees appointed for the specific purpose of investigating a particular issue are called A. joint committees B. select committees C. standing committees D. investigating committees E. compromise committees
Equality was a goal of
The French Revolution
The _________________ of _________________: always powerful, in some periods, it has given its leader —the ________— a lot of power. Other periods has given most of that power to the chairs of the House committees. Other times, allowed individual members to acquire great influence.
The House of Representatives
What did the New Jersey plan argue for?
The New Jersey Plan was one option as to how the United States would be governed. The Plan called for each state to have one vote in Congress instead of the number of votes being based on population. It was introduced to the Constitutional Convention by William Paterson, a New Jersey delegate, on June 15, 1787.
What is the Reason for the New Jersey Plan?
The New Jersey Plan was therefore formulated by delegates from the small states providing alternative ideas for a new government system as a response to the Virginia Plan to prevent the large states becoming too powerful.
Super PACs
The Super PAC is like a traditional PAC (Political Action Committee) without many of the restrictions. For instance, a Super PAC can raise and spend unlimited amounts of money for the sole purpose of supporting or opposing political candidates. A Super PAC can directly attack a political candidate. The only caveat is that a Super PAC is not allowed to coordinate directly with candidates or political parties.
The New Jersey Plan was a reaction by some states primarily to the fear that
The Virginia Plan gave too much power to populous states
Distribution
The action of sharing something out among a number of recipients
Democratic Consensus
The application of consensus decision-making to the process of legislation in a democracy. It is characterized by a decision-making structure which involves and takes into account as broad a range of opinions as possible.
legislative veto
The authority of Congress to block a presidential action after it has taken place
Legislative veto
The authority of Congress to block a presidential action after it has taken place. The Supreme Court has held that Congress does not have this power
appointment power
The authority vested in the president to fill a government office or position. Positions filled by presidential appointment include those in the executive branch and the federal judiciary, commissioned officers in the armed forces, and members of the independent regulatory commissions.
To what degree is the bureaucracy able to maintain political neutrality?
The bureaucracy may be led by political appointees but all worknis done by public employees who may or may not have any political feelings
tinker v des moines
The case that ruled that students do not lose Constitutional rights when they entered the building but they can be limited if they cause a disruption
Head of State
The ceremonial head/representative of the United States.
Prime Minister
The chief executive in a parliamentary system who is chosen by the legislature.
Explain how communication technology has changed the president's relationship with the national constituency and the other branches.
The communication impact of the presidency can be demonstrated through such factors as: ▶ Modern technology, social media, and rapid response to political issues ▶ Nationally broadcast State of the Union messages and the president's bully pulpit used as tools for agenda setting
Explain how communication technology has changed the president's relationship with the national constituency and the other branches.
The communication impact of the presidency can be demonstrated through such factors as: -Modern technology, social media, and rapid response to political issues -Nationally broadcast State of the Union messages and the president's bully pulpit used as tools for agenda setting (relating to other branches)
Who wrote and proposed the New Jersey Plan?
The delegates of the small states of New Jersey, Connecticut, New York, and Delaware agreed the New Jersey Plan which had been drafted by William Paterson. It was proposed to the Constitutional Convention by William Paterson on June 15, 1787. William Paterson (1745 - 1806) was a lawyer and the Governor of Virginia who introduced and defended the New Jersey Plan to the Convention's delegates. William Paterson believed in the predominance of law over governments.
Decentralists
The distribution of the administrative functions or powers of (a central authority) among several local authorities
Public Opinion
The distribution of the population's beliefs about politics and policy issues.
Plurality
The excess of votes received by the leading candidate
Examples of regulatory agencies
The federal trade commission, the securities and exchange commission, the nuclear regulatory commission, the Federal Communications Commission, the FDA (food and drug administration), the federal energy regulatory commission, and occupational safety and health administration
pocket veto
The form of veto in which the president fails to sign a bill passed by both houses and Congress has adjourned during that time
perks
The fringe benefits of holding an office
How does the bureaucracy act to implement the intent of Congress?
The government bureaucracy is responsible for implementing congressional laws
independent agency
The government not accounted for by cabinet departments, independent regulatory agencies, and government corporations. Its administrators are typically appointed by the president and serve at the president's pleasure. NASA is an example.
Libertarian
The group of political philosophies that advocates minimizing coercion and emphasizes freedom, liberty, and voluntary association. Libertarians generally advocate a society with a small government compared to most present day societies.
cabinet
The heads of the 15 executive branch departments of the federal government
Government
The institutions and processes through which public policies are made for society
Policy Agenda
The issues that attract the serious attention of public officials and other people actually involved in politics at any given point in time
Why did the smaller states like this plan more?
The larger states favored the Virginia Plan. According to the Virginia Plan, each state would have a different number of representatives based on the state's population. The smaller states favored the New Jersey Plan. .This two-house legislature plan worked for all states and became known as the Great Compromise.
