AP Human Geography Chapter 10/11

Hotelling model

(Dealt with locational interdependence) The location of industries can't be understood w/o reference to the location of other industries of like kind; two similar vendors would locate next to each other in the middle of a market area to maximize profit (or beach/street as his model suggests).

metes and bounds

-makes use of natural features -more irregular -visible where 2 survey systems meet

core & periphery

A model that describes how economic, political, and/or cultural power is spatially distributed between dominant core regions, and more marginal or dependent semi-peripheral and peripheral regions.

Brownfield

A property which has the presence or potential to be a hazardous waste, pollutant or contaminant.

manufacturing region

A region in which manufacturing activities have clustered together. The major U.S. industrial region has historically been in the Great Lakes, which includes the states of Michigan, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, New York, and Pennsylvania. Industrial regions also exist in southeastern Brazil, central England, around Tokyo, Japan, and elsewhere.

Industrial Revolution

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.

post-Fordism/ Post Fordist production

Adoption by companies of flexible work rules, such as the allocation of workers to teams that perform a variety of tasks.

Agribusiness

Commercial agriculture characterized by the integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations.

truck farming

Commercial gardening and fruit farming, so named because "truck" was a Middle English word meaning "bartering" or "exchange of commodities."

2 field crop rotation with cereal grains

Started in Northern Europe in the 5th century. only used one grain

milk shed

The area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied.

Forestry

The art, science, and practice of studing and managing forests and plantations and related natural resources

Carl Sauer

Defined cultural landscape as an area fashioned from nature by a cultural group.

Desertification

Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions such as excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting. Also known as semiarid land degradation.

Monculture

Dependence on a single agricultural commodity.

mass production

The production or manufacturing of goods in large quantities.

Domestication

Genetic modification of plants and/or animals for human benefit.

bid rent

Geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand on real estate changes as the distance towards the Central Business District (CBD) increases.

cottage industry

Manufacturing based in homes rather than in factories, commonly found prior to the Industrial Revolution.

raw materials

Materials acquired from the earth to help industries manufacture a product.

Green Revolution

Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers.

Palouse region of Washington state

important source of legumes

effect of population growth on subsistence farming

influences distribution of types of subsistence farming. new farming methods are adopted to produce more of everything. shorter fallow, forest fallow, bush fallow, annual cropping, multi-cropping

site factor that has changed in the 21st century

labor

problems that dairy farmers currently face

labor intensive - require attention winter feed - feeding cows in winter (can't graze)

difference between labor intensive and high wage

labor intensive is measured as a percentage. high wage is measured in currency

why factories locate in suburban areas

land is cheaper in suburban and rural locations than near cities

percentage of workforce that are farmers in the US

less than 2%

percentage of people work at shifting cultivation

less than 5%

consumption of food varies around the world based on...

level of development - developed countries consume more food from different sources than in developing countries physical conditions - climate cultural preferences - food taboos

limited use of chemicals

limited if any herbicides to control weeds. manually get rid of weeds

survey pattern

lines laid out by surveyors prior to the settlement of an area -regular, geometric survey vs. irregular or unsurveyed property lines -unit block vs. fragmented landholding

characteristics of hunter gatherer society

live in small groups - less than 50 people which is good for lots of travel. men hunt and women gather

hedges

living fences -common in France, Great Britain, and Ireland

conditions of southeastern US that make it an ideal location for commercial gardening and fruit farming

long growing season, humid climate, accessible to large markets in the eastern US

long-lot farms

long narrow strips of land that are common in central and western europe (france), parts of brazil, argentina, quebec, southern louisiana, texas, and northern new mexico. good for water transportation

why forestry is placed where it is on the von thunen model

lumber. heavy and expensive to transport

Single-market manufacturers

make products that are specialized for only one or two customers.

crop hearths of southeast asia

mango, taro, coconut, pigeon pea, slender millet

regional-scale air pollution

may damage a region's vegetation and water supply through acid deposition (acid rain)

Cadastral pattern

method of land survey through which land ownership and property lines are defined -rectangular, township and range, metes and bounds, long-lot

copper production

mining - mining copper ore concentration - crush and grind ore, mix with water and chemicals, dry them smelting - remove impurities refining - treated to produce copper cathodes

agricultural density

The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture.

