AP Human Geography Unit 3 Test

Christian churches often feature a tall steeple topped with a ______. Hindu temples often have elaborately carved exteriors with multiple ______ of deities or significant characters. Most Buddhists emphasize _____ and living in harmony with ______. Jews worship in _________ or temples. In places where Islam is widely practiced, the _____ is the most prominent structure in the landscape and is usually located in the center of town. Shinto, whose cultural hearth is _____, emphasizes honoring one's ancestors and the relationship between people and nature.

1. cross 2. manifestations 3. meditating. 4. nature. 5. synagogues. 6. mosque. 7. Japan.

As a result of technological changes, the rate of _________ has increased dramatically and the _______ of diffusion have taken new and interesting forms.

1. diffusion, 2. patterns

1. Define heterogeneous. 2. Popular culture typically exhibits ___________, meaning that modern urban societies are usually heterogenous, or exhibiting differences, within the society and usually contain numerous multiethnic neighborhoods.

1. exhibiting differences. 2. vertical diversity

Social media is a form of ________ and _________ diffusion but also ___________ too.

1. expansion, 2. contagious, 3. hierarchical

The strength of religious fundamentalism often diminishes with greater distance from the religious _________, which is known as ____________.

1. heart, 2. distance decay

Ethnic groups move in and out of neighborhoods and create new cultural _____ on the landscape in a process geographers call ______ occupancy.

1. imprints, 2. sequent

A series of _____________ traits make up a ______________, such as the process of steps and acceptable behaviors related to greeting a person in different cultures. Since culture is ________ there are many ways that one generation passes its culture to the next. Children and adults learn these traits three ways:___________

1. interrelated, 2. cultural complex, 3. learned. 4. Imitation/informal instruction/formal instruction

When new groups move into a neighborhood the process of change can be well __________ and result in _______ changes. However, the evolution and changing occupancy of neighborhoods can create cultural, economic, and political _______.

1. received. 2. positive. 3. tension.

Language is essential to culture as it creates _________________ and _______________.

1. sense of place 2. cultural landscape

Postmodern architecture developed after the _____. It is a movement away from boxy, mostly concrete or brick structures toward high rise structures made from large amounts of ______ and _____ siding.

1960s, steel, glass.

Currently there are approximately _________ languages spoken in the world.

7,000

How many languages are there in the world

7,000

Creole language

A combined language with formal structure and vocabulary (ex. Afrikaans, Dutch + European/African languages)

Lingua Franca

A common language used by people who do not share the same language.

Colonialism

A particular type of imperialism in which people move into and settle on the land of another country

Hierarchical Religion

A religion in which a central authority exercises a high degree of control. Example: Church of Latter-day saints.

Autonomous Religion

A religion that does not have a central authority but shares ideas and cooperates informally. Example: Islam in local environments.

Pidgin language

A simplified mixture of two languages. (ex. pidgin of English and Papuan languages.)

Contagious Diffusion

A wavelike spread of ideas in the manner of a contagious disease or forest fire, moving quickly throughout space without regard or hierarchy. (example: memes on social media 'going viral')

Endangered Languages

An endangered language is one that is likely to become extinct in the near future.

Before European colonialism, most native indigenous people of Africa and North America practiced _________.

Animism

Ethnic Enclaves

Clusters of people of the same culture--that are often surrounded by the people of the dominant culture in the region. example Chinatown in San Fransisco, Little Mogadishu (Somali enclave) in Minneapolis.

Theocracy

Countries whose governments are run by religious leaders through the use of religious laws.

A ______ occurs when one group of people is dispersed to various location.s

Diaspora

Define diffuse. Define Taboo

Diffuse: to spread to other places. Taboo: Behaviors heavily discouraged by a culture.

What are the four globalized languages of the world?

English, French, Spanish, Arabic

The UN uses the languages...

English, Mandarin, Russian, French, Arabic, and Spanish.

Ethnic Urban Neighborhoods.

Example: Chinatown in San Fransisco.

What has encouraged the use of fewer languages?

Globalization and contemporary communication technologies.

Social constructs

Ideas, concepts, or perceptions that have been created and accepted by people in a society or social group and are not created by nature.

The ___________ Revolution's have greatly increased __________ compression, thus increasing globalization.

Industrial, Space-time

Traditional Culture vs Popular/Global Culture

Society: Rural/isolated vs urban/connected, indigenous/homogenous population vs diverse/multiethnic population. Social Structure: Community/conformity vs individualism/making choices. Close families vs dispersed families. well-defined gender roles vs weakly-defined gender roles. Diffusion: Slow vs rapid. relocation vs hierarchical. Oral traditions and stories vs social and mass media. Buildings and housing: Local materials vs manufactured materials. traditional architecture vs modern architecture. Built by community/owner vs built by company. Food: locally produced vs imported. traditional food vs variety of foods. prepared by community/family vs restraints Local/regional vs national and global

Give an example of a Blue Law

The sale of alcohol restricted on Sunday

In rural areas, ethnic concentrations form

ethnic islands

When members of an _______ group reside on their ancestral lands and typically possess unique cultural traits, such as speaking their own exclusive language, they are considered an _________ culture. (Give an example)

ethnic, indigenous. (ex. Navajo, United States. Inuit, Canada)

In traditional settings, women usually handle the domestic responsibilities, such as _____, educating children, and caring for family members. Men are more commonly operated more ______ than women in _____, while certain private spaces have been reserved for women.

farming, freely, public spaces.

