Ap Human Unit 6
Multiple Nuclei
A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a collection of nodes of activities.
Sector Model
A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors, or wedges, radiating out from the central business district (CBD).
What trend is there in Megacities (Where are they)
Asia
Occasionally known as SE Asian City Model. Created by McGee. Cities are usually based on trade - centered around the port. The core includes a port and nearby industrial development
Asian city model
A business such as a high-end department store with a high threshold would most likely be located in the ___ a. near a major interstate exit b. CBD c. First-ring suburb d. close to the airport
B
According to central place theory, _____ a. Regions are impossible to define b. Large cities serve as economic hubs c. Small communities bind regions together d. Most people live in mid-sized cities
B
City A = 10 million, City B = 5 million, City C = 3.3 million, and City D = 2.25 million The cities listed above, all located within the same country, represent what geographic factor? a. Centralization b. Rank-size rule c. Urban hierarchy d. Gentrification
B
The laws enacted in 1573 that specifically outlined how colonial Spanish cities were to be constructed were called the ____. a. American Indian Laws. b. Laws of the Indies. c. Laws of the Real Corona. d. Colonial Center Laws.
B
The sector model is based on which fundamental principle? a. Development is based around enterprises such as airports b. Development is centered on transportation routes and ethnic variations c. Development is based on the location of amenities d. Development is structured around the CBDa
B
The spatial design of cities in northern Africa is influenced heavily by ____ a. A dislike of trading with other cities b. Islamic traditions, with a mosque at the center c. Traditional governments, with palaces for monarchs at the center. d. Trading patterns with Sub-Saharan Africa
B
Which of the following refers to the minimum number of people required to support a business? a. range b. Threshold c. hearth d. spatial perspective
B
Which of the following statements about urban issues is incorrect? a. White flight is middle class people leaving the inner city for the suburbs (1960s-70s). This is a form of counter-urbanization. b. Nesting occurs where urban areas, suburban areas, and agricultural areas meet. c. urban renewal projects are done by the government and gentrification is done by private companies. d. Range is the distance people are willing to travel in order to obtain a product or service for which they desire.
B
Which of the following would be considered a primate city? a. New York City, USA b. Paris, France c. Sao Paulo, Brazil d. Berlin, Germany
B
Which world-class city is the best example of an entrepot? a. Madrid b. Singapore c. New York d. Sao Paulo
B
_________ is an important gateway city. a. Nairobi, Kenya b. New York City, NY, USA c. Perth, Australia d. Oslo, Norway
B
Asian, African, and South American cities a. Contain strong manufacturing and industrial sectors within the city b. Display mostly modern forms of architecture in a strong CBD as they are recently developing themselves after colonialism c. Contain many structural relics from colonialism d. Contain a single dominant center, usually surrounding something of religious significance
C
During the course of the 19th Century (1800s), the growth of cities in the US became increasingly dependent on access to ______. a. Navigable waterways b. Shorelines c. Railroad transportation d. Highway transportation
C
Range and threshold are important to commercial establishments because ___ a. Without a range, there are not enough customers to support the establishment b. The greater the range, the higher the cost of the item c. The range determines the maximum distance that people are willing to travel to buy or enjoy something, while the threshold is the minimum number of customers needed for the business to survive d. Without a threshold, the distance is too far for people to go to partake in the goods or services offered.
C
Which is not true about typical cities in North Africa? a. Cities follow Islamic traditions with a mosque in the middle of the city. b. City streets have high walls. There are many courtyards to protect privacy. c. Cities have many relics of British colonial period d. Cities have narrow, winding streets with many dead ends.
