446

Upper body flexibility is assessed using the ______________, which is a part of the Senior Fitness Test battery.

back scratch

While walking, the body's center of mass (COM) should continuously move ____________ the base of support.

beyond

Which growth factor is most important for increased brain neurogenesis?

brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)

Of the three strategies for maintaining postural control, especially from external perturbations, which is the most preferred by older adults even when the pertubation is small?

step

Researchers have shown posture is controlled by _______________ mechanisms.

supraspinal

The two areas of the brain have been shown to improve with exercise; the ____________ and the prefrontral cortex.

temporal lobe

Doing this contributes to a focus on increasing healthspan rather than lengthening life.

Compression of morbidity

What percentage of total motor units is lost per year beginning in the third decade?

1%

Walking speed is an important predictor of older adult falls. If an older adult walks slower than ----------- meter/second for 10 meters, they likely need an interventionto reduce their falls risk.

1.0

In 2017, what percentage of older adults in Kentucky met the CDC guidelines for cardiorespiratory and muscle strengthening exercise?

11.6

What is the range of arm curl test scores for men aged 65-69?

15-21

Older adults should engage in at least______ sessions of resistance training each week.

2

Balance training for older adults should be conducted AT LEAST ____ times per week.

2-3

Every _________ minutes an older adult dies from a fall.

20

Exercise can reduce the risk of fall-related injuries by -----------%.

32-40%

Flexibility exercises can be performed a maximum of ---- days per week.

7

On average, the hair cells in the vestibular system decrease 40% by age _______.

70

Which BMI (according to BIA) is associated with presarcopenia for men?

8.51-10.75 kg/m^2

How many people are predicted to be 65 years of age and older by the year 2060?

94.7 million

Caloric restriction MAY increase the human lifespan by effecting which of the following metabolic pathways?

All of the above Answers: Insulin signaling mTOR Sirtuin-I All of the above

Which of the following are examples of intrinsic risk factors for falls?

All of the above Answers: cognitive impairment Gait impairment low vitamin D All of the above

Which of the following are ways to further challenge balance during balance training?

All of the above Answers: dynamic movements that perturb the center of gravity Stressing postural control muscle groups reducing sensory input live vision and hearing All of the above

The cerebral vascular hypothesis states that exercise stimulates the growth of new capilaries in the brain. This process is called _________.

Angiogenesis

Older adults who are unable to live independently, but do not require the level of care provided by a nursing home may choose to live in this type of facility?

Assisted living

Which of the following is NOT an example of an Instrumental ADL (IADL)?

Bathing

Which of the following medications can increase an older adult's risk of falling?

Benzodiazepine

What is the primary safety concern during musculoskeletal testing?

Blood pressure increase

The six-minute walk test is an assessment of which physical fitness parameter?

Cardiorespiratory fitness

Increased blood flow to the brain during physical activity may increase angiogenesis or the growth of new capillaries in the brain. This idea is referred to as the __________________.

Cerebral circulation hypothesis

Which of the following could cause reduced stability in older adults?

D. All of the above Answers: A. Reduced range of motion around ankle joint B. Stroke C. Fear of falling D. All of the above

______ is the primary event in aging muscle, especially in those >80 years old.

Denervation

Assessing power in older adults is not a good idea because they shouldn't perform fast and explosive movements.

False

BAM is an acroynym for Better through Active Movement.

False

Based on evidence from rat brain studies, most neuroscientists believe hippocampal neurogenesis is not possible.

False

Because Bob is having trouble hearing your exercise instructions, he may be one of the many older adults over 60 suffering from gout.

False

Brain games have far reaching positive effects on executive function similar to long-term exercise training.

False

Communication with older adults is not important as long as you are using behavioral theories to guide your exercise program implementation.

False

It is imperative you use glossy paper when printing educational materials for older adults because they are better able to grip the materials.

False

Long-term care residents spend up to 50% of their waking time in sedentary activities.

False

Motivation changes over time, but does not differ across individuals.

False

Older adults experience an increased ability to retrieve words, often called the "tip of tongue" effect.

False

Older adults need moderate intensity aerobic physical activity for a minimum of 20 minutes on 5 days each week or vigorous intensity for a minimum of 30 minutes on 3 days each week.

False

Older adults should always perform balance exercises separately from cardiovascular and resistance training exercises.