Sampling Error
The level of confidence in the findings of a public opinion poll. The more people interviewed, the more confidence one can be of the results.
Responsibilities of majority and minority leader senate
The majority and minority leaders are the elected spokesmen on the Senate floor for their respective political parties, having been elected by their fellow Senators of the same party to whom they are responsible
Quorum
The minimum number of members who must be present to permit a legislative body to take official action
Social Mobility
The movement of individuals or groups in social position over time
Revolving Door
The movement of personnel between roles as legislators and regulators and the industries affected by the legislation and regulation
Confederation
The national government is weak and most or all of the power is in the hands of the individual components
Office of Management and Budget
The organization responsible for preparing the federal budget and for central clearance of legislative proposals from federal agencies
Explain how the Electoral College impacts democratic participation.
The party representing the candidate who wins that particular state on Election Day will make their electors want to cast their votes for their candidate.
fiscal federalism
The pattern of spending, taxing, and providing grants in the federal system; it is the cornerstone of the national government's relations with state and local governments.
Selective Perception
The phenomenon that people often pay the most attention to things they already agree with and interpret them according to their own predispositions.
line-item veto
The power of an executive to veto some provisions in an appropriations bill while approving others. The president does not have the right to exercise a line-item veto and must approve or reject an entire appropriations bill.
line item veto
The power of some governors (and the president in a limited way between 1996 and 1998) to veto portions of a bill instead of having to veto the entire bill
Judicial Review
The power of the courts to determine whether acts of Congress, and by implication, the executive, are in accord with the Constitution
enumerated powers
The powers explicitly given to Congress in the Constitution.
Bicameralism
The practice of having two legislative or parliamentary chambers compromise bills
patronage
The practice of rewarding faithful party workers and followers with government employment and contracts
Executive privilege
The president assertion of the right to withhold certain info from Congress
Speaker
The presiding officer of the House of Representatives and the leader of his or her party in the House
Separation of Powers
The principle or system of vesting in separate branches the executive, legislative, and judicial powers of a government
Policymaking system
The process by which political problems are communicated by the voters and added upon by government policymakers
Politics
The process by which we select our governmental leaders and what policies are pursued
Decentralization
The process of dispersing decision-making governance closer to the people and/or citizens
Privatization
The process of transferring ownership of a business, enterprise, agency, public service or public property from the public sector (a government) to the private sector
Selective Retention
The process when people more accurately remember messages that are closer to their interests, values and beliefs, than those that are in contrast with their values and beliefs, selecting what to keep in the memory, narrowing the informational flow
What are Social Welfare Programs
The products or outcomes of Social Welfare Policies
legislative veto
The rejection of a presidential or administrative action by a vote of one or both houses within ten days and Congress has adjourned during that time
executive privilege
The right of executive officials to withhold information from or to refuse to appear before a legislative committee
Watchdog
The role played by the national media in investigating political personalities and exposing scandals.
Scorekeeper
The role the press plays by keeping track of and helping make political reputations, note who is being mentioned as a presidential candidate, and help decide who is winning and losing in Washington politics.
unified government
The same party controls the White House and both houses of Congress
Salience
The state or condition of being prominent.
Demographics
The statistical data of a population, especially those showing average age, income, education, etc.
Devolution
The statutory granting of powers from the central government of a sovereign state to government at a subnational level, such as a regional, local, or state level.
Horse Race Coverage
The tendency of the media to report on an election campaign as if it were a horse race
Halo Effect
The tendency to like (or dislike) everything about a person-including things you have not observed-is known as the halo effect The halo effect is a good name for a common bias that plays a large role in shaping our view of people and situations.
Investigative Journalism
The use of in depth reporting to unearth scandals, scams, and schemes, which at times puts reporters in adversarial relationships with political leaders.
Members of Congress are more concerned with __________________and _______________ than with the interests of any organized party or program of action
Their own constituencies and careers
Explain how campaign organizations and strategies affect the election process.
These things can determine how the "swing states" will vote which may determine the results of the election as well as will determine who votes for which candidates. These can determine which states the candidates are really going to focus on and what their stances on certain issues on can also contribute to the outcome.
The Framers chose to place legislative powers in the hands of Congress because:
They did not want to have all powers concentrated and they knew the states were jealous of their independents and would never consent to a national constitution if it did not protect their interests and strike a reasonable balance between large and small states
Businesses dislike to clean up hazardous areas
They said they didn't have to do it before so why do they have to do it now
House judiciary committee
This House standing committee deals with legal issues and is where any impeachment proceedings of a federal official begins.
NIMBY
This pollution is a problem we need to take care of it
How doe presidents control their policy preferences through the bureaucracy?