C
Which of the following best describes edge cities? a. They are usually found in Europe and Asia b. They are designed in the Beautiful City tradition c. They are located along freeways on the outskirts of major cities d. They are gentrified communities
C
Which of the following best describes the urban hierarchy of settlements ____. a. Hamlet, town, village, metropolis, megalopolis b. Town, hamlet, village, metropolis, megalopolis c. Hamlet, village, town, city, metropolis d. Megalopolis, metropolis, village, town, hamlet
C
Which of the following is a correct statement about the megacities of the world? a. Only MDCs have the infrastructure to build megacities b. The largest by far is New York - Newark c. Megacities are growing fastest in developing countries d. Most are either in North America or Europe
C
_________________ describes a city's position relative to much-traveled transport routes, productive farmland, manufacturing, and other towns or cities. a. Exurbanization b. Rank-size c. Situation d. Site
C
Where are minorities likely settle
CBD
Where do 1 parent families with female head of family live
CBD
Where do DINKs live
CBD
Where do older married couples with adult children (not at home) live
CBD
Where do unmarried young professionals live
CBD
Model developed by Burgess (1925), describes expansion in concentric rings around the Central Business District (CBD)
Concentric Zone model
What happened to the inner city neighborhoods after the shift to suburban living
Crime deterioration neighborhoods.
All of the following were factors that encouraged suburban growth in the US after WWII except a. Construction of megastores and malls b. More affordable automobiles c. The GI Bill of Rights d. Housing grants to low income families
D
An adult individual's action space ____ a. Generally involves more shorter trips than long trips b. Can be described as the individual's spatial behavior on a daily basis c. Mostly involves work-related travel d. All of the above are accurate
D
As a city grows, it usually experiences an increase in the size of its _____ a. Export activitie b. Deglomeration c. Basic sector d. Non- basic sector
D
Central place theory describes the ____ a. tendency of different ethnic groups to congregate in a single location b. tendency of civilizations to form around certain natural features c. outward radiation of cultural patterns from a central place d. spatial patterns of urban and outlying areas based on the flow of goods and services
D
Chauncy Harris's Peripheral Model is focused on describing a central city in relation to ____. a. Residential neighborhoods b. Manufacturing areas c. Surrounding rural areas d. Surrounding edge cities
D
Compared to whites, African-Americans and other minority groups are more likely to be ____ a. dispersed throughout the city b. located mainly in rural fringe areas c. clustered in the suburbs d. clustered in inner-city neighborhoods
D
In cities like Baltimore, inner-city revitalization has transformed ____ into gentrified urban neighborhoods. a. CBDs b. Edge cities c. agglomerations d. lower-income areas
D
In contrast to a country with a primate city, a country whose cities follow the rank -size rule is more likely to have___ a. Unequal living standards between larger and smaller cities b. Wealth concentrated in urban areas c. A smaller overall population d. More equality between urban and rural living standards
D
The United Kingdom has established greenbelts around certain cities to prevent what? a. unbearable pollution b. The spread of poverty c. Major traffic tie-ups d. Urban sprawl
D
What is the most noticeable geographic trend in the last 30 years with respect to the world's twenty most populated cities? a. Compared to 30 years ago, a much larger percentage of the cities are now located in Europe b. Most of the 20 most populated cities are now located in more developed countries c. The specific cities have not changed in 30 years; they have only grown in population d. Most of the 20 cities are now located in less developed countries
D
Which is not correct about consumer services? a. Education accounts for 15% of US jobs including public school teachers b. Leisure & hospitality accounts for 9% of US jobs (Three-fourths are in restaurants, bars & lodging and a quarter are in arts & entertainment. c. Retail & wholesale account for 14% US jobs (half are made up of department stores, grocers, motor vehicle sales & services). A quarter are wholesalers who supply retailers. d. Financial accounts for 18% of US jobs - FIRE (finance, insurance, & real estate). 90% of these jobs are in banks and other financial institutions and 20% are in insurance and the rest are real estate.
D
Which statement would be the most accurate regarding the bid-rent theory? a. Land value is constant throughout the urban area due to the high demand for residential space there b. More space is available in the urban core due to the plight of the inner city c. Land value is the highest in the suburbs, resulting in bigger houses d. Land value is the highest in the CBD, and land value decreases with distance from the CBD
D
Double Income No Kids - usually urban dwellers that have two people working with no children
DINK
Areas along or near major roads that are devoted to research, development and sale of new technology products is _____. a. High-tech corridors b. Suburbanization of business c. New Urbanism d. Master-planned communities e. ities located in semiperiphery countries are more able to overcome the challenges of providing public services compared to cities in countries of the periphery.