Biotechnology

The use of genetically engineered crops in agriculture & DNA manipulation in livestock in order to increase production.

gross domestic product (GDP)

The value of the output of goods and services produced in a country in a given time period (normally one year).

potash

fertilizer from burning debris

number of undernourished people in the world

about 870 million people. decreased in east asia. increased in south asia and sub-saharan africa.

why the gulf coast is an important industrial area

access to oil and natural gas

how pastoral nomadism animals are chosen

according to cultural and physical characteristics -prestige -adaptation to weather and terrain

Unit-block farms

all the farmers property is contained in a single contiguous piece. occur mainly in the Americas, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa

Dietary energy consumption

amount of food that an individual consumes

Crop

any plant cultivated by people

ranching in south america

argentina, southern brazil, uruguay - sheep and cattle. can travel overseas easily

climate for livestock ranching

arid land, no vegetation, poor soil

crop hearths in the middle east

barley, einkorn wheat, emmer wheat, lentil, oats, rye, bread wheat, broad bean, olive

6 crops that were domesticated more than 8000 years ago

barley, lentil, rice, wheat, olive, millet

rectangular survey system

base lines-latitude meridian-longitude land is split up into square patterns.

benefits and challenges of increasing productivity

benefits - agricultural productivity has increased faster than population growth - green revolution challenges - expensive fossil fuels , cost

benefits and challenges of increasing exports from countries with surpluses

benefits - cushion of protection thanks to fellow countries challenges - can't keep up with population growth

benefits and challenges of expanding agricultural land

benefits - feed world population challenges - damage to land, Urbanization

benefits and challenges of expanding fishing

benefits - lots of fish challenges - used mainly for animal food. fish species have declined because of overfishing

importance of food processing

essential to feed the factory workers who didn't live on farms

Von thunen

estate owner in northern Germany who proposed a model for agriculture in 1826

climatic conditions of mediterranean climate and agriculture

borders at sea, wind provides moisture and moderate winter temps, hot and dry summers, hilly land, mountains

how factories get necessary space in cities

build multi-story buildings. raw materials are hoisted to the upper floors to make smaller parts, which were sent downstairs on chutes and pulleys for final assembly and shipment

california and mediterranean agriculture

california is devoted to fruit and vegetable horticulture. urbanization is causing them to spread to arid land but those areas need massive irrigation systems

common pastoral nomadism animals

camels, goats, sheep

importance of transportation

canals and railroads. enabled factories to have many employees, bring in bulky raw materials, and ship finished goods

earliest domesticated animals

cattle, goats, pigs, sheep, dogs

regions that pastoral nomadism are practiced

central and southwest asia and north africa

main source of calories for most humans

cereal grain

benefits of ships

cheap and can cross oceans

intensive subsistence farming in communist China - post-communes

communes are still intact but each villager has its own area. villagers can sell area to others. reorganization has been hard with irrigation systems, equipment, and infrastructure because they were originally made to serve communes. production has increased

air pollution

concentration of trace substances at a greater level than occurs in average air

according to von thunen model, 2 factors that a farmer considers before planting

cost of land cost of transporting products

market price

cost of production - related to value added

rent

cost of usage of land

crops that are common on plantations

cotton, sugarcane, coffee, rubber, tobacco, cocoa, jute, bananas, tea, coconut, palm oil

why grazing is placed where it is on the von thunen model

cows/livestock. don't require much work

Rest crop

crop that helps restore a field

farmers can distribute their workload because

crops are seasonal whereas livestock are full year

irony of amount of land devoted to crops vs. animals and the income generated by both

crops need all of the land but most income comes from animals

difference between grains grown in commercial grain farming regions and grains grown in mixed crop and livestock regions

crops on grain farm are primarily for consumption by humans rather than livestock

examples of perishable products

daily newspaper-current info has to be delivered at the correct time

just-in-time delivery

delivery right before a industry needs it

regions that intensive subsistence agriculture are practiced

densely populated areas China, India, East Asia, South Asia, and Southeast Asia

green revolution

development and adoption of high yielding cereal grains in the less developed world during the 60's, 70's, and 80's. Very large short term gains in grain output have allowed food supplies to grow faster than population