Through speeches, and the bully pulpit
Grass-Roots Lobbying
Train active members to lobby. Grassroots lobbying is an approach that separates itself from direct lobbying through the act of asking the general public to contact legislators and government officials concerning the issue at hand, as opposed to conveying the message to the legislators directly.
T/F - A republic is a government in which a system of representation operates
True
T/F - George Washington believed the country could survive only with a strong national government
True
T/F - Rhode Island refused to send delegates to the Constitutional Convention
True
T/F - Shay's Rebellion was put down by privately hired army
True
T/F - The Federalist Papers were written in order to mobilize support for the Constitution
True
T/F - The Great Compromise reconciled the interests of the small and large states over representation
True
Department of Homeland Security
US federal agency created in 2002 to coordinate national efforts against terrorism. In charge of: · emergency preparedness and response · Border and transportation security · Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear defense · Information analysis and infrastructure protection
23rd Amendment changes
Unit 1961 the District of Columbia I had no electoral votes and the president can serve for 2 terms or 10 years
what is an example of public education
Universal Institutional Services Available to all resources and quality of education may vary
22nd Amendment changes
Until FDR presidents traditionally served no more than 2 terms
Unemployment
Usually lasts 26 weeks
Representative Democracy (Republic)
Variety of democracy based on representatives rather than direct democracy
trustee
View of presidential decision making which stresses what the public interest requires
delegate
View of the presidential decision-making which stresses what the public wants
This plan presented at the Constitutional Convention called for a bicameral legislative body with states' representation in each house based on population
Virginia Plan
What are fundamental problems that the House faces
Wants to be big and powerful, members want to be powerful as individuals and as a group.
PMs affected by their personal popularity, election results, and party position
Weaker PMs not able to use powers to same extent as a strong PM. Cabinet: has no such perception from the public.
environmental racism
When you have a low income area to dump your waste
Popular Consent
Where people give permission to be ruled so as to receive protection
Big question dealing with hazardous waste
Where to put it after you find it
A
Which legislative tactic is most effectively used only in the Senate? A. filibustering B. logrolling C. caucuses D. riders E. port barrel legislation
C
Which of the following best describes a non-legislative power of Congress? A. power to declare war B. power to tax C. impeachment power D. power to regulate commerce E. power to make all laws which are necessary and proper
D
Which of the following is NOT true of members of Congress A. Members of Congress act as policymakers and make public policy through the passage of legislation B. Members of Congress are constituent servants C. Members of Congress work to support their political party platform D After listening to constituents, members vote based on the opinions of those constituents, that is, they become the trustee of the constituent E. Members of Congress serve on committees
C
Which of the following is NOT true of the Congress? A. Each house determines its own leadership and rules B. Terms of Congress last for 2 years C. Congress is unicameral in nature D. Only the president may call special sessions of Congress E. A session of Congress begins on January 3 of odd-numbered years
C
Which of the following is not considered to be a contributing factor to the incumbency effect? A. name recognition voting record C. educational background D. experience in campaigning E. visibility to constituents
A
Which of the following is true about the officers of the House of Representatives? A. It is the responsibility of the party whip to keep track of vote counts and pressure members to vote with the party B. The presiding officer is the majority leader C. Minority leaders direct floor debates D. The major duty of the majority leader is to assign bills to committee E. The whip serves as the major assistant to the speaker in determining the party's legislative program
E
Which of the following would not be a step that a proposed bill would encounter on its journey through Congress? A. The bill is debated B. The bill is voted on, at which time it may pass or be defeated C. The bill may be assigned to a subcommittee D. The bill is numbered E. The bill is introduced by a member of the Congress or by a member of the executive department
Department of Health and Human Services
Work for the health and well being of all Americans
What were the Elizabethan Poor laws as worthy of assistance categorized as?
