AP Human Geography Unit 7

assumption(s) in Christaller's Central Place Theory?

A flat isototropic plane with no physical barriers, Uniform soil fertility, Population and purchasing power would be evenly distributed, Uniform transportation system in all directions

Due to the changing nature of a city's economic base in North America, what activities and land uses have declined in and around the Central Business District

Manufacturing, Residential,Major department stores, Warehousing

The identification of blighted urban neighborhoods and the subsequent removal of residents and demolition of deteriorated buildings with the construction of new buildings, highways, and other large construction projects is commonly known as

urban renewal

The process of settlement formation, expansion, and change

urbanization

Blockbusting in the 1950s often contributed to

white flight

Urban models attempt to explain

why particular patterns exist in urban areas, why people are not randomly distributed throughout an urban area, where people with particular characteristics live

The basic tenants of new urbanism dont include

wide streets with cul-de-sacs

According to the Burgess model, the housing stock is most deteriorated and a sizable percent of residents are immigrants in the

zone of transition

Large cities develop many nodes around which different types of people and activities cluster

Multiple Nuclei Model

Even though land use in North American Central Business Districts is characterized by skyscrapers and high-density uses, a sizable percentage of land is still devoted to

automobiles

Since the 1950s, most North American metropolitan areas have

lost population in the central core, continued to expand farther out from the Central Business District, experienced increased population density in the inner ring of suburbs, experienced a significant change in the density gradient

The economic base of many cities in the Rocky Mountain West includes

mining, recreation and tourism

According to Brian Berry, people who are a part of a "daily urban system", supported by functional regions connected to urban hubs by commuter links, have access to a plethora of services in

more developed countries and the United States

The elite residential section in the Latin American Model is located

on either side of the main boulevard that leads to the CBD

Squatter settlements in Least Developed Countries (LDCs) cities are usually located

on the outskirts of the urban area

The "city beautiful movement" of the late 19th century was a response to

over-crowded inner-city tenements, excessive pollution during the industrial era, citizens' need for urban green spaces, communities' need to have clean air

Challenges for mega cities in More Developed Countries (MDCs) include

overcrowding, infrastructure maintenance, crime, pollution

the largest city in a country is twice the size of the next largest city

primate city

The maximum distance a person is willing to travel to frequent a service

range

A bank would be engaging in ___________ if they would not grant mortgages to customers in certain neighborhoods or zip-codes

redlining

The physical qualities of the original location for a city

site characteristics

Urban growth boundaries are most commonly associated with the movement known as

smart growth

Unrestricted low-density development of residential and commercial activities over a large expanse of land is

sprawl

What type of land use dominates on the periphery of the Latin American Model

squatter settlements

In ancient Southwest Asia cities politically acted as

states

New urbanism is based upon land use trends from

street-car suburbs of the 1920s

urbanization reached its zenith during

the Greco-Roman era

According to the Burgess Model of Urban Development, the outer most ring is the

the commuter zone

Potentially, how could gentrification of city neighborhoods alter the density gradient of an urban area

the density gradient might return to a pattern similar to the 1950s

Not a typical site and/or situational characteristics for the establishment of a settlement

the middle of a plain

The economic expansion or contraction due to the introduction or loss of a major employer in a particular location

the multiplier effect

Geographically, cities in Least Developed Countries (LDCs) and Europe both have

the poor living along the outskirts of the city

Industries during the 1800s located close to Central Business Districts (CBDs) because

they needed to locate close to transportation lines

The minimum number of people needed to support a business

threshold

The United States Census Bureau establishes Metropolitan Statistical Areas

to determine the geographical extent of influence for an urban area

Mixed land use with high-density housing options located near light rail and subway stops

transit-orientated development

Geographically, cities expanded outwards prior to the automobile by growing

along transportation lines

the process of a city legally adding more land

annexation

population of the fourth largest city in a country where the rank-size rule applies if the largest city is one million in population

250,000

Authority to tax, Responsibility to provide essential services, Ability to hold elections, Establish legally defined boundaries

Advantage a city gains by legally incorporating

What problems do metro area municipalities find it difficult to solve without regional governmental agencies

Air pollution, Traffic congestion, Solid waste disposal, Affordable housing

The continent with the least number of world cities is

Australia

What factors contributed to the proliferation of suburbs in America during the post World War II era

Brown v. Board of Education, Federal government programs, Low-interest GI mortgage loans, Demographic shifts

Large cities are economic hubs with radiating connections for commerce according to

Central Place Theory

What factor(s) have contributed to the rapid urbanization in Least Developed Countries (LDCs) since 1950

Cities provide opportunity for displaced rural residents Explosive population growth has made it difficult for subsistence farmers to support their families

A city grows outward from a central location in a series of rings in the

Concentric Zone Model

How have industrially-based cities in the Northeastern United States attempted to combat the loss of jobs from the relocation of industries to suburbs and to Least Developed Countries

Develop health, research, and personal service sectors

What geometric pattern is associated with Christaller's Central Place Theory

Hexagon

What did Hoyt's research uncover regarding the highest social class district in a city

High-class residential areas don't change much over time

When comparing urban models for North American and European cities, what is the difference between where high-class residential neighborhoods area located

In European cities they are located near the Central Business District (CBD), In North American cities they are typically located on the outskirts of the metro area

Cites significantly increased their population size in Europe and North America during the