Undernourishment

dietary energy consumption that is continuously below the minimum requirement for maintaining a healthy, physical life

introduction and establishment of ranching

expanded during the 1860's because of demand for beef

examples of bulk gaining industry

fabricated metals beverage production

why commercial farmers suffer from low incomes

farmers are capable of producing much more food than demanded by consumers

fragmented farm

farmers live in farm villages. field are situated at varying distances from settlement. rectangular plots are common in Asia and southern Europe. narrow strips are common in Western and Central Europe

Intensive

farmers work intensively to subsist on land

4 steps in growing rice

field preparation flooding transplanting harvesting

harvesting of wet rice

harvested by hand, separate the husks, the heads are threshed by beating them on the ground or stepping on them

green revolution - 1970's

head of mexican corn program, won nobel peace prize

hazardous waste

heavy metals, PCB oils, cyanides, solvents, acids, caustics. hard to get rid of. can contaminate water and air

ways that truck farmers keep labor costs low

hiring migrant farm workers machines experimenting use only a few crops

economic rent

how much profit you can make off of a resource

location rent

how much profit you can make off of your location

most crops in mediterranean lands are grown for

human consumption rather than animal feed

green revolution - 1960's

hybrid strains of rice, wheat, and corn show great success in southeast asia, and latin america

impact of water pollution on aquatic life

if there is too much waste in the water than there won't be any oxygen in the water for the aquatic life. also temperature of the water matters.

territoriality among pastoral nomads

each group controls a piece and will invade somewhere else in an emergency or war. The goal for each group is to get as much land as possible but it all depends on wealth and power

how outsourcing has had an effect on distribuion of manufacturing

each step in the production process is now scrutinized closely in order to determine the optimal location

why enclosed field is placed where it is on the von thunen model

enclosing an animal in a field. doesn't require that much supervision. cost of shipping to city.

territoriality among village of shifting cultivation

normally owned by village - the chief gives a portion to each family

NAFTA

north american free trade agreement. eliminated most barriers to moving goods among Mexico, the US, and Canada

integration of crop and livestock

number of livestock. animal confinement-free range. management of extreme weather. flexible feeding and marketing

ways that corn is used

oil, margarine, fed to pigs and cattle, etc.

most important cash crops of mediterranean regions

olives and grapes

why do some regions specialize in milk products rather than fluid milk

other milk products can keep longer than milk

fixed location ranching

people were getting mad because cattle were walking/grazing on their property. created barbed wire to keep people and animals out

differences of subsistence agriculture and commercial agriculture

percent of farmers in labor force, use of machinery, farm size

Food security

physical, social, and economic access at all times to safe and nutritious food sufficient to meet dietary needs and food preferences

climate for double cropping

places that have warm winters - southern China and Taiwan dry winters - India

flooding of wet rice

plowed land is flooded with exact amount of water needed by rain, riverover flow, or irrigation

nonpoint sources

pollution from a large body of water -Agriculture-run off carrying fertilizers and pesticides

point sources

pollution that enters water from a specific source -water using manufacturers-steel, chemicals, paper products, food processing -municipal sewage-sinks, bathtubs, toilets

hunter-gatherers in the world today

quarter of million people. spinifex (Pila Ngur) people, Australia's Great Victorian Desert, Setinelese people, India's Andaman Islands, Bushmen-Botswana and Namibia

ways pastoral nomads obtain grain

raise crops, trade with sedentary subsistence farmers in exchange for animal products, hire people to grow grain, sow grain

field pattern

reflects the way a farmer subdivides land for agricultural use

Right-to-work laws

requires a factory to maintain an open shop and prohibits a closed shop. makes it difficult for union to organize factory workers, collect dues, and bargain with employers from a position of strength

Wet rice

rice planted on dry land in a nursery and then moved as seedlings to a flooded field to promote growth

crop hearths of east asia

rice, soybean, chinese chestnut, walnut

late ninteenth century: lake erie

rich iron ore - mesabi region

Industrial revolution

series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods. started in the UK in the late 1700's and 1800's

why wheat is the most important grain crop that is grown

sold for higher price used to make bread flower stored easily transportation is easy