E
What happened to inner city neighborhoods when many industries shifted geographic location to the suburbs after World War II? a. The housing stock deteriorate b. Business services declined for inner city residents. c. Unemployment rates increased for inner city residents. d. Neighborhoods declined in population. e. All of the above
E
What are some factors leading to ghettos in North America
Ethnicity drawn together, redlining, blockbusting
privately funded revitalization projects in a city. Take steps to lure middle & upper class residents back to the city center
Gentrification
Christaller's Central Place Theory
Hexagons, middle is the city, mostly little towns
Law of Indies
Law of Spanish colonies
Concentric Zone
Model that describes urban environments as rings of distinct land use radiating out from Central Business District. Ex: Chicago
Model developed by Hoyt, suggested that growth extends along transportation routes radiating from the city center
Sector Model
In situ accretion
South American Model. Constantly under construction
Where do young married couples with children live
Suburbs
Which type of settlement uses the largest amount of space per resident?
Suburbs (Spread out, cheaper)
Model created by Vance that shows there is not only a CBD, but a new downtown and at least one edge city. All realms linked together but with separate purposes.
Urban realms model
Government funded revitalization projects in a city. Take steps to lure middle & upper class residents back to the city center.
Urban renewal Projects
The need for cars is a no-no. Everything you need within 5 minute walking or biking distance.
Walkable cities
Explain New Urbanism
Walkable neighborhoods, mix use, sustainable
B
Which of the following is not a New Urban idea or approach? a. Must build low car dependency places which are "walkable and bikeable" b. New Urban neighborhoods are chiefly designed for the automobile use and should be located by a major highway c. To keep younger people and jobs in the city, we must build "place" d. cities should not only be built for business, but for people
Urban Realms
a simplified description of urban land use, especially descriptive of the modern North American city. it features a number of dispersed, peripheral centers of dynamic commercial and industrial activity linked by sophisticated urban transportation networks.
Important in economic and political clout. Los Angeles, Chicago, Washington DC, Frankfurt, Milan, Hong Kong, & Singapore
alpha cities
officially adding land to a city by the government
annexation
city-forming industry. Major industry of a city. The industry or industries a city depends on for the majority of jobs.
basic industries
Important cultural cities. San Francisco, Sydney, Toronto, Zurich, Brussels, Madrid, Mexico City, Sao Paulo, Seoul and Moscow
beta cities
Land values decrease as one moves away from the CBD
bid-rent theory
Real estate agents try to induce people to sell homes because a different race is coming to the neighborhood. "You should sell because "those people" are moving in"
blockbusting
spatial patterns of urban and outlying areas based on the flow of goods and services.
central place theory (CPT)
street pattern shaped like a tree's roots system (streets that curve and meander through the city)
dendritic
City experiencing population growth as well as increasing political and economic influence. Shanghai, Hanoi, & Bangkok
emerging cities
A port, city, or other center to which goods are brought for import and export, and for collection and distribution. Port that is a finance center, warehouses, global shipping (Singapore, Dubai, Hong Kong)
entrepot
A suburban residential and business area with a notable cluster of a particular ethnic minority population. Although the group may not constitute the majority within the region, it is a significant amount of the population (Chinatown)
ethnoburb
development refers to development on land that has not been built on before, occurring on a cities' urban fringe
greenfield
Urban Hierarchy
hamlet, village, town, city, megacity
usually cities are a few degrees warmer than their suburban areas.
heat island
Economic activities, enterprises, jobs, and workers that are not regulated or protected by the state. The concept originally applied to self-employment in small unregistered enterprises. It has been expanded to include wage employment in unprotected jobs. This economy is not taxed and is not counted toward a country's GDP
informal economy
What are the major causes of food desserts
lack of mobility, less money and food chains
Model developed by Ullman & Harris suggests that growth is independent of the CBD. Urban areas have more than one focal point influencing land use.
