AP Human Geography Ch.5

Indo-Iranian Branch:Iranian Group (Western)

- Iran & southwest Asia - Persian (Farsi) in Iran - Pashto in Afghanistan - Kurdish used by Kurds in western Iran, northern Iraq & eastern Turkey - ALL written in Arabic · Major languages include Persian in Iran, Pashto in east Afghanistan and west Pakistan, and Kurdish in west Iran and north Iraq and eastern turkey written in Arabic

Indo-Iranian Branch:Indic Group (Eastern)

- Languages of India, Pakistan & Bangladesh - 438 languages spoken in India - Official languages of India - Hindi & English - Hindi spoken many ways but only written 1 way (Devanagari) · The most widely used is Hindi · India is also required to recognize 22 other scheduled languages (15 Indo-European, 4 Dravidian, 2 Sino-Tibetan, 1 Austro-Asiatic) Bangladesh's official language is Indo-Aryan Bengali which is the second most widely spoken and only 8% of Bangladesh use it as their first language

Australia and its native languages

1% of population is native, many elements of their culture is preserved but education is primarily English; 211 living indigenous languages, but each have fewer than 10000 speakers Used to be that only white immigrants could come to australia and they had to take language tests

The four most contemporary Romance languages

1. Spanish, Portuguese, French & Italian. (Romanian is the 5th)

New Zealand

14% is Maori, have adopted methods to preserve (is one of 3 official languages) however, still threatened and not a lot use or teach it as it is more of an inconvience than anything else Stricter with immigrants, they must know English

how many language families are there

141

Renfrew Hypothesis

2000 (bio says 6700 BCE) years before Kurgans in eastern Turkey. Diffused into Europe and South Asia with agricultural practice instead of military conquest. Language was successful because they made more citizens growing their own food

Switzerland

4 official languages (German used by 63%, French 23%, Italian 8%, Romansh 1%) Exist peacefully by being decentralized (putting a lot of power in small communities)

nigeria

529 languages but only 3 are used by more than 10%. Also, north is Muslim and south is Christian. Because of feud, they have moved the capital to the central part of the country.

statistics of worlds languages and their usage

7,099 languages, including 90 used by at least 10 million people, 307 used by between 1 and 10 million people, and 6,702 used by fewer than 1 million people.

1. Describe new languages that has emerged.

A research team in India discovered a new language that was not listed in Ethnologue; young people invented Warlpiri rampaku, combined three languages and created new verb endings and tenses.

What three European people originally came together to form the English people and English language?

Angles, Jutes, Saxons (all were Germanic tribes-jutes from northern Denmark, angles from southern Denmark, and Saxons from northwestern Germany)

1. What issues are faced with Catalan-Valencian-Balear? Occitan?

Catalan was once a dialect but now it is its own language. Balear is a dialect of Catalan. Valencian is mostly considered a dialect of Catalan but many who speak it consider it a separate language. Occitan is spoken in southern France and adjacent countries. Schools in the area teach both languages

1. How do we see languages being revived? Provide example.

Children learning it as their first language, creation of dictionary

1. How do we see languages growing? Provide example.

Creation of new words for new inventions of today's time and making it an official language

dravidian language family

Dravidian is the second most widely used language families from South Asia behind Indo-European. The two most common languages are Tamil and Telugu.

How has expansion diffusion occurred with English?

England --> North America and Ireland in 17th century, South Asia in mid-18th, South pacific in late 18th US--> Philipinnes

what languages are included in Germanic Branch: West Germanic Group

English German, Dutch

how many threatened languages are there

Ethnologue identifies 1547 EX: Bolinao spoken in Philippines

how many developing languages are there

Ethnologue identifies 1601 developing languages EX: Sama spoken in SE Asia

how many vigorous languages are there

Ethnologue identifies 2455 EX: Tagin spoken in India

how many institutional. languages are there

Ethnologue identifies 576 institutional languages

how many dying languages are there

Ethnologue identifies 920

1. Describe the three informal languages (Franglais, Spanglish, Denglish).

Franglais is a mix between French and English, Spanglish is a mix between Spanish and English, Denglish is a mix between German and English

Canada's bilingual autonomy

French and English are official languages and there has been a lot of French support in Quebec but recently has been more mixed.

1. How have French governments promoted the standardization of languages?

French- Francien is the standard form because it included Paris and now many other dialects have disappeared

1. What impact does gender have on language?

Grammar and vocabulary men and women use to converse

Icelandic

Has changed less than any other languages over past 1000 years; settlers cam from Norway (basically isolated language but not because in Germanic branch)

what percent of the population speaks each of the seven main language families

Indo-European 45.7, Sino-Tibetan 21.1, Niger-Congo 6.9, Afro-asiatic 6.3, austronesian 5, dravidian 3.5, turkic 2.6

Goidelic Celtic (Irish Gaelic, Scottish Gaeolic)

Irish- an official language in Ireland, higher in more remote areas, revival is led by younger generation who wish to distinguish themselves Scottish- 1% of scottish peple speak it, Scottish Gaelic (remote northern highlands) should not be confused with Scots (southern lowlands near England)

What is a lingua franca? What have been the benefits and problems with English as a lingua Franca?

Lingua franca is a language of international communication. The benefits of English as a lingua Franca is that it facilitates trade and allows more people to become a part of global economy and culture. The problems is that it can get rid of cultural identity with language and also it doesn't give much of a reason for English speakers to learn another language which can be annoying for people who do and a handicap for English speakers in other countries.

1. Does the United States have an official language? Why or why not?

No, because Americans speak many different languages and picking one would be a threat to individual liberty.