Worthy Poor and Unworthy Poor
Non-point source pollution
You don't know where it came from
Permanently poor
You have given up looking for a job
Point source pollution
You know where it came from
In general, Congress is most likely to defer to the President: a In the area of foreign policy b In the area of fiscal policy c In the area of social policy d Late in the President's term e When the economy is strong
a
Pocket veto
a bill fails to become law because the president did not sign it within ten days before Congress adjourns
iron triangle
a close relationship between an agency, a congressional committee, and an interest group
Voice vote
a congressional voting procedure in which members shout "yea" in approval or "nay" in disapproval, permitting members to vote quickly or anonymously on bills
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
a cross-national military organization with bases in Belgium and Germany formed to maintain stability in Europe
liberal internationalism
a foreign policy approach of becoming proactively engaged in world affairs by cooperating in a community of nations
isolationism
a foreign policy approach that advocates a nation's staying out of foreign entanglements and keeping to itself
foreign policy
a government's goals in dealing with other countries or regions and the strategy used to achieve them
electoral college
a group selected by the states to elect the president and the vice-president, in which each state's number of electors is equal to the number of its senators and representatives in Congress
bill of attainder
a legislative act finding a person guilty of treason or felony without a trial
Bicameral
a legislature consisting of two parts, or houses; the senate and the house of representatives
issue network
a network of people in Washington , based interest groups, on congressional staffs, in universities and think tanks, and in mass media who regularly discuss and advocate public policies
Standing committee
a permanent committee
Way of means committee
a permanent committee of the United States House of Representatives that makes recommendations to the US House on all bills that would raise revenue
secretary
a person who is head of an administrative department of government
free trade
a policy in which a country allows the unfettered flow of goods and services between itself and other countries
protectionism
a policy in which a country does not permit other countries to sell goods and services within its borders or charges them very high tariffs (import taxes) to do so
neo-isolationism
a policy of distancing the United States from the United Nations and other international organizations, while still participating in the world economy
selective engagement
a policy of retaining a strong military presence and remaining engaged across the world
All of the following statements pertaining to the presidential veto are true EXCEPT Congress overrides fewer than ten percent of presidential vetoes A vetoed bill is often revised and passed in another form Presidents often threaten to veto bills to increase their leverage with Congress A president may veto part of a bill Congress often places provisions the President wants into a bill the President dislikes to make a veto less likely
a president can veto part of a bill
presidential veto
a president's authority to reject a bill passed by Congress; may only be overridden by a two-thirds majority in each house
signing statements
a presidential document that reveals what the president thinks of a new law and how it ought to be enforced, congress doesn't like
Bill
a proposed law
Private bill
a proposed law that deals only with specific, private, personal, or local matters.
Public bill
a proposed law that deals with matters of general concern
Joint resolution
a resolution that is passed by both houses of congress
Quorum call
a roll call in either house of Congress to see whether the minimum number of representatives required to conduct business is present
balance of power
a situation in which no one nation or region is much more powerful militarily than any other in the world
bureaucracy
a system of departments and agencies formed to carry out the work of government. EX: McDonalds
Filibuster
a tactic for delaying or obstructing legislation by making long speeches, 60 members of the house can stop this.
Conference committee
a temporary joint committee set up when the House and the Senate have passed different versions of the same bill
conference committee
a temporary joint committee set up when the House and the Senate have passed different versions of the same bill
Party polarization
a vote in which a majority of Democratic legislators oppose a majority of Republican legislators
Explain how congressional behavior is influenced by election processes, partisanship, and divided government.
a: Congressional behavior and governing effectiveness are influenced by: ▶ Ideological divisions within Congress that can lead to gridlock or create the need for negotiation and compromise ▶ Gerrymandering, redistricting, and unequal representation of constituencies that have increased partisanship and decreased accountability, partially addressed by such Court decisions as the "one-person, one-vote" ruling in Baker v. Carr (1961) and the no- racial-gerrymandering decision in Shaw v. Reno (1993). ▶ Elections that have led to a "divided government," including partisan votes against presidential initiatives and congressional refusal to confirm appointments of "lame-duck" presidents of the opposite party.
Explain how the exercise of judicial review in conjunction with life tenure can lead to controversy about the legitimacy of the Supreme Court's power.
a: Controversial or unpopular court decisions can lead to challenges of the court's legitimacy and power which Congress and the president can address only through future appointments, legislation changing the court's jurisdiction, or refusing to implement decisions. b: Controversy about the Supreme Court's power is illustrated by the ongoing debate over judicial activism versus judicial restraint.
Explain how the federal bureaucracy uses delegated discretionary authority for rule making and implementation.
a: Discretionary and rule- making authority to implement policy are given to bureaucratic agencies such as: ▶ U.S. Department of Agriculture ▶ U.S. Department of Defense ▶ U.S. Department of Homeland Security ▶ U.S. Department ofTransportation ▶ U.S. Department of State ▶ U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs ▶ U.S. Department of Education
Explain the extent to which governmental branches can hold the bureaucracy accountable given the competing interests of Congress, the president, and the federal courts.
a: Formal and informal powers of Congress, the president, and the courts over the bureaucracy are used to maintain its accountability.
Explain how presidents have interpreted and justified their use of formal and informal powers.
a: Justifications for a single executive are set forth in Federalist No. 70. b:Term-of-office and constitutional-power restrictions, including the passage of the 22nd Amendment, demonstrate changing presidential roles. c: Different perspectives on the presidential role, ranging from a limited to a more expansive interpretation and use of power, continue to be debated in the context of contemporary events.
Explain how Congress uses its oversight power in its relationship with the executive branch.
a: Oversight and methods used by Congress to ensure that legislation is implemented as intended are represented by: ▶ Committee hearings ▶ Power of the purse b: As a means to curtail the use of presidential power, "congressional oversight" serves as a check of executive authorization and appropriation.