False

Older adults should perform resistance training at least 3 times per week on consecutive or non-consecutive days.

False

Older adults who have fallen once are much less likely to fall again, but they are much more careful.

False

Older adults with hearing impairment have a more difficult time hearing low frequency sounds.

False

Protein supplementation in older adults can increase muscle mass without the addition of strength training.

False

Seino et al. (2019) found exercise arrangement (exercising with others, not exercising, exercising alone) had little effect on maintaining mental health, but exercising with others enhanced physical function and mental health in both men and women.

False

Skinfold testing is a useful measure of body composition for older adults, especially those 85 years of age and older.

False

Stepping in a hole or being bumped in a crowd involves anticipatory postural control to keep your balance.

False

Sue exercises regularly and does not have signs or symptoms of cardiovascular, metabolic, or renal disease, however, because she is 90 years old, she should obtain medical clearance prior to beginning a light to moderate intensity exercise program.

False

The International Association of Gerontology and Geriatrics Taskforce recommended using the same guidelines for all residents despite their ability to perform ADLs and stand.

False

The Minimal Data Set 3.0 is a series of assessments that all assisted living facilities must administer to their resident each month.

False

The evidence from the Song et al. (2018) systematic review shows physical exercise, especially aerobic exercise, can positively benefit global cognition in MCI patients. They also concluded resistance training exercise can improve domain-specific cognitive function and psychological outcomes.

False

The innervation ratio (muscle fibers to motor neuron) decreases with aging. This results in less control of voluntary movement.

False

There is a shortage of adequately prepared geriatric nurses, physical therapists, occupational therapists, social workers, and public health professionals. Rowe et al., (2016) suggest one reason is most clinical professionals are not interested in working with older patients.

False

Type of flooring and poor lighting are examples of intrinsic risk factors for falls.

False

Which type of muscle fiber decreases the most with age?

Fast twitch

Which of the following is NOT a common reason older adults choose to exercise?

Fear

Devereux & Fitzgerald (2016) found successful older adult interventions should include all of the following EXCEPT:

Fun led by knowledgeable instructors able to create social connections ***more challenging than the participants expect

Postural stability can be assessed by administering the _________________ test.

Functional reach test

A specialized area of study within the larger discipline of kinesiology that focuses on understanding how physical activity influences all aspects of health and well being in the older adult population and the aging process in general.

Gerokinesiology

Which is an example of an activities of daily living (ADL)?

Grooming

Which term accurately describes the process of cells dividing and reproducing a limited number of times?

Hayflick limit

Which of the following is NOT a typical characteristic of the frail elderly?

High socioeconomic status

What type of facility is necessary for an individual who needs supportive and palliative care at the end of his/her life?

Hospice care

Which of the following states has the lowest percentage of older adults meeting the CDC guidelines for cardiorespiratory and muscle strengthening exercise.

Kentucky

What kind of posture restricts movement the most?

Kyphotic

All of the following are essential components of modeling EXCEPT

Mastery

The health care needs of older adults coping with multiple chronic conditions accounts for the vast majority of _____________ expenditures.

Medicare

There is __________ evidence showing long-term physical activity can slow down the normal cognitive aging process.

Moderate

Physical activity self-definitions depend on all of the following EXCEPT

Motivation to stop the behavior

What are the three intrinsic systems that contribute to balance and mobility?

Motor, sensory, and cognitive

Which of the following evidence-based programs specifically focuses on managing chronic diseases like diabetes?

None of the above Answers: Matter of Balance Enhance Fitness Go4Life None of the above

Which of the following is false regarding changes in muscular strength with age?

None of the above Answers: Muscles of upper extremities change less than lower extremities Maximal strength achieved in 20's or 30's Isometric strength changes little until after 6thdecade None of the above

Which of the following sensory disabilities is a common symptom associated with Type I and II diabetes?

Peripheral Neuropathy

Bill has been sedentary for years, but because he was an avid exerciser, he is familiar with and expects soreness after his initial exercise sessions. Bill's previous _______________ or feelings of soreness will help improve his self-efficacy to exercise.

Physiological/emotional states

The interaction between the individual, the environment and the behavior is called ________.

Reciprocal determinism

Which of the following does not describe motivation among the older population?

Relatively the same over time and between individuals

Which of the following is not typically a source of efficacy information?