Industrial Revolution

Since the United States has become a suburban country, what part of suburbia is now experiencing many of the challenges faced by poor urban neighborhoods

Inner ring suburbs of the 1950s

According to the classic bid-rent curve, what happens to the value of land as one gets closer to the Central Business District (CBD)

Land gets more expensive

How has the composition of the world's top ten most populated cities changed since 1950

Least Developed Countries cities make up a larger percentage of the top ten

proper hierarchy of cities on the West Coast of the United States

Los Angeles, San Francisco, Seattle, San Jose, Sacramento, Santa Barbara

What happened to inner city neighborhoods when many industries shifted geographic location to the suburbs after World War II

Neighborhoods declined in population, The housing stock deteriorated, Unemployment rates increased for inner city residents, Business services declined for inner city residents

Not a major world megalopolises

New Delehi to Mumbai

cities were built purely as an administrative and/or commercial center by European power

New Delhi, Saigon, Hong Kong, Nairobi

The three most important cities in the world

New York, London, and Tokyo

Grid street patterns are most typical for cities in

North America

two continents that have the most linkages between their world cities

North America and Europe

Which urban model best explains the spatial impact of automobiles and the construction of interstate highways on metropolitan areas in the United States

Peripheral Model

factors responsible for explosive urban growth in the developing periphery?

Rapid population growth, Lack of opportunity in rural areas, Difficulty of providing for one's family, Real and/or perceived economic opportunity in cities

What concerns are there for a developing country if the rank-size rule does not apply

Services will be clustered in the primate city, Services will not be evenly distributed through out the country, Smaller cities find it difficult to compete for services with the primate city, People in rural areas and small cities feel compelled to migrate to the primate city for jobs

The most urbanized region in the developing world is

South America

Auto-centered cities emerged during the post World War II era in

Southwestern United States During the Industrial Revolution, what factor contributed the most to rapid urbanization? The city was a political pull

In which region of the United States have many cities been able to move up the urban hierarchy by increasing higher order goods and services due to explosive population growth

Sun Belt

What geographic advantages do mass transit systems such as subways and light rail have over automobiles

They use less land area in congested urban areas

In Chauncy Harris and Edward Ulman's Multiple Nuclei Model the following are nodes of activities

University centers, Hospital centers, Airport and transportation centers, Central business district

The central city and its surrounding suburbs

Urban Area

proper hierarchy of cities in the United States

World city, specialized producer service center, command and control center, dependent center

Street patterns of Medieval European cities resembled

a chaotic haphazard layout

Many cities in North America have designed and set aside areas where outdoor concerts, street performers, ethnic events, farmers markets, and cart vendors come together and act as a positive focal point economically and socially for urban life

a festival market place

From 1400-1700 many European powers established ___________ , which served as an entrance to or exit from a conquered area

a gateway city

Suburban developments suffer from

a lack of diversity, social isolation

Inner city neighborhoods face a challenge of

a lack of social and economic diversity

In the United States overlapping Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) eventually lead to conurbanaization or

a megalopolis

In Hoyt's Sector Model lower income neighborhoods are usually located

adjacent to the industrial and transportation corridor

Favelas is to Brazil as ________ is to Mexico

barrios

Various cities in North America have used all of the following strategies to revitalize their central business districts except

building business parks

Not a major challenge confronting mega cities in Least Developed Countries (LDCs)

lack of recreation facilities for inner city youth

An urban settlement that has incorporated into an independent self-governing unit

city

Political geography can make it more difficult for metropolitan governments to solve regionally based problems because

competing municipalities often have conflicting interests, political boundaries make it difficult for regional governments to exercise authority, each city has its own unique government

In the last twenty years the most successful strategy to revitalize central business districts and inner city neighborhoods has been to

construct more residences downtown

Inner city challenges fall into three basic categories, which are

economic, social, and physical

Government solutions that help solve regional metropolitan issues include

establishing cooperative agencies, such as a council of governments, forming a federation of municipalities like Toronto, consolidations where governments share services, altering political boundaries so city and county boundaries coincide

Bayside in Miami, Faneuil Hall in Boston, Riverwalk in San Antonio, and Pike Street Market in Seattle, all serve as

festival market places

When inner city neighborhood property values decline, owners of large older homes often subdivide the home into multiple units

filtering

Chicago incorporated land beyond its city limits to build O'Hare International Airport in the 1960s. This is an excellent example of

flagpole annexation

Young single recent college graduates who move into distressed inner city neighborhoods and refurbish their new residences would be an example of

gentrification

Three categories sociologist Louis Wirth used to differentiate between urban and rural areas

high density, social heterogeneity, and large size

The major advantage of the peripheral model over other urban models is the fact that it

highlights the problems of sprawl and segregation

Rapid growth of cities in the Sunbelt of the United States took place after World War II because of

home air-conditioning widespread automobile ownership environmental pull of warm winters non-unionized labor was an economic pull for businesses

Not a negative environmental consequences of suburban sprawl

increased green belts

The economic base of many cities changed in the post-industrial era from

industrial to business services, industrial to consumer services, industrial to public services, industrial to health services

The economic base of many cities in Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, and Illinois is

industry and manufacturing

Visually, the main difference between cities in North America and Europe is that there

is a prevalence of skyscrapers in North American cities, are fewer skyscrapers in European cities