Explain how the president ensures that executive branch agencies and departments carry out their responsibilities in concert with the goals of the administration.
a: Presidential ideology, authority, and influence affect how executive branch agencies carry out the goals of the administration b: Compliance monitoring can pose a challenge to policy implementation.
Explain how presidential powers or functions can promote a policy agenda.
a: Presidents use powers and functions of the office to accomplish a policy agenda. b: Formal and informal powers of the president are represented by: ▶ Vetoes and pocket vetoes - formal powers that enable the president to check Congress ▶ Treaties and executive agreements - formal powers to influence relations with foreign nations ▶ Bargaining and persuasion - informal power that enables the president to secure congressional action ▶ Executive orders - implied from the president's vested "executive power," or from power delegated by Congress, executive orders allow the president to manage the federal government ▶ Signing statements - informal power that informs Congress and the public of the president's interpretation of laws passed by Congress and signed by the president
Explain how the bureaucracy carries out the responsibilities of the federal government.
a:Tasks performed by departments, agencies, commissions, and government corporations are represented by: ▶ Writing and enforcing regulations ▶ Issuing fines ▶ Testifying before Congress ▶ Issue networks and "iron triangles" b: Political patronage, civil service, and merit system reforms all impact the effectiveness of the bureaucracy by promoting professionalism, specialization, and neutrality.
Compare the Senate and House of Representatives in terms of how constituencies, lawmaking authority, and chamber rules and roles affect the policy- making process.
a:The Senate is designed to represent states equally, while the House is designed to represent the population. b: Different chamber sizes and constituencies influence formality of debate. c: Coalitions in Congress are affected by term-length differences. d:Though both chambers rely on committees to conduct hearings and debate bills under consideration, different constitutional responsibilities of the House and Senate affect the policy-making process.e: Chamber-specific procedures, rules, and roles that impact the policy-making process include: ▶ Number of chamber and debate rules that set the bar high for building majority support ▶ Roles of Speaker of the House, party leadership, and committee leadership in both chambers ▶ Filibuster and cloture ▶ Holds and unanimous consent in the Senate ▶ Role of Rules Committee, Committee of the Whole, and discharge petitions in the House ▶ Treaty ratification and confirmation role of the U.S. Senate ▶ Differing role conceptions of "trustee," "delegate," and "politico" as related to constituent accountability in each chamber f: Pork barrel legislation and logrolling affect lawmaking in both chambers.
Describe the powers and functions of Congress.
a:The enumerated and implied powers in the Constitution allow the creation of public policy by Congress, which includes: ▶ Passing a federal budget, raising revenue, and coining money ▶ Declaring war and maintaining the armed forces ▶ Enacting legislation that addresses a wide range of economic, environmental, and social issues based on the Necessary and Proper Clause
Explain the principle of judicial review and how it checks the power of other institutions and state governments.
a:The foundation for powers of the judicial branch and how its independence checks the power of other institutions and state governments are set forth in: ▶ Article III of the Constitution ▶ Federalist No. 78 ▶ Marbury v. Madison (1803) b: Precedents and stare decisis play an important role in judicial decision making.
Explain how the president's agenda can create tension and frequent confrontations with Congress.
a:The potential for conflict with the Senate depends upon the type of executive branch appointments, including: ▶ Cabinet members ▶ Ambassadors ▶ White House staff b: Senate confirmation is an important check on appointment powers, but the president's longest lasting influence lies in life-tenured judicial appointments. c: Policy initiatives and executive orders promoted by the president often lead to conflict with the congressional agenda.
A liberal perspective toward social welfare policy emphasized
active involvement by the federal government in social welfare
The primary function of the White House staff is to initiate policy advise the president represent the bureaucratic agencies provide information to the Office of Management and Budget act as a liaison/go-between with members of Congress regarding policy
advise the president
executive departments
agencies of the federal government responsible for carrying out laws, administering programs, and making regulations in their particular area of responsibility
Treaties
agreements w/ foreign Head of State, must be approved by the Senate w/ a 2/3 vote.
the jacksonians
altered the relationship between the president and congress and the nature of presidential leadership, demonstrated what a popular president could do, 12 vetoes, none overridden
Filibuster
an attempt to defeat a bill in the Senate by talking indefinitely, thus preventing the Senate from taking action on the bill
line item veto
an executives ability to block a particular provision in a bill passed by legislature, president does not have this power, must either accept or reject
treaty
an international agreement entered by the United States that requires presidential negotiation with other nation(s), consent by two-thirds of the Senate, and final ratification by the president
sole executive agreement
an international agreement that is not a treaty and that is negotiated and approved by the president acting alone
congressional executive agreement
an international agreement that is not a treaty and that is negotiated by the president and approved by a simple majority of the House and Senate
United Nations (UN
an international organization of nation-states that seeks to promote peace, international relations, and economic and environmental programs
Open rule
an order from the House Rules Committee that permits a bill to be amended on the floor
Closed rule
an order from the House Rules Committee that sets a time limit on debate; forbids a bill from being amended on the floor
Restrictive rule
an order issued by the house Committee that permits some amendments to a bill but not to others
A trend in recent cabinet appointments has been to include those with independent followings. appoint both Democrats and Republicans. include those without political followings. appoint party leaders and workers. appoint former judges and lawyers.