Pidgin

Occurs in places where speakers of two different languages have extensive contact with each other (often because of trade) and they develop a simplified mixture of two languages. A pidgin language has fewer grammar rules and a smaller vocabulary than either language but is not the native language of either group.

Stimulus Diffusion

Occurs when a specific trait is rejected, but the underlying idea is accepted. (ex. Siberian peoples domesticating reindeer after observing their neighbors to the south raising cattle--had no use for cattle, but liked the idea of having domesticated herds).

What did the invention of the steam engine do to time-space convergence?

Reduced the time it took one to travel from one place to another.

Cultural Appropriation

The action of adopting traits, icons, or other elements of another culture. Ex. dressing up in costumes that propagate racial or cultural stereotypes.

Cultural Hearth. (give two examples)

The area in which a unique culture or a specific trait develops. ex. Classical Greece = Democracy, New York= rap music

Folk Culture

The belief and practices of small, homogenous groups of people, often living in rural areas that are relatively isolated and slow to change.

Animism

The belief that non-living objects, such as rivers or mountains, possess spirits.

Imperialism

The broader concept that includes a variety of ways of influencing another country or group of people by direct conquest, economic control, or cultural dominance.

Cultural Relativism

The concept that a person's or group's beliefs, values, norms, and practices should be understood from the perspective of the other group's culture.

Charter Group (religion)

The first group to establish cultural and religious customs in a place.

Syncretism

The fusion or blending of two distinctive cultural traits into a unique hybrid trait. Most languages use syncretism to some extent (i.e. English has many French words), and language learners sometimes use somewhat incorrect mixtures of a language (ex. Spanglish, Franglais, etc.)

Time-space convergence

The greater interconnection between places that results from improvements in transportation

Globalization

The increased integration of the world economy since the 1970s. The process of intensified interactions among peoples, governments, and companies of different countries around the globe.

Diffusion

The pattern by which a phenomenon such as the movement of people or their ideas, technology, or preferences, spreads from a particular location through space and time.

Artifacts: Sociofacts:

artifacts comprise the material culture, consisting of tangible things, or those that can be experienced by the sense. Sociofacts are the ways people organize their society and relate to one another.

Language can be a _______ or _________ force in society.

centripetal (increases the cohesion and unity of a society) or centrifugal (threaten the cohesion and unity of society).

Give examples of centripetal forces. Give examples of centrifugal forces.

centripetal: common language and religion, shared heritage and history, ethnic unity and tolerance, just/fair legal system, charismatic leader, etc. centrifugal: different languages and religions, separate past, ethnic conflict, racism, unequal application of laws, or dictatorial leadership.

Language is the key element in _________, so with loss of language comes a loss of a central part of a group's history, ethnicity, and culture. "Different languages, different mindsets".

communication

_________ is central to a society and the identity of its people, as well as its continued existence.

culture

cultural convergence

cultures are becoming similar to each other and sharing more cultural traits, ideas, and beliefs

Traditional architecture reflects a local ______ history, beliefs, values, and community adaptations to the environment, and typically utilizes _____ available materials.

cultures, locally. Examples: Spanish adobe homes, New England colonial homes.

_______ may limit the housing choices for members or a particular group.

discrimination

How is technology used to preserve cultures?

record or preserve languages, communities of speakers use social media to discuss and share their cultural beliefs and language with other members of the community who are separate from or have left an area.

Cultural regions are usually determined based on characteristics such as _________, language, and ________. Geographers also identify larger areas, called ______, that include several regions:

religion, ethnicity, culture realms. Several culture regions: Anglo-American, Latin American, Islamic, Sub-Saharan African, European, Slavic, Sino-Japanese, Indian, Southeast Asian, Austral-European.

Linguists

scientists who study languages

Trade aided the spread of languages because of

ships, railroads, other forms of transportation

Most of the endangered languages are spoken by _____, _____ groups.

small, isolated. As these groups become integrated into the larger society, the people often learn the language of the majority and its traditional language falls into disuse and becomes extinct.

What is challenging traditional corporate sources of popular culture?

social media, search engines, entertainment

Slang

words used informally by a segment of the population

Time-space convergence proves ________ way of thinking about __________ as not just physical ______ but also of _______ distance.

1. another, 2. geography, 3. space, 4. relative

Regions that have linguistically mixed populations are _______ or _______.

1. Bilingual (the majority of the population speaks two languages). 2. multilingual (if the population speaks three or more languages).