What two subsequent invasions added additional words to the evolving English language?

Normans also conquered England but in 1066 and the spoke French which became englands official language for the next 300 years (most had little education so they continued to speak English) As a result of conflict with Normandy in 1204 English again became the dom language (official change in 1362, but parliament continued speaking in French until 1489) Common people were actually speaking german and gave us words like (sky, horse, man, woman) French gave words like (celestial, equestrian, masculine, feminine)

Basque

North spain and southwestern spain, was more prominent but people who came into contact with Indo-euros abandoned. Having mountain helped preserve their language through isolation when Indo-euro was being diffused

1. How did the three early dialect regions of the U.S. impact the current distribution of dialects?

North: most were puritans that came from SE England and sharer the dropped r sound South: half came from Southeast England but have a diversity of social class backgrounds like prisoner, indentured servant, refugee Midland: Quakers from north England, scots and Irish, German, Dutch, Swedish (most common dialect)

statistics on learning second languages in school

Only 20 percent of U.S. students learn a foreign language in school, compared with 92 percent of European students.

How can language be used to show migration patterns? What types of diffusion spread languages?

People in two locations could speak the same or different language as a result of migration. For example, Madagascar's language is similar to that of the Philippines and Indonesia, suggesting that they were derived from the same language and differentiated through social isolation. Diffused through relocation diffusion and contagious diffusion

What is the most important West Slavic language?

Polish, followed by Czech and Slovak

1. How have Portuguese governments promoted the standardization of languages?

Portuguese- standardized version most closely resembles Brazilian version; books and television diffuse rapidly to spread

What is the name of the (theoretical) common ancestral language of the Indo-European languages? Why is its existence difficult (impossible) to prove?

Proto-Indo-European; its existence is impossible to prove because it would have existed thousands of years before recorded history

1. What is the standard language for of English? Where did it come from (3 cities)? How was it diffused throughout Britain?

Received Pronunciation; London, Cambridge, Oxford

what is an example of a developing language

Sama in Southeast Asia

How do languages act a either centripetal or centrifugal forces?

Sharing a language would centripetal as it unifies people, whereas, conflict between two groups of people using different languages would be centrifugal as it pushes the two away from each other.

Belgium

Sharp divide- southern speak French and northern speak Flemish In recent years the Flanders have been more wealthy and don't want their taxes going to the poorer south

language families from east Asia

Sino-Tibetan: most commonly used language is Mandarin. There are 7 other languages used by at least 20 million people each in China mostly in the southern and eastern regions. Japanese: uses two systems of phonetic symbols, used in place or alongside of Chinese characters Korean: written in hankul (each letter represents a sound), more than half of vocan is derived from Chinese (some Japanese influence as well)

1. How have Spanish governments promoted the standardization of languages?

Spanish- Members of Spanish Royal Academy meet every week to solidfy rules for Spanish around the world

Germanic Branch: North Germanic Group

Swedish Norwegian Danish Icelandic

"Kurgan" Theory

The first proto-indo-euro speakers were Kurgan people who were nomadic warriors. Located around Russia and Kazakhstan, their archeological evidence dates back to 4300 BCE. They were the first to domesticate horses and migrated in search of grasslands for animals which took them through Europe and the middle east

Describe the controversy between Czech and Slovak languages under Czechoslovakia's government?

The government tried to balance the two languages (Czech and Slovak). In 1993, Slovakia split from the Czech Republic.

1. Why is much of the internet in English? Why might this be problematic?

The most populous English speaking country (US) had a head start on creating the internet. This can be problematic because many English components of the internet don't exist in other countries (like www. When other languages don't have a w)

How did Russian become the most important East Slavic language?

The rise of the Soviet Union forced people to learn Russian to create a uniform culture. Other countries that were dominated by the Soviet Union learned Russian ass a second language.

How did Latin languages diffuse in Europe? What happened to the native languages?

The rise of the city of Rome brought diffusion of Latin language. As they conquered more, native languages were either extinguished or suppressed.

Identify the two largest language families and the percentage of people who speak a language in that family.

The two largest language families are Indo-European and Sino-Tibetan. 45.7% Speak Indo-European and 21.1% speak sino-tibetan.

distinction between Hindi and Urdu

Urdu is spoken very much like Hindi, but it is recognized as a distinct language. Urdu is written with the Arabic alphabet, a legacy of the fact that most of its users are Muslims, and their holiest book (the Quran) is written in Arabic.

1. Dialects are defined as "regional variations of a language" and are distinguished by three things. What are they?

Vocabulary, spelling, pronunciation

1. Provide information for the three ways that American and British English differ-

Vocabulary: settlers in America encountered many new objects and experiences; native Americans had an impact on new names; as inventions appeared on either saide they came up with different names for them (elevator and lift, flashlight and torch, bonnet and hood, trunk and boot) Pronunciation: exchanged letters and printed matters between England and America Spelling: United States wanted an independent identity

Brythonic Celtic- (Welsh, Cornish, Breton)

Welsh- People from Wales, England conquered in 1293, but language remain prominent until 1800s, recently they have been preserving by adding the language and culture as curriculum in school and making it an official language Cornish- spoken in cornwall, became extinct in 1777 but revived in 1900s, preserved in churches and schools Breton- Brittany (part of France), endangered and declining, taught in schools but required French to be primary

what is an example of an institutional language

english

what is the significance of language

it is the mean in which other cultural values, such as religion and ethnicity, are communicated.

how does contagious diffusion affect spread of language

people in one location adopt words as a result of electronic contact with others.