AP Psych B Final
When rehearsal of incoming information is prevented, which of the following will most likely occur?
There will be no transfer of the information to long-term memory.
According to Carl Rogers, the role of the therapist in person-centered psychotherapy is to
accept the client unconditional so that the client's own desires for mental health and positive growth will flourish
The change in the curvature of the lens that enables the eye to focus on objects at various distances is called
accommodation
Which of the following types of teat is designed to measure an individual's knowledge of a subject?
achievement
Which of the following are the stages in Hans Selye's general adaptation syndrome?
alarm, resistance, exhaustion
Sabrina plays on a rugby team and collects antique dolls. Peter is on a football team and loves to cook. Both Sabrina and Peter demonstrate a high degree of
androgyny
In operant conditioning, the concept of contingency is exemplified by an "if A, then B" relationship in which A and B, respectively, represent
response, reinforcement
Learned helplessness is most likely to result when
responses have no effect on the environment
A person with sight in only one eye lacks which of the following visual cues for seeing in depth?
retinal display
If a man who is a heavy smoker is given an electric shock every time he takes a puff on a cigarette, which of the following behavior-modification techniques is being used?
aversive conditioning
The tendency of most people to identify a three sided figure as a triangle, even when one of its sides is incomplete, is the result if a perceptual process known as
closure
The coiled tube in the inner ear that contains the auditory receptors is called the
cochlea
The goal of rational-emotive therapy is to help clients
correct self-defeating thoughts about their lives
For several weeks - ever since she did not receive a raise that was given to several colleagues - Enid has lacked energy, has been unable to go to work, and has expected bad things to happen every day. Of the following, she is most likely experiencing
depression
In terms of the effect on the central nervous system, alcohol is most accurately classified as which of the following types of drugs?
depressant
The more people present at a scene, the less likely it is that anyone will help a person in need. This phenomenon is a manifestation of
diffusion of responsibility
The failure of bystanders to give victims of automobile accidents needed assistance is sometimes explained as an instance of
discussion of responsibility
Which of the following is most characteristic of individuals with chronic schizophrenia?
disordered thinking
Multiple personality is a type of
dissociative disorder
A teacher asks students to think of as many uses for a brick as possible. By listing 50 uses, most of which the class finds new and unusual, Susan is displaying
divergent thinking
One suspected cause of schizophrenia is the abnormal increase of which of the following neurotransmitters in the brain?
dopamine
Which of the following has been most effective in the treatment of schizophrenia?
drug therapy that blocks neurotransmitter sites
Contemporary definitions of abnormal behavior typically characterize such behavior as all of the following except
due to inappropriate child rearing practices
An individual's ability to remember the day he or she first swam the length of a swimming pool is most clearly an example of which of the following kinds of memory?
episodic
A teenager would most probably draw on which of the following to recall her tenth birthday party?
episodic memory
The role of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous systems is to
establish homeostasis after a fight or flight response
In the James-Lange theory of emotion, which of the following immediately precedes an emotion?
experience of physiological change
The primary effect of the myelin sheath is to
increase the velocity of conduction of the action potential along the axon
Which of the following is an example of metacognition?
knowing the effectiveness of different strategies for learning statistical formulas
For most people, speech functions are primarily localized in the
left cerebral hemisphere
When participants in dichotic listening experiments are repeating aloud a message presented in one year, they are most likely to notice information on the unattended channel if that channel
mentions the participant's name
A word or part of a word that is in itself meaningful, but cannot be broken into smaller meaningful units, is called a
morpheme
The result of the evolutionary process that preserves traits that enhance the adaptation of an organism and suppresses traits that do not is called
natural selection
Distrust of others is symptomatic of
paranoia
According to Albert Bandura, people who believe that their efforts will be successful and that they are in control of events have a high level of
self-efficacy
Responses extinguish fastest when they are learned through which type of reinforcement schedule?
Continuous
According to Benjamin Whorf's linguistic relativity hypothesis, which of the following is true?
Different languages predispose those individuals who speak them to think about the world in different ways.
The terms "modeling" and "imitation" are most closely associated with which of the following?
social learning theory
Climbing an irregular set of stairs is more difficult for any individual who wears a patch over one eye primarily because
some depth perception is lost
Gustatory receptors are sensitive to all of the following taste qualities except
spicy
According to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following statements is true?
Physiological needs must be met before an individual achieves self-actualization.
The most common form of color blindness is related to deficiencies in the
red-green system
According to cognitive dissonance theory, human beings are motivated to
reduce tensions produced by inconsistent thoughts
In Stanley Milgram's obedience experiments, subjects were least likely to deliver maximum levels of shock when the
subjects observed other subjects who refused to obey the experimenter's order
Metacognition refers to
thinking about thinking
Which of the following represent, respectively, superordinate and subordinate categories for the basic-level of "automobile"?
vehicle, convertible
In a normal distribution of test scores, the percentage of scores that fall at or below the mean score is
50
Assume that R represents a dominant gene in rats for normal running and that r represents a recessive gene in rats for an abnormal gait called waltzing. Mating a female Rr rate with a male RR rat will produce offspring that are
100% runners
According to the Stanford-Binet formula for an intelligence quotient (IQ), the IQ of a ten year old child with a mental age of eight and half years is
85
Which of the following accurately describes a major change in perspective in the field of developmental psychology over the past twenty five years?