appoint those without political followings
Reponsibilities of speaker of house
appoints select committees and refers bills to committee. The real power behind the position, is he or she can essentially decide which bill gets a passage through the House and which bill can be killed off.As the presiding officer, he or she recognises those members who wish to speak. He or she also interprets and applies the rules of the House and he or she decides the order in which business is conducted during the day
power president shares with congress as a whole
approve legislation
Civil rights does not include rights that
are inherited
administrative procedure act
before adopting a new rule or policy, an agency must give notice, solicite comments, and often hold hearings
Franking privilege
benefit allowing members of Congress to mail letters and other materials postage-free
Independent Regulatory Commissions
bureaucracies with broad presidential oversight, regulatory commissions are given an extraordinary degree of independence to act as watchdogs over the federal government
what does the cirtical theory model of analysis stresses
calls for action calls for social change to even out power imbalances
Committee on Postponed Matters
came up with the idea of the electoral college to choose the president
Baker v. Carr
case that established one man one vote. this decision created guidelines for drawing up congresional districts and guaranteed a more equitable system of representation to the citizens of each state (one person one vote)
voucher is a cross between
cash assistance and in kind benefits
Pendleton act
changed from a patronage system to a merit system
The juvinilization and feminization of poverty refer to
children and women are the groups most likely to live in poverty
prime vs. president
chosen by party, chooses cabinet members from party, remains in power as long as party in is majority, always insiders, always have majority
This method of staff organization causes confusion and conflict among cabinet secretaries and assistants. Intuitive Pyramidal Circular Ad hoc Linear
circular
In this method of White House staff organization, used by Carter, cabinet secretaries and assistants reported directly to the president. Ad hoc structure Pyramid structure Circular structure Tubular structure Intuitive structure
circular structure
freedom of information act
citizens have the right to inspect all government records except those containing military, intelligence, or trade secrets or revealing private personnel actions
executive orders
clarifications of congressional policy issued by the president and having the full force of law
Subpoena power
commanding a person to appear at a certain time and place
based on the window of opportunity theory for an idea to become a public policy what elements must be present
compelling public problem a solution political support
red tape
complex bureaucratic rules and procedures that must be followed to get something done
Constituent
component, part; citizen, voter
appropriations committee
congressional committee that deals with federal spending
presidents try to turn popularity into
congressional support
The shift between public purpose and private interest in social welfare policy is explained by
cycles of history
A member of the House of Representatives who wishes to be influential in the House itself would most likely seek a place on which of the following committees? a Agriculture b District of Columbia c Public Works and Transportation d Rules e Veteran's Affairs
d
heirarchial authority
describes bureaucracy, built as pyramid, chain of command running
Poverty in the United States
disportinal affects woman and younger head of households
if one feels a social obligation to provide agreed upon benefits to all citizens then one supports:
distributive justice
Malapportionment
drawing the boundaries of legislative districts so that they are unequal in population
open meeting law
every part of every agency meeting must be open to public unless certain matters are being discussed
brandenburg v ohio
extended freedom of speech to new limits. Threats of a KKK leader were deemed ok b/c of a failure to prove a real danger from them. Declared that speech is protected unless proven that actions directly incited the action
Explain how cultural factors influence political attitudes and socialization
family, where we grow up, and social media affect our attitudes toward our beliefs
charity society differs from settlements assistance by
focusing on the people
why did the electoral college work differently than expected
framers did not anticipate the role of political parties
privacy act
government files about individuals such as social security and tax records must be kept confidential
many people think divided gov causes
gridlock
presidential coattails
have had a declining effect for years and have minimal influence today
advantages constitution gives presidents
he and the VP are the only officials elected by the while nation, he is head of state as well as chief executive officer, can use national constituency and ceremonial duties to enlarge powers
attourney General
head of department of justice serves in cabinet
framers thought most elections would be decided by who
house of reps
pocket veto is doing what
if congress adjourns withing ten days of sending a bill to the president , if he doesnt act on it the measure dies, can only be used at the end of a congressional session
judges can be removed only by
impeachment
impeachment powers
indicted by house, conviction by senate
What is a residual approach to social welfare policy
is after a problem Calls for organized public interventions when the normal resources of family and the market place breakdown social services are required when a problem can not be addressed by individual resources
most common form of public assistance
is gov money from cash assistance
what is adjournment
it ends a meeting
most frequent subjects of impeachment
judges
public policies are passed into law through the legislative executive and what other branch
judicial
Homelessness is caused by a number of factors with recent growth primarily due to
lack of affordable housing
after the Civil War african americans
lacked access to education state and local rules economically and socially marginalized former slaves
president vs prime
leader, higher status, more staff and pay, choose cabinet members from anywhere, have no guaranteed majority in congress, often outsiders
what social welfare policies created and enacted through
legislation action executive orders judicial decisions influence of advocacy groups tribal governance campaigns
Pork-barrel legislation
legislation that gives tangible benefits to constituents in several districts or states in the hope of winning their votes in return
authorization legislation
legislative permission to begin or continue a government program or agency
presidents have ____ ability to decide what laws get passed than a prime minister
less
22 amendment
limits the number of terms a president may be elected to serve, 1951, before that just tradition of 2 terms
sign the bill is doing what
making a law which is what usually happens
Cloture motion
mechanism requiring sixty senators to vote to cut off debate. (only way to to end a filibuster.)