2 groups that truck farmers sell their crops to

sold fresh or for canning/freezing

cultural factors for why agriculture developed

some humans preferred living in a fixed place and slowly learned how to grow things

where manufacturing jobs are moving to in the US

south and west because those areas aren't as developed as the northeast. wage rates are lower and the workers don't have as much interest in joining a union for higher wages and safer working conditions

where manufacturing jobs are moving to in Europe

southern and eastern europe because it offers labor and market proximity

second most popular in the US corn belt

soybeans

benefits of air travel

speedy delivery of small, high value items

crop hearths in the Americas

squash, beans, cotton, potato, corn, pepper, sweet potato, cassava

4 field crop rotation with cereal grains

started in europe in the 18th century. used 2 grains and 1 root

3 field crop rotation with cereal grains

started in europe in the 8th century. used 2 grains

invention that was the most important development to factories

steam engine. invented in 1769 by James Watt

Agricultural Revolution

the time when humans first domesticated plants and animal and no longer relied on hunting and gathering. it happened about 8000 BC. The world's population grew rapidly. By growing plants and raising animals, humans created larger, more stable sources of food

field preparation of wet rice

use a plow drawn by water buffalo or oxen

fencing and hedging

ways to enclose land

regions that mixed crop and livestock are common

west of the Appalachians (US)

3 leading cereal grains

wheat - europe, north america, southwest and central asia rice - east, south, southeast asia maize - some of sub-saharan africa

major crops of intensive subsistence without wet rice

wheat, barley, millet, oats, corn, sorghum, soybeans, cotton, flax, hemp, tobacco

crop hearths in africa

yam, sorghum, cowpea, african rice, coffee, finger millet

township

6 square mile parcel of land that serves as the political administrative sub-district within counties. Roads follow section and township lines

Gini coefficient

A measure of inequality by means of a ratio analysis, rather than a variable unrepresentative of most of the population, such as per capita income or gross domestic product.

sustainable agriculture

Farming methods that preserve long-term productivity of land and minimize pollution, typically by rotating soil-restoring crops with cash crops and reducing inputs of fertilizer and pesticides.

Thomas Malthus

One of the first to argue that the worlds rate of population increase was far outrunning the development of food populatio

seed agriculture hearths

Place around the world where the seeds of popular crops originated. (Mexico, Southeast Asia, etc.)

vegetative agriculture hearths

Places around the world where plants originated. (Southeast Asia, West Africa, South America, etc.)

parameters of the von thunen model

-Distance - How far to go? -Price - How much are you gonna sell it for? -Yields - Amount -Transport Costs - How much will transporting it cost? -In defining the "highest and best" use of land and hence allocation of land use on the market principles -Improvements in transportation make some of his Model outdated. -Intensity of cultivation declines with increasing distance from market -Land values decrease father from market -Perishable products need to be produced near the market

Agricultural success? of the green revolution

-Emergence of new human diseases from animal diseases -dense urban populations allow spread/persistence of disease -Lower standard of living for many people -archaeological evidence of serious malnourishment among early farmers -many modern impoverished and malnourished farmers -famine virtually non-existent in hunter-gatherer societies -Increased susceptibility to plant blights and increased dependence on complex economic systems -Environmental degradation -topsoil loss, desertification, eutrophication, PCBs in fish and other pesticides

technical problems with the green revolution

-Heavy Use of fresh water -High dependence on technology and machinery provided/sold by core countries -Heavy use of pesticides and fertilizer -Reduced genetic diversity/increased blight vulnerability (disease of crops)-makes it not consumable -Questionable overall sustainability

fences

-New england, western irelnad, and the yucatan use stone fencing -barbed wire swept across america -in appalachia, traditional split-rail zigzab fencing survives in some places

ethical issues with the green revolution

-Starvation can be prevented, but extra food may lead to higher birth rates -Life expectancy in less developed countries increased by 10 years in less than 20 years -Dependency on core countries increased; rich-poor gap increased -Wealthy farmers and multinational companies do well, small farmers become wage laborers or unemployed - dependent -More at risk? More people malnourished/starving today than in 1950's -US spends 10 billion dollars a year on farm subsidies, damaging farmers and market in LDC's

policies that US government have implemented to address problem of excess productive capacity

