AP Human Geography Unit 7
assumption(s) in Christaller's Central Place Theory?
A flat isototropic plane with no physical barriers, Uniform soil fertility, Population and purchasing power would be evenly distributed, Uniform transportation system in all directions
Due to the changing nature of a city's economic base in North America, what activities and land uses have declined in and around the Central Business District
Manufacturing, Residential,Major department stores, Warehousing
The identification of blighted urban neighborhoods and the subsequent removal of residents and demolition of deteriorated buildings with the construction of new buildings, highways, and other large construction projects is commonly known as
urban renewal
The process of settlement formation, expansion, and change
urbanization
Blockbusting in the 1950s often contributed to
white flight
Urban models attempt to explain
why particular patterns exist in urban areas, why people are not randomly distributed throughout an urban area, where people with particular characteristics live
The basic tenants of new urbanism dont include
wide streets with cul-de-sacs
According to the Burgess model, the housing stock is most deteriorated and a sizable percent of residents are immigrants in the
zone of transition
Large cities develop many nodes around which different types of people and activities cluster
Multiple Nuclei Model
Even though land use in North American Central Business Districts is characterized by skyscrapers and high-density uses, a sizable percentage of land is still devoted to
automobiles
Since the 1950s, most North American metropolitan areas have
lost population in the central core, continued to expand farther out from the Central Business District, experienced increased population density in the inner ring of suburbs, experienced a significant change in the density gradient
The economic base of many cities in the Rocky Mountain West includes
mining, recreation and tourism
According to Brian Berry, people who are a part of a "daily urban system", supported by functional regions connected to urban hubs by commuter links, have access to a plethora of services in
more developed countries and the United States
The elite residential section in the Latin American Model is located
on either side of the main boulevard that leads to the CBD
Squatter settlements in Least Developed Countries (LDCs) cities are usually located
on the outskirts of the urban area
The "city beautiful movement" of the late 19th century was a response to
over-crowded inner-city tenements, excessive pollution during the industrial era, citizens' need for urban green spaces, communities' need to have clean air
Challenges for mega cities in More Developed Countries (MDCs) include
overcrowding, infrastructure maintenance, crime, pollution
the largest city in a country is twice the size of the next largest city
primate city
The maximum distance a person is willing to travel to frequent a service
range
A bank would be engaging in ___________ if they would not grant mortgages to customers in certain neighborhoods or zip-codes
redlining
The physical qualities of the original location for a city
site characteristics
Urban growth boundaries are most commonly associated with the movement known as
smart growth
Unrestricted low-density development of residential and commercial activities over a large expanse of land is
sprawl
What type of land use dominates on the periphery of the Latin American Model
squatter settlements
In ancient Southwest Asia cities politically acted as
states
New urbanism is based upon land use trends from
street-car suburbs of the 1920s
urbanization reached its zenith during
the Greco-Roman era
According to the Burgess Model of Urban Development, the outer most ring is the
the commuter zone
Potentially, how could gentrification of city neighborhoods alter the density gradient of an urban area
the density gradient might return to a pattern similar to the 1950s
Not a typical site and/or situational characteristics for the establishment of a settlement
the middle of a plain
The economic expansion or contraction due to the introduction or loss of a major employer in a particular location
the multiplier effect
Geographically, cities in Least Developed Countries (LDCs) and Europe both have
the poor living along the outskirts of the city
Industries during the 1800s located close to Central Business Districts (CBDs) because
they needed to locate close to transportation lines
The minimum number of people needed to support a business
threshold
The United States Census Bureau establishes Metropolitan Statistical Areas
to determine the geographical extent of influence for an urban area
Mixed land use with high-density housing options located near light rail and subway stops
transit-orientated development
Geographically, cities expanded outwards prior to the automobile by growing
along transportation lines
the process of a city legally adding more land
annexation
population of the fourth largest city in a country where the rank-size rule applies if the largest city is one million in population
250,000
Authority to tax, Responsibility to provide essential services, Ability to hold elections, Establish legally defined boundaries
Advantage a city gains by legally incorporating
What problems do metro area municipalities find it difficult to solve without regional governmental agencies
Air pollution, Traffic congestion, Solid waste disposal, Affordable housing
The continent with the least number of world cities is
Australia
What factors contributed to the proliferation of suburbs in America during the post World War II era
Brown v. Board of Education, Federal government programs, Low-interest GI mortgage loans, Demographic shifts
Large cities are economic hubs with radiating connections for commerce according to
Central Place Theory
What factor(s) have contributed to the rapid urbanization in Least Developed Countries (LDCs) since 1950
Cities provide opportunity for displaced rural residents Explosive population growth has made it difficult for subsistence farmers to support their families
A city grows outward from a central location in a series of rings in the
Concentric Zone Model
How have industrially-based cities in the Northeastern United States attempted to combat the loss of jobs from the relocation of industries to suburbs and to Least Developed Countries
Develop health, research, and personal service sectors
What geometric pattern is associated with Christaller's Central Place Theory
Hexagon
What did Hoyt's research uncover regarding the highest social class district in a city
High-class residential areas don't change much over time
When comparing urban models for North American and European cities, what is the difference between where high-class residential neighborhoods area located
In European cities they are located near the Central Business District (CBD), In North American cities they are typically located on the outskirts of the metro area
Cites significantly increased their population size in Europe and North America during the
Industrial Revolution
Since the United States has become a suburban country, what part of suburbia is now experiencing many of the challenges faced by poor urban neighborhoods
Inner ring suburbs of the 1950s
According to the classic bid-rent curve, what happens to the value of land as one gets closer to the Central Business District (CBD)
Land gets more expensive
How has the composition of the world's top ten most populated cities changed since 1950
Least Developed Countries cities make up a larger percentage of the top ten
proper hierarchy of cities on the West Coast of the United States
Los Angeles, San Francisco, Seattle, San Jose, Sacramento, Santa Barbara
What happened to inner city neighborhoods when many industries shifted geographic location to the suburbs after World War II
Neighborhoods declined in population, The housing stock deteriorated, Unemployment rates increased for inner city residents, Business services declined for inner city residents
Not a major world megalopolises
New Delehi to Mumbai
cities were built purely as an administrative and/or commercial center by European power
New Delhi, Saigon, Hong Kong, Nairobi
The three most important cities in the world
New York, London, and Tokyo
Grid street patterns are most typical for cities in
North America
two continents that have the most linkages between their world cities
North America and Europe
Which urban model best explains the spatial impact of automobiles and the construction of interstate highways on metropolitan areas in the United States
Peripheral Model
factors responsible for explosive urban growth in the developing periphery?