when does presidential popularity tend to decline
midterms, presidents party usually loses seats in congress in midterm elections
appropriation
money set aside (as by a legislature) for a specific purpose
Divided government is dangerous to American democracy. more common in modern times than unified government. more productive than unified government. a myth. always going to produce gridlock.
more common in modern times than unified government
poverty in America affects who?
more than 15% of population 20% children
why was establishing legitimacy in the early years easier?
national gov had relatively little to do besides establishing a sound currency
re emergence of congress
next century dominated, divided opinion, Lincoln expanded presidential powers, following Lincoln congress again became dominant branch until New Deal
does the constitution say anything about the president having to tell his principal advisers information
no
are popularity ratings always based on things the president can control?
no ex. 9/11
were vetoes used a lot early on?
no, very few
soft power
nonmilitary tools used to influence another country, such as economic sanctions
veto is doing what
not allow it to become law and then it goes back to congress and they can override if they get a 2/3rd vote in both houses, normally doesn't occur
allowing the bill to become a law by not acting on it is doing what
not signing or vetoing it within ten days except for sundays and this rarely happens
This important agency in the Executive Office of the President studies the organization and operations of the executive branch, devises plans for reorganizing various departments and agencies, develops ways of getting better information about government programs, and reviews proposals that cabinet departments want included in the president's legislative program. Council of Economic Advisers (CEA) Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) Government Accountability Office (GAO) Office of the U.S. Trade Representative (OUSTR)
omb
bureaucrat
one who works for a department or agency of the federal government—civil servant
VP empty job why
only presides over senate and votes incase of tie
gridlock is a necessary consequence of
our representative government
Social construction is a
paradigm
Concurrent resolution
passed by both houses of Congress and is not signed by the president and is not a law
The theory of a culture of poverty argues:
people are born poor and learn to remain poor
in and outers
people who move around government positions
Regulatory policy
policy that results in government control over individuals and businesses. Examples include protection of the environment and consumer protection
Marginal districts
political districts in which candidates elected to the house of representatives win in close elections, typically by less than 55 percent of the vote
10th amendment
power reserved to the states by the constitution
Implied powers
powers not specifically mentioned in the constitution
10 amendment
powers reserved to the states or people
According to the 25th Amendment, what happens if the Vice President's office is vacated during a President's term of office? The Speaker of the House becomes the Vice President the President pro tempore of the Senate becomes Vice President The Secretary of State becomes President The President appoints a Vice President with confirmation by a majority of both houses of Congress the office remains vacant until the next presidential election, when the President names a new vice presidential candidate
president appoints a vice president
constitution on impoundment
president does not have to spend funds appropriated by congress, all its says it can not spend money not appropriated by congress
Clinton v. Jones
president may be sued for actions taken before he became president
impoundment act
president must spend money that Congress has authorized and appropriated for a bill
only constitutional of the VP
president of the senate
what are signing statements
presidential additions to a measure, adding statement about the law, used to point out the constitutionality of the law to be enforced , or to direct the way the law will be enforced
impoundment of funds
presidential refusal to spend funds appropriated by Congress.
25 amendment
presidential succession, vice presidential vacancy, and presidential disability
honeymoon period
presidents popularity is highest immediately after an election
Chief Legislator
promotes or suggests legislation/laws
What are the forms of social welfare assistance
public assistance social insurance cash assistance in kind benefit vouchers entitlement social investment economic develoment
constitution and amendments include the format for
public elections
does congress frequently override vetoes?
rarely
does president know people he appoints?
rarely
Veto
reject a bill that prevent it from becoming a law
United States v. Nixon
rejected claim of absolute executive privilege.