-farmers are encouraged to avoid producing crops that are in excess supply -the government pays farmers when certain commodity prices are low -the government buys surplus production and sells or donates it to other countries

characteristics of shifting cultivation

-farmers clear land by slashing vegetation and burning debris -farmers grow crops on cleared field, until soil nutrients are depleted, then they leave it so it can recover

cons of shifting cultivation

-preliminary step in development. should be replaced by more sophisticated agriculture to yield more crops -contributes to global warming

percentage of workforce in agribusiness

20%

percentage of land devoted to shifting cultivation

25%

Outsourcing

A decision by a corporation to turn over much of the responsibility for production to independent suppliers.

Maquiladora

A factory built by a U.S. company in Mexico near the U.S. border to take advantage of the much lower labor costs in Mexico.

Ranching

A form of commercial agriculture in which livestock graze over an extensive area.

"Fordism"/ Fordist production

A form of mass production in which each worker s assigned one specific task to perform repeatedly.

pastoral nomadism

A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals.

intensive subsistence agriculture

A form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land.

shifting cultivation

A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for a relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period of time.

Plantation

A large farm in tropical and subtropical climates that specializes in the production of one or two crops for sale.

break-of-bulk point

A location where transfer is possible from one mode of transportation to another.

location theory

A logical attempt to explain the locational pattern of economic activities and the manner in which its producing areas are interrelated

Combine

A machine that reaps, threshes, and cleans grain while moving over a field.

varignon frame

A system of weights and pulleys used by geographers to help determine optimum location. For example, the weights might represent the relative cost of transporting particular goods to or from particular locations, to help a firm decide the most cost effective site to locate a prospective production facility.

subsistence agriculture

Agriculture designed primarily to provide food fro direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer's family. - number of farmers is large in LDC's, mostly hand tools, small farms

commercial agriculture

Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm. - number of farmers is decreasing in MDC's, lots of machinery, large farms

least-cost theory

Alfred Weber's theory of industrial location, explaining and predicting where industries will locate based on cost analysis of transportation, labor, and agglomeration factors.

basic industry

An Industry that sells their products or services primarily to consumers outside the settlement.

organic farming

An approach to farming and ranching that avoids the use of herbicides, pesticides, growth hormones, and other similar synthetic inputs.

GDP per capita

An approximation of the value of goods produced per person in the country, equal to the country's GDP divided by the total number of people in the country. Used as economic factor in HDI.

labor-intensive industry

An industry for which labor costs comprise a high percentage of total expenses.

bulk-reducing industry

An industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume than the inputs.

bulk-gaining industry

An industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises a greater volume than the inputs.

nonbasic industry

An industry that sells their products primarily to consumers in the community.

assembly line

Arrangement of workers, machines, and equipment in which the product being assembled passes consecutively from operation to operation until completed.

example of a bulk reducing industry

Copper

cash crop

Crops grown for money; more specifically refers to more specialized crops located mainly in or near the tropics (e.g., sugar, cotton, rubber, bananas, oranges, etc.)

genetically modified organisms (GMO)

Crops that carry genetically engineered traits.

Fallow

Cultivated land that is not seeded for one or more growing seasons

Textile

Fabric that is woven or knitted; material for clothing.

double cropping

Harvesting twice a year from the same field.

economies of scale

Increase in effiency of production as the number of goods being produced increases

second agricultural revolution

Increased the productivity of farming through mechanization and access to market areas due to better transportation.

footloose industry

Industry in which the cost of transporting both raw materials and finished product is not important for the location of firms.

site factors

Location factors related to the costs of factors of production inside a plant, such as land, labor, and capital.

situation factors

Location factors related to the transportation of materials into and from a factory. proximity to inputs or proximity to markets

MDC's vs. LDC's daily consumption

MDC's - 2x recommended calories - 3600 a day (obesity) LDC's - 2600 (undernourishment)

difference of source of proteins in MDC's vs. LDC's

MDC's - meat (beef, pork, poultry) LDC's - cereal grains

region that is the largest producer of dairy products

New Zealand

luxury crops

Non-subsistence crops such as tea, cacao, coffee, and tobacco.

where most vehicle production plants are located

North America (US), Europe (Germany), East Asia (China)

Agglomeration

Phenomenon of economic activity congregating in or close to a single location, rather than being spread out uniformly over space.