Rapid population growth, Lack of opportunity in rural areas, Difficulty of providing for one's family, Real and/or perceived economic opportunity in cities
What concerns are there for a developing country if the rank-size rule does not apply
Services will be clustered in the primate city, Services will not be evenly distributed through out the country, Smaller cities find it difficult to compete for services with the primate city, People in rural areas and small cities feel compelled to migrate to the primate city for jobs
The most urbanized region in the developing world is
South America
Auto-centered cities emerged during the post World War II era in
Southwestern United States During the Industrial Revolution, what factor contributed the most to rapid urbanization? The city was a political pull
In which region of the United States have many cities been able to move up the urban hierarchy by increasing higher order goods and services due to explosive population growth
Sun Belt
What geographic advantages do mass transit systems such as subways and light rail have over automobiles
They use less land area in congested urban areas
In Chauncy Harris and Edward Ulman's Multiple Nuclei Model the following are nodes of activities
University centers, Hospital centers, Airport and transportation centers, Central business district
The central city and its surrounding suburbs
Urban Area
proper hierarchy of cities in the United States
World city, specialized producer service center, command and control center, dependent center
Street patterns of Medieval European cities resembled
a chaotic haphazard layout
Many cities in North America have designed and set aside areas where outdoor concerts, street performers, ethnic events, farmers markets, and cart vendors come together and act as a positive focal point economically and socially for urban life
a festival market place
From 1400-1700 many European powers established ___________ , which served as an entrance to or exit from a conquered area
a gateway city
Suburban developments suffer from
a lack of diversity, social isolation
Inner city neighborhoods face a challenge of
a lack of social and economic diversity
In the United States overlapping Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) eventually lead to conurbanaization or
a megalopolis
In Hoyt's Sector Model lower income neighborhoods are usually located
adjacent to the industrial and transportation corridor
Favelas is to Brazil as ________ is to Mexico
barrios
Various cities in North America have used all of the following strategies to revitalize their central business districts except
building business parks
Not a major challenge confronting mega cities in Least Developed Countries (LDCs)
lack of recreation facilities for inner city youth
An urban settlement that has incorporated into an independent self-governing unit
city
Political geography can make it more difficult for metropolitan governments to solve regionally based problems because
competing municipalities often have conflicting interests, political boundaries make it difficult for regional governments to exercise authority, each city has its own unique government
In the last twenty years the most successful strategy to revitalize central business districts and inner city neighborhoods has been to
construct more residences downtown
Inner city challenges fall into three basic categories, which are
economic, social, and physical
Government solutions that help solve regional metropolitan issues include
establishing cooperative agencies, such as a council of governments, forming a federation of municipalities like Toronto, consolidations where governments share services, altering political boundaries so city and county boundaries coincide
Bayside in Miami, Faneuil Hall in Boston, Riverwalk in San Antonio, and Pike Street Market in Seattle, all serve as
festival market places
When inner city neighborhood property values decline, owners of large older homes often subdivide the home into multiple units
filtering
Chicago incorporated land beyond its city limits to build O'Hare International Airport in the 1960s. This is an excellent example of
flagpole annexation
Young single recent college graduates who move into distressed inner city neighborhoods and refurbish their new residences would be an example of
gentrification
Three categories sociologist Louis Wirth used to differentiate between urban and rural areas
high density, social heterogeneity, and large size
The major advantage of the peripheral model over other urban models is the fact that it
highlights the problems of sprawl and segregation
Rapid growth of cities in the Sunbelt of the United States took place after World War II because of
home air-conditioning widespread automobile ownership environmental pull of warm winters non-unionized labor was an economic pull for businesses
Not a negative environmental consequences of suburban sprawl
increased green belts
The economic base of many cities changed in the post-industrial era from
industrial to business services, industrial to consumer services, industrial to public services, industrial to health services
The economic base of many cities in Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, and Illinois is
industry and manufacturing
Visually, the main difference between cities in North America and Europe is that there
is a prevalence of skyscrapers in North American cities, are fewer skyscrapers in European cities