AP HG Ch.13 study guide Urban Patterns

When a city's terrain is rugged and the city lacks basic infrastructure,what type of network offers the most flexibility for urban transportation?

A grid of roads

Latin American cities have what common characteristic in the model developed by Dr. Larry Ford?

A spine of high-class housing extending from the city center

What was a global city in the Western world during the time of the Greek and Roman Empires?

Alexandria, Egypt.

What city were the concentric zone model and the sector model based on when they were developed in the early 20th century?

Chicago

Who did not develop urban land use models

Christaller.

An excellent example of a primate city that serves as the focus of a country and its culture is

Copenhagen, Denmark.

The Township and Range land division method helped to create what type of rural settlement pattern?

Dispersed.

What one characteristic links megacities?

Each has a population of more than 10 million people.

According Ullman and Harris's multiple nuclei model, what develops at the outskirts of core cities?

Edge cities

The Township and Range pattern of land division in the United States created this type of land ownership pattern on the landscape?

Geometric.

The sector model, developed by Hoyt in the late 1930s, is accurate in explaining the growth of numerous industrial cities in

Great Britain.

What best describes the urban hierarchy of settlements?

Hamlet, village, town, city, metropolis

What is true of an edge city?

It has a large amount of recently developed retail and office space.

What describes a primate city?

It is disproportionately large in relation to the next largest cities in that country.

What statement would be the most accurate regarding the bid-rent theory?

Land value is the highest in the central business district, and land value decreases with distance from the CBD.

What development is predicted by the von Thunen model of land use around cities?

Large-scale growing of flowers and vegetables in the Netherlands

What model of urban structure depicts a commercial spine bordered by an elite residential sector extending outward from the central business district?

Latin American city

Many barrier islands on the east coast of the United States are examples of what pattern of development?

Linear.

What is a likely result of a rapid rise in the rate of rural-urban migration?

Overcrowding in urban areas

What would be considered a primate city?

Paris, France

Medieval cities in Europe usually had what characteristic in common?

Protective walls

What region had the smallest percentage of people living in urban areas at the end of the twentieth century?

South Asia

What area of the United States is known as a megalopolis?

The Mid-Atlantic

In Europe's Industrial Revolution, the rate of rural-urban migration increased as many members of which group left the fields for the factories?

The peasants

What aspect of the design of Brasilia, Canberra, and Washington, D.C., was different from the design of most other urban centers?

They were designed as show places to reflect the power and wealth of their respective countries.

The development of high-speed rail lines, highways, and communications systems has created cities that seem to be apart from traditional central-place hierarchies because they have developed complementary functions. Which of the following is an example of these so-called network cities?

Tokyo-Osaka-Nagasaki

What do most cities in the developing world have in common?

Urban areas are ringed by shantytowns.

The United Kingdom has established greenbelts around certain cities to prevent what?

Urban sprawl

The 1970s and 1980s departure of Caucasian middle- and high-income families from urban areas to outlying areas, termed "white flight," was characterized primarily as

a racial movement.

A major problem facing modern megacities is

air pollution.

The rank-size rule does not work when one considers the distribution of

all of the cities in a given country.

When a city is not designed to be sustainable and eco-friendly, it has the potential to become

an urban heat island.

Cities must develop afford able urban housing and working spaces in order to encourage an increase in the number of

arts and creative jobs.

In the city of Jerusalem, the concentric zone model can be modified to account for the presence of at least two central business districts for

at least two di fferent ethnic and religious populations.

During the 1950s, many urban American neighborhoods came to be segregated because of redlining, a practice engaged in by

banks and other lending institutions.

What is not a reason for the rise of suburban development in the 1950s

better public transportation.

Opponents of automobile dependency in cities argue that traffic congestion creates a constant demand for

bigger, more streamlined roads.

Many American cities developed unevenly between the Industrial Revolution and the late 1900s because developers and investors rejected city plans that allowed

businesses and housing to be close together.

The concentric zone model is portrayed as a series of rings, with the outermost ring being the

commuter zone.

The earliest cities appear to have developed from villages in which much of the population was already linked by

complex kinship structures.

Burgess developed the first urban land use model which depicts land use in

concentric rings.

Suburbanization causes cities to lose populations to areas surrounding them, which leads to

decentralization and urban sprawl.

Housing cooperatives present a unique housing option for many urban residents, as they are often

democratically controlled and community-owned.

In the United States, it has been demonstrated that a sudden influx of wealth into an urban ghetto typically leads to

desegregation and economic development within the ghetto.

In Harris and Ullman's multiple-nuclei model, a city could be understood as lacking a central business district if

different industries were concentrated in one of the main city 's suburbs.

Today, city planners work to create healthy urban environments by designing neighborhoods and streets that allow residents to

engage in regular exercise.

As an urban neighborhood's socioeconomic status decreases, its residents are more likely to be denied the opportunity to

enter into mortgages and receive home loans.

In the past, many urban areas were viewed as "male spaces" becausewomen had comparatively few opportunities to

find employment and buy property.

During the Neolithic Revolution, the majority of cities originated in areas where the population was able to

generate an agricultural surplus.

In global cities, frequent displacement of minority populations with low incomes is often caused by the process of

gentrification.

American cities experiencing deindustrialization have simultaneously been prone to an increase in

ghettoization.

Landless residents of large cities often band together to address their concerns through political demonstrations that may later solidify into

grassroots organizations.