budget reform act of 1974
requires the president to spend all appropriated funds unless he first tells congress which funds he wishes not to spend, and congress within 45 days agrees to delete the items, congress may refuse delays
Responsibilities of majority and minority leader house
responsible for scheduling legislation for floor consideration. The Majority Leader also helps plan daily, weekly, and annual legislative agendas; consults with Members to gauge the climate on particular issues; urges colleagues to support or defeat measures on the floor, and works to advance the goals of the majority party. Lastly, the majority leader is also responsible for monitoring floor activities,
how are people of bureaucracy chosen
selected by president, confirmed by senate
Charity organizations societies focuses on
services for individuals
four options for president
sign the bill, veto, allow the bill to become a law by not acting on it, pocket veto
why no one agreed when James Wilson proposed president elected by people
size of US made it unlikely that anybody could obtain popular majority
Incrementalism in social welfare policy development is
small changes to existing policies
Subcommittees
smaller orginizational units within committee that specialize in certan segments, divisions of existing committees formed to address specific issues
SS act of 1935 codified two parts of our social welfare system..
social insurance public assistance
What did the charity organizations societies and the settlement movement dominated the progressive era
social service system
what is an item line veto
special form of veto that authorizes a chief executive to reject particular provisions of a bill enacted by a legislature without vetoing the entire bill.
committee clearance
the ability of a committee to review and approve a certain agency's decisions in advance and without passing a law
franking privilege
the ability of members to mail letters to their constituents free of charge
line-item veto unconstitutional
the authority of chief executive to delete part of a bill passed by legislature that involves taxing/spending
neoconservatism
the belief that, rather than exercising restraint, the United States should aggressively use its might to promote its values and ideals around the world
Hopper
the box in the House in which proposed bills are placed
executive office of the president
the branch of the United States government that is responsible for carrying out the laws
Gerrymandering
the drawing of legislative district boundaries to benefit a party, group, or incumbent
containment
the effort by the United States and Western European allies, begun during the Cold War, to prevent the spread of communism
diplomacy
the establishment and maintenance of a formal relationship between countries
discretionary authority
the extent to which appointed bureaucrats can choose courses of action and make policies not spelled out in advance by laws
federalism
the idea of a federal organization of more or less self-governing units
Gridlock
the inability of the government to act because rival parties control different parts of the government
Minority leader
the legislative leader elected by party members holding a minority of seats in the House or the Senate
Majority leader
the legislative leader elected by party members holding the majority of seats in the House or Senate
Pork barrel
the mighty list of federal projects, grants, and contracts available to cities, businesses, colleges, and institutions available in a congressional district
electoral college
the people chosen to cast each state's votes in a presidential election, if no candidate won a majority, the house was to decide
Cold War
the period from shortly after World War II until approximately 1989-1990 when advanced industrial democracies divided behind the two superpowers (East: Soviet Union, West: United States) and the fear of nuclear war abounded
Absolute poverty
the point at which a household's income falls below the necessary level to purchase food to physically sustain its members
administration
the president and his political appointees, who are responsible for directing the executive branch of government
Nixon v. Fitzgerald
the president may be sued while in office
bully pulpit
the presidents use of his prestige and visibility to guide or enthuse the American people
Reapportionment
the process of reassigning representation based on population, after every census
senate confirmations
the process outlined in Article Two of the Constitution, giving the Senate the authority to approve appointments made by the president
balance of trade
the relationship between a country's inflow and outflow of goods
main difference in parliament and our gov
the separate legislature and executive , theirs is one
merit system
the system of employing and promoting civil servants on the basis of ability
spoils system
the system of employing and promoting civil servants who are friends and supporters of the group in power
two presidencies thesis
the thesis by Wildavsky that there are two distinct presidencies, one for foreign and one for domestic policy, and that presidents are more successful in foreign than domestic policy
hard power
the use or threat of military power to influence the behavior of another country
Explain the relationship between core beliefs of U.S citizens and attitudes about the role of government
these three areas are a core of our beliefs (individulalism, equality of opportunity, free enterprise) -Americans expect who they vote for to reflect their beliefs -two driving forces that drive American socialization the economy and candiates.
general rule of fitness
those appointed should have some standing in their communities and be well though of by their neighbors
Social justice reflects fairness ...
to all in society
interstate commerce
trade between two or more states
settlements services
urban poor immigrants
what do reliable sources for policy research include
us government accountability office (GAO) congressional budget office (CBO) congressional research service (CRS)
what relative measure of poverty?
used as comparison to agree upon to determine if a person is poor or not
president's check on congress
veto & media
recognition for indigenous peoples service was given to WW1 veterns the rights to
vote and citizenship
our gov now
was unified Obamas first term, now divided
pocket veto
when a president kills a bill passed during the last 10 days Congress is in session by simply refusing to act on it
street level bureaucracy focuses on
which people get what, how quickly and under what circumstances shaping policy
executive office of the president
•Composed of agencies that report directly to the president •Appointments must receive Senate confirmation, unlike those of White House staff.
powers the president shares with the senate
•Make treaties •Appoint ambassadors, judges, and high officials