Boserup hypothesis

Population growth influences the distribution of types of subsistence farming.

substitution principle

Principle that maintains that the correct location of a production facility is where the net profit is the greatest. Therefore in industry, there is a tendency to substitute one factor of production (e.g., labor) for another (e.g., capital for automated equipment) in order to achieve optimum plant location.

Deindustrialization

Process by which companies move industrial jobs to other regions with cheaper labor, leaving the newly deindustrialized region to switch to a service economy and to work through a period of high unemployment.

Deforestation

The clearing and destruction of forests to harvest wood for consumption, clear land for agricultural uses, and make way for expanding settlement frontiers.

Aquaculture

The cultivation of seafood under controlled conditions.

Agriculture

The deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth's surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain.

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

mixed farming

The growth of crops, feed, and livestock all on the same farm.

secondary industry

The portion of the economy concerned with manufacturing useful products through processing, transforming, and assembling raw materials.

primary industry

The portion of the economy concerned with the direct extraction of materials from Earth's surface, generally through agriculture, although sometimes by mining, fishing, and forestry.

crop rotation

The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year to avoid exhausting the soil.

Transhumance

The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures.

Neolithic Revolution

The shift from hunting animals and gathering food to the keeping of animals and the growing of food (8,000 BCE).

market gardening

The small scale production of fruits, vegetables, and flowers as cash crops sold directly to local consumers. Distinguishable by the large diversity of crops grown on a small area of land, during a single growing season. Labor is done manually.

Infrastructure

The stock of basic facilities and capital equipment needed for the functioning of a country or area

Irrigation

The supplying of water to land through means human intervention in the environment.

international division of labor

Transfer of some types of jobs, especially those requiring low-paid less skilled workers, from more developed to less developed countries.

mid-twentieth century: east and west coasts

Transportation. able to import and export goods to make steel

Von Thünen's model of agriculture

Used to explain the importance of proximity to market in choice of crops on commercial farms. Must combine the value of high yield crop per hectare and the cost of transporting the yield per hectare. (For example something like dairy products can't be located far away from cities because the milk would spoil before they could get it to the city)

things that Von Thunen didn't take into consideration in his model

Von Thunen assumes that the area is an isolated agricultural region, that it has a homogeneous in soil, climate, etc., the agricultural region is served by a single market/central, the central place functions to sell and consume agricultural products, farmers will allocate land use to its highest and best use (most profitable function), that the transportation costs are linear and proportional to distance in all directions (assume no terminal costs), and that they may vary for different crops/commodities(products).

Capital

Wealth in the form of money or property owned by a person or business.

industrial inertia

When an industry stays in a location even after the advantages for locating there have ceased to exist

export processing zone

Zones established by many countries in the peripherary and semi-peripherary that offer favorable tax, regulatory, and trade arrangements to attract foreign trade/investments

sanitary landfill

a place to deposit solid waste. need land to put the solid waste in - the US is running out of land

example of break-of-bulk point

a steel mill near Baltimore may receive iron by ship and coal by train

transplanting of wet rice

after a month of growing on dry land, they submerge them in water

swidden

cleared area used for 3 years or less

Colombia grows the most

cocaine

effect of drug crops on subsistence farmers

cocaine - derived from coca leaf - grown in columbia, peru, and North America heroin - derived from raw opium gum - grown in Afghanistan, Burma, Laos Marijuana - produced from Cannabis Sativa plant - grown in Mexico

benefits of railroads

don't have to stop during journey

open range and cattle drives of ranching

driven on hoof by cowboys on trails to railhead, then they rode in cars

climate of pastoral nomadism

dry climate

importance of iron

first industry to benefit from Watt's steam engine

effect of africa's food supply on subsistence farmers

food production has increased but so has population. the threat of famine hits the horn of africa and sahel. the government tries to keep prices low to make it affordable but the farmers aren't making money.