Christaller's central place theory, what provides a reason why a certain number of human settlements exist in an urban system, assumes that all consumers

have the same income and shop in the same way.

Cities in areas that have a high chance of being affected by natural disasters are required to develop emergency transit plans to

help urban residents evacuate in response to natural disasters.

Increasingly, residents of gated communities, both within cities and in suburbs are commonly recognized as having

high incomes and elite lifestyles.

In a futuristic version of Hoyt's sector model, low-income populationswould be most likely to live close to

high-speed rail lines.

The sector model of city structure assumes that typical spatial behavior involves people commuting primarily

in and out of downtown.

Studies in urban areas such as Washington, D.C., have indicated that when the number of high-wage jobs increases in the suburbs, the number of low-wage jobs is likely to rise

in the central city.

Since the 1980s, there has been a trend to build suburbs and edge cities within the United States

increasingly farther away from the central city.

When a large city experiences a sudden spike in internal immigration, that is, citizens of that country begin flocking to the city, the population of the city is likely to include

individuals who were formerly residents of rural areas and smaller cities.

Global cities such as New York and London are characterized as such primarily because they are home to

international business centers.

Urban political districts are often created by dividing a city using

its natural physical boundaries.

Residents of edge cities and suburban areas have long depended on automobiles and public transportation to access

jobs in large cities.

In developing nations such as Egypt, large numbers of individuals leave rural areas on a seasonal basis mainly to find work in

large cities.

Public housing is typically defined as affordable housing offered to low income urban residents by

local, state, and federal agencies.

In the sector model, also known as the Hoyt model, it is proposed that a city should grow outward from its center because

major lines of transportation will carry commuters to outlying areas.

Edge cities typically grow on the borders of large urban areas at points near

major roads and airports.

In cities such as Chicago, individuals who take positions as members of a municipal council primarily engage in activities to

make sure that the city government functions correctly.

Edge cities have been described as the "tenements of the information age" because these cities have

many high-density townhouse developments designed for people working in nearby office buildings.

Christaller's central place theory explains that settlements will form in a triangular hexagonal lattice, with the geometric shapes forming

market areas.

The rank-size rule is a tool used by geographers but could also be considered a tool of applied

mathematicians.

Many of today's emerging megacities, such as Rio de Janeiro and Guangzhou, are actually not one distinct city but

multiple cities that have merged.

Until recently, many transportation plans for urban areas failed to create space for environmentally friendly corridor transportation such as

pedestrian walkways and bicycle paths.

Quantifying changes in population requires demographers to measure fertility, mortality, and migration, with the requirement that the migration be

permanent or long lasting.

Many of the earliest cities grew rapidly because they were religious centers that attracted

pilgrims and pilgrimages

A city seeking to reenergize an inactive central business district should take steps to

plan events that will increase the number of residents and visitors within the district.

When rural-urban migration is a cycle rather than a flow, it is likely because rural residents must return to rural areas to

raise agricultural crops.

Green building is a form of gentrification because it

raises property values throughout a neighborhood.

What were not crucial to the emergence of the first cities

separation of the ruling system and the religious system.

As many cities discourage heavy industry from taking place within city limits, they work to motivate urban employers to increase the number of

service jobs.

Central place theory describes the

spatial patterns of urban and outlying areas based on the flow of goods and services.

After World War II, the government of many European nations countered urban housing shortages by building

subsidized housing blocks within the city.

The multiple-nuclei model holds that a typical metropolitan area has multiple centers, one of what is the central business district (CBO) and the others of which are

suburban downtowns.

The Pentagon in Washington, D.C., is a good example of a

symbolic landscape.

In many American cities, public transportation and emergency response services must be improved within the next 25 years primarily to serve

the aging Baby Boomer population.

A greenbelt policy encourages a city to curb the amount of construction on a city's edges to encourage growth in

the city's core.

In central place theory, range, or the maximum distance a consumer will travel to buy a good, is proportional to

the cost of obtaining the good.

The gravity model, used to predict flows of human activity between places, has been criticized for its inability to take into account

the evolution of patterns

Job sprawl involves the migration of jobs out of the urban cores of cities and into

the outermost rings surrounding cities.

Range and threshold are important to commercial establishments because

the range determines the maximum distance that people are willingto travel to buy or enjoy something, while the threshold is the minimum number of customers needed for the business to survive.

Many political leaders in the earliest cities funded centralized administrations by taxes collected on

the sale of agricultural harvests.

Central place theory lost ground in the 20th century as city networks came to be seen as determining the importance of cities more than

the size of the cities and less developed areas surrounding them.

A common violation of the rank-size rule occurs when the largest, or primate, city of a country is not much bigger than

the smaller cities of a country.

The political powers of a city council are typically outlined in

the state's constitution.

The concentric zone model provided a way for urban residents to gradually move up economically and socially by allowing them

to migrate progressively away from the central business district.

The simplest form of the gravity model looks at the interaction between

two towns.

Housing in edge cities is often meant to create a semi-rural fantasy space in what houses and gardens are typically

well manicured and gated.

In a concentric zone model, the zones outside the core are sized according to

what people will pay for the land.

The gravity model, which can be used to calculate the bonds between different urban centers, assumes that two cities located close together

would attract more people than two cities located far apart.

Geographers Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman developed their multiple-nuclei model during a time when many people began to use cars to navigate cities more easily. What decade was it?

1940s