multiple nuclei model
Gravity Model
pop1 x pop2/dist squared | More likely to move to large city
The largest percent of US population lives in
suburbs
Middle class people leaving inner city areas for the suburbs (1960s-70s). Counter-urbanization.
white flight
The largest percentage of the US population lives in _____. a. suburban areas b. rural areas c. CBDs d. exurbs
A
The multiple nuclei model of urban structure arose from the idea that ______________ was losing its dominant position in the metropolitan city to competition from other areas. a. the CBD b. the exurb c. edge city d. public transportation
A
Which definition is incorrect? a. boomburg - A port, city, or other center to which goods are brought for import and export, and for collection and distribution. Port that is a finance center, warehouses, global shipping (Singapore, Dubai, Hong Kong) b. dendritic - shaped like a tree with many branches and twigs (cities in Europe and the NE US follow this pattern) c. emerging city - experiencing population growth as well as increasing political and economic influence Shanghai, Hanoi, Bangkok d. ethnoburbs - a suburban residential and business area with a notable cluster of a particular ethnic minority population
A
Which of the following is least likely to live close to a city center? a. Young family with children b. One-parent family headed by a female c. DINKS d. Older married couple
A
Which of the following is the best example of a central place with a large hinterland? a. Denver, CO b. Tampa, FL c. Fort Worth, TX d. Minneapolis, MN
A
Which of the following is true about urban geography issues? a. Redlining was a technique used by banks where loans were refused to people because they live in an area deemed to be a poor financial risk. b. Gated communities are the most common in lower income areas c. Blockbusting is a legal way to ensure minorities get good housing d. DINKs are low-income people living in or near big-city CBDs.
A
Which of the following settlement types is likely to use the largest percentage of land space for residents? a. Suburb b. village c. Hamlet d. Physical city
A
Which of the following statements about suburbanization is false? a. The high number of World War II soldier casualties limited the demand for housing for a decade b. Industry was attracted to the suburbs by modern plant facilities and plenty of parking spaces for employees c. As people moved to the suburbs, regional shopping centers replaced the CBD retail districts d. the completion of the interstate highway system made commuting to the workplace easier
A
Which of the following types of cities was created by the Industrial Revolution? a. Manufacturing city b. megacity c. City-state d. Mercantile city
A
African City
-de Blij model -has three CBD's -colonial CBD -Traditional CBD -Market zone -colonial CBD is influenced by the countries colonial powers in the past and the Europeans laid out prominent urban centers -also has tribal influences making up the traditional CBD. containing traditional architecture and open air market zones
Rank-Size Rule
1/2 1/3 1/4 etc
Happened at the same time as the Industrial Revolution - cities became industrial centers of production. Cities are near power source- Water.
2nd urban revolution
Primate City
2x next largest
A megacity is defined as a metropolitan area with a population greater than __ a. 10 million b. 50 million c. 25 million d. 1 million
A
All the facilities that support basic economic activities to such a degree that a city cannot function without them is called the ______ a. Infrastructure b. Urban influence zone c. government d. Sprawl
A
Areas along or near major roads that are devoted to research, development and sale of new technology products is _____. a. High-tech corridors b. Suburbanization of business c. New Urbanism d. Master-planned communities
A
City governments in the US have taken steps to try and lure ______________ back to the heart of the city. a. middle/upper-class residents b. large hotels c. light industries d. low income residents
A
Concentric Zone Model is primarily based on ____ a. wealth of social groups b. transportation links c. commercial patterns d. agricultural land use
A
Given your knowledge about the Model African City, which of the following is correct? a. Ethnic and mixed race neighborhoods are found just outside the CBDs. b. The urban development "fans" out from a major port facility. c. Colonial CBDs and Traditional CBDs are identical in appearance. d. African cities are characterized by large zones of gentrification.
A
The growth of the earliest cities in world history was made possible by __ a. The ability of farmers to create a surplus of food b. Large concentrated populations c. Government capable of control d. Diversification of villages
A