US corn belt

from Ohio to the Dakota's - goes through Iowa

acreage and yield trends during the green revolution

gains were made by: -dwarf varieties: plants are bred to allocate more of their photosynthetic output to grain and less to vegetative parts -planting in closer rows, allowed by herbicide, increases yields -bred to be less sensitive to day length, thus double-cropping is more plausible -very sensitive to inputs of fertilizer and water

spring wheat belt

goes through Dakotas, Montana, and southern Saskatchewan, Canada. Planted in spring and harvested in late summer

winter wheat belt

goes through Kansas, Colorado, and Oklahoma. Planted in autumn and develops a strong root system before growth crops winter

cereal grain

grass that yields grain for food

greenhouse effect

greenhouse gases trapping some of the radiation emitted by the surface of the earth

Specialty farming

growing crops that have limited but increasing demand. in the New England area of the US

Horticulture

growing of fruits and vegetables and flowers

green revolution - 1990's

growth in food supply continues, but slows to below the rate of population growth, as the results of unsustainable farming practices take effect.

mid-nineteenth century: southwestern Pennsylvania

iron ore and coal were mined there

early twentieth century: southern lake michigan

iron ore, coal

environmental factors for why agriculture developed

it started at the end of the last ice age and resulted in a massive redistribution of humans, animals, and plants

pros of shifting cultivation

most environmentally sound keeps local diversity of cultures

BRICS

most of the world's future growth in manufacturing expected to locate. Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa

effect of international trade on subsistence farming

must trade to earn supplies. sell to developed countries for a high price

effect of food prices on subsistence farmers

poor weather - south pacific and North America higher demand - China and India smaller growth in productivity - no break throughs use of crops as biofuel instead of food - Latin America

Afghanistan grows the most

poppies

importance of coal

principle source of energy to operate ovens and steam engines

example of single-market manufacturers

producer of buttons, zippers, clips, pins, etc.

why horticulture and dairying are placed where they are on the von thunen model

production of fruits, vegetables, and dairying are labor intensive activities

Von thunen model

proposed an "isolated state" - no imports or exports - self sufficiency approach. common in LDC's -Addis Ababa, Ethiopia -Colonial Mexico during the period of Spanish Rule

pros and cons of maquiladoras

pros-companies receive tax breaks cons-taking advantage of people and that environment laws aren't strictly enforced in Mexico

sensitive land management

protects soil through ridge tillage. lower production on costs, greater soil conservation. maintool-row-crop cultivator that forms ridges

why three field is placed where it is on the von thunen model

rotation crops among 3 different fields. doesn't require that much supervision. cost of shipping to city.

why crop rotation is placed where it is on the von thunen model

rotation crops. doesn't require that much supervision. cost of shipping to city.

local-scale pollution

severe where emission sources are concentrated -carbon monoxide-reduces oxygen -hydrocarbons-cause respiratory problems -particulates-dust and smoke particles

ranching in australia

sheep is most common

four work rules of post-fordist production

teams-working together to accomplish a goal problem solving-talking with other employees before filing a complaint leveling-equal treatment no matter what productivity-more machines and operators

how to cultivate hilly or mountainous regions

terrace farming

green revolution - 1943

the rockefeller foundation begins work in short stature hybrid corn in Mexico

global warming

the world's average temperature has increased by 2 degrees Fahrenheit since 1880. burning fossil fuels causes this

late twentieth century: moving closer to markets

their main input if widely available

intensive subsistence farming in communist China - communes

they grouped up the people and land and thought that productivity would improve but people weren't as motivated when working for the commune (group). the people were more motivated for themselves.

how farmers and combine companies make use of the different seasons of wheat

they have 2 sets of fields to distribute workload and machinery

ways modern government threaten pastoral nomads

they try to resettle nomads in China, Kazakhstan, and southwest asia. they force groups to give land up to the government can have the land

importance of chemicals

to bleach and dye cloth

climate of shifting cultivation

tropical - high temperature, lots of rain

benefits of trucks

unloaded and loaded quickly and cheaply