__________,_________, and trade have played a powerful role in spreading religion and culture.

1. Colonialism, 2. Imperialism

The most widely used creole languages in the Americas is found in ________. It is derived mostly from ________ with influences from numerous languages from Africa.

1. Haiti. 2. French

In the U.S.: Congregationalists are still strong in ________, where their English ancestors settled in the 1600s. Baptists and Methodists are most common in the ________, where these denominations were spread by traveling preachers in the 1800s. Lutherans live mostly in the________, where their German or Scandinavian ancestors, who immigrated in the late 18002, could find farmland. Many _______ live in or near Utah, where their founders settled in the mid-1800s after religious persecution drove them out of Missouri and Illinois. ________________ are most common in urban areas in the Northeast and throughout the Southwest. Jews, Muslims, and Hindus live most often in _______ areas, the traditional home to ____________.

1. New England, 2. Southeast, 3. Midwest, 4. Mormons, 5. Roman Catholics 6. urban. 7. immigrants

1. Define Homogeneous. 2. Traditional culture typically exhibits _______, meaning each traditional culture has its own customs an language that makes it distinct from other culture groups,

1. Very similar to each other. 2. horizontal diversity

1. define culture, 2. give two examples of "cultural traits"

1. a groups learned behaviors, actions, beliefs, and objects. 2. visible (actions, possessions, influence on the landscape) and invisible (shared belief systems, customs, traditions.)

Swahili is the official language of what countries?

Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Tanzania, D.R. Congo

Creole

Languages that occur when pidgin languages develop a more formal structure and vocabulary so they create a new combined language. (ex. Common on the islands of the Caribbean, where the languages of enslaved Africans mixed with the European colonizers language of English, Spanish, French, or Portuguese and over time developed into entirely new languages.

Sacred places/sites

Many specific places and natural features that have religious significance.

___________ spaces to the dead, such as cemeteries, are traditionally located close to worship spaces. Restaurants and food markets often cater to particular religious groups by offering religiously ______ food. Signs often are written in the language and sometimes the alphabet that reflects the ethnic _____ of the group.

Memorial. approved. heritage.

What major cities have driven pop culture creation in the past 75 years?

New York City, Los Angeles, London, Tokyo

How did language originally diffuse?

Unknown. Theories: dispersion of people, transmission, conquest.

Popular Culture

When cultural traits--such as clothing, music, movies, and types of businesses--spread quickly over a large area and are adopted by various groups. Popular culture can quickly be adopted worldwide, making them a part of global culture. Popular culture emphasizes trying what is new rather than preserving what is traditional.

Reverse Hierarchical Diffusion

When ideas leapfrog from a lower level of hierarchy to a higher level. (Example: Walmart spreading from rural Arkansas to more populated areas.)

Hierarchical Diffusion (Expansion)

When ideas leapfrog from one important person, community, or city to another, bypassing other persons, communities, or rural areas. Examples: celebrity fashion trends/sushi.

Expansion Diffusion

When ideas or practices spread throughout a population, from area to area, in a snowballing process, so that the total number of knowers and users and the areas of occurrence increase.

Relocation Diffusion

When individuals or groups with a particular idea or practice migrate from one location to another, thereby bringing the idea or practice to their new homeland. Religion often spreads this way, as do ethnic foods.

Cultural Hearth

Where a region or ethnicity began

Lingua Franca

a common language used by people who do not share the same native language. It is a language of communication and commerce spoken across a wide area where it is not a mother tongue. [Common Linga Francas are English, Mandarin, Russian, Arabic, French, Spanish, and Swahili (a mix of Arabic and Bantu, used to promote unity in Africa)]

Official Language

a language designated by law to be the language of the government.

National Language

a language spoken by a large part of the population of a country which may or may not be designated an official language.

fundamentalism

an attempt to follow a literal interpretation of a religious faith.

By the end of the century ______ of the worlds languages will be gone.

half

While no highly __________ countries have fully adopted religious laws, their legal codes often show clear influence of religion.

industrialized.

Contemporary architecture uses multiple advances to create buildings that rotate, curve, and stretch the ____ of size and ______.

limits, height.

Centrifugal forces can be especially harmful toward national cohesion in ___________ states, those which possess more than one distinct cultural identity or ethnic group within its borders.

multicultural

What is the difference between nationality and ethnicity?

nationality: based on people's connection to a particular country. ethnicity: based upon group cultural traits.

While ____ generations often resist the adaptation of popular culture, they seldom are successful in keeping their traditional cultures from changing, especially among the ________ people of their society.

older, younger

Ethnocentrism

the belief that one's own cultural group is more important and superior to other cultures.

cultural divergence

the idea that a culture may change over time as the elements of distance, time, physical separation, and modern technology create divisions and changes

Cultural landscape (also called the "built environment")

the modification of the environment by a group and is a visible reflection of the groups cultural beliefs and values. (examples: buildings, roads, signs, fences.)

Native Speakers

those who use the language learned from birth

The _______ culture is used to encompass all three cultural designations.

traditional

Cultural patterns consist of related sets of cultural _____ and complexes that create similar behaviors across space.

traits