Religious and political beliefs

_______ was traditionally defined as a decline in muscle mass due to aging.

Sarcopenia

Which test is not a part of the STEADI assessment?

Sit and reach Answers:a. 4-stage balance test b. Timed up and go c. 30-second chair stand d. Sit and reach

Which sensory system is concerned with touch, vibration, and pain?

Somatosensory

The two-minute step test involves which of the following piece(s) of equipment?

Stopwatches Masking tape Answers: a.18-in ruler b.5 pound dumbbell c.Stopwatches d.Masking tape

There is __________ evidence sustained high levels (2.5 hrs/week of moderate-high intensity) physical activity can reduce the risk of Alzeheimer's disease by 40-50% and all-cause dementia by 25%.

Strong

Which of the following flexibility activities are recommended for older adults? more than one answer may be correct

Tai Chi Yoga Answers: a. power cleans b. Tai Chi c. Yoga

As older adults progress in their resistance training efforts, it is important to begin to focus on faster movements to increase muscular power; assuming there are no obvious contraindications (injuries, etc.).

True

Many effective approaches to enhancing delivery of care for older persons have been developed. However, dissemination and implementation have been a problem due to a lack of funding.

True

Researchers recently found a blood test for a specific tau protein may serve as a biomarker for Alzheimer's disease. Currently, the only way to confirm the disease is through autopsy of the brain.

True

The large number (polypharmacy) and types of prescribed medications can be a major cause of falls in older adults.

True

True of false. Upper extremity muscles change less than lower extremity muscles.

True

True or false: Consistent positive associations have been found between physical functioning and cognition, particularly for fluid abilities such as executive function and processing speed.

True

It is generally accepted that _________ muscle fibers are more effected by age compared to ________muscle fibers. However, there is evidence to suggest both types of fibers are equally effected.

Type II, Type I

Which of the following are considered functional fitness tests? (more than one may be correct)

a. Cardiorespiratory fitness b. Motor agility d. Body composition Answers: a. Cardiorespiratory fitness b. Motor agility c. Speed/agility d. Body composition

Select components of fluid abilities:

a. Processing speed b. Inhibition d. Working memory capacity Answers: a. Processing speed b. Inhibition c. long-term memory d. Working memory capacity

Which of the following is a reason for assessing the physical fitness level of older adults?

all of the above Answers: a.To see progress toward goals b.All of the above c.to identify strengths of older individuals d.To help set goals

Which of the following are resistance training options for older adults?

all of the above Answers: bands and tubes free weights water all of the above

Which of the following things should be considered when working with older adults?

all of the above Answers: choice of music addressing participants by their first name older adults' life experiences all of the above

Seeing the sidewalk ends and gravel begins, you decide to reduce your stride length and shuffle your feet.This is an example of ___________postural control.

anticipatory

Gerontological research has shifted from lengthening life to increasing years of health. This goal is referred to as ___________

compression of morbidity

Which of the following tests is part of the Short Physical Performance Battery?

d. all of the above Answers: a. gait speed test b. chair stand test c. balance tests d. all of the above

Which of the following is NOT an effect of exercise on the brain?

decreased brain synapses Answers: a. cortex thickening b. angiogenesis c. hippocampal nuerogenesis d. decreased brain synapses

Which brain structure is most responsible for long-term memory?

hippocampus

Which of the following is NOT a suggested contribution to anabolic resistance of protein synthesis?

increase in muscle uptake of dietary amino acids

____________ pertubations are a particular problem for older adults and often result in falls.

mediolateral

The ability to move independently and safely from one place to another is called....

mobility

As part of their weekly physical activity, older adults should do --------------- physical activity.

multicomponent

The following quote from an older adult suggests they do not see _______________________in physical activity. "I'm not participating in exercise because I must have been doing something right or I wouldn't be in such good health"

perceived value

As we age our ability to overcome the demands of the environment is determined by our

physiological reserve

Which of these brain structures is most vulnerable to the effects of aging and neuro-degenerational disease?

prefrontal cortex

Which part of the brain is important for executive function, focus, and shifting attention?

prefrontal cortex

Process or group of processes occuring in a living organism that lead to loss of adaptability, functional impairment, and eventually death.

primary aging

You do not see a sheet of ice on the sidewalk and must adjust to keep from falling. This is an example of ___________postural control.

reactive

Aging due to the effects of environment and disease.

secondary