A shift from an emphasis on childhood and adolescence to an interest in development over the life span.
The defense mechanism of reaction formation is best exemplified in which of the following situations?
A woman who is unaware of her anger toward her friend expresses affection for that friend.
A double-blind control is essential for which of the following?
Assessment of a treatment designed to reduce schizophrenic symptoms
Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning is best described by which of the following?
Children progress from a morality based on punishment and reward to one defined by convention, and ultimately to one defined by abstract ethical principles.
Although Paul seems bright and capable to his parents and friends, he has been failing in school. Paul agrees to speak with a psychologist, who suggests that his problems stem from internal processes such as unrealistic expectations and negative thinking. The psychologist's view is typical of which of the following models of behavior?
Cognitive
The precipitous decline of the inpatient populations of state and county mental hospitals since the 1950's can be attributed to which of the following? I. Declining incidence of severe mental illness es II. A policy of deinstitutionalization III. New drug therapies
II and III only
Which of the following was true of Solomon Asch's experiments on conformity?
If the confederates' judgements were not unanimous, the degree of conformity by experimental subjects decreased.
Which of the following statements is true of behaviorism?
It holds that development is largely a product of learning.
According to the ethical guidelines set by the American Psychological Association (APA), which of the following is true of psychological research in which animals are used as subjects?
It should conform to all APA ethical guidelines for animal research.
Which of the following is a generic disorder that results in a deficiency of a liver enzyme which, if not treated soon after birth, may eventually lead to profound mental retardation?
Phenylketonuria
Which of the following findings would support an interpretation of aggression as catharsis?
Societies that value aggressive sports are generally less aggressive than societies that do not value aggressive sports.
Which of the following studies has had the most profound impact on ethical issues in psychological research?
Stanley Milgram's study of obedience
Which of the following regularities in behavior can most likely be accounted for by the existence of a group norm?
Students tend to use less profanity with adults than they do with their peers.
Drive reduction as a motivational concept is best exemplified by which of the following?
The injection of heroin by an addict to avoid withdrawal symptoms
Which of the following occurs when a neuron is stimulated to its threshold?
The movement of sodium and potassium ions across the membrane creates an action potential.
Which of the following best characterizes individuals diagnosed as having personality disorders?
They may function reasonably well in society.
Which of the following responses was mostly likely acquired through classical conditioning?
a child's fear of dogs after the child has been bitten by a dog
Which of the following is a circadian rhythm?
a cycle of biological functioning that lasts about 25 hours
The intensity at which a sound becomes audible for a given individual is known as the individual's
absolute threshold
A test that is labeled an achievement test is most likely to be given to
allow a student to be exempted from a college course
In an experiment designed to determine whether watching violent scenes on television increases the frequency of aggressive behavior in children, one group of subjects saw a nonviolent cartoon and another group saw a violent cartoon. In the play period that followed the viewing of the cartoons, researchers observed the two groups of children together and counted instances of aggressive behavior. The dependent variable in the experiment is the
amount of aggressive behavior exhibited by the children
Processing every possible combination of the letters DRBI to arrive at the word BIRD is an example of the use of
an algorithm
Which of the following describes the firing of neurons?
an all-or-none response
Activation of the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system results in
an increase in respiratory rate
A complex pattern of organized, unlearned behavior that is species-specific is called
an instinct
Which of the following is a characteristic common to all individuals with a narcissistic personality disorder?
an unwarranted sense of self-importance
John suffered a head injury in an accident five years ago. He now has clear memories of events that occurred before the accident, but he has great difficulty remembering any of the experiences he has had since the accident. John's symptoms describe
anterograde amnesia
Which of the following personality disorders is characterized by behavior that includes dishonesty, repeated trouble with authority figures, and an absence of remorse for these types of conduct?
antisocial
Phobic and panic disturbances are examples of which of the following kinds of disorders?
anxiety
A brain tumor that results in obesity would most likely be located in the
area of the hypothalamus
Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation paradigm is typically used to test young children's
attachment
Which of the following is most useful in understanding an employer's interpretation of an employee's poor performance?
attribution theory
The most well-adjusted and socially competent children tend to come from homes where parents employ which of the following parental styles?
authoritative
According to Elizabeth Kübler-Ross, one of five stages frequently experienced by people facing death is
bargaining
Which of the following approaches to psychology emphasizes observable responses over inner experiences when accounting for behavior?
behaviorist
When struck by light energy, cones and rods in the retina generate neural signals that then activate the
bipolar cells
The place in the retina where the optic nerve exits to the brain is called the
blind spot
In Ivan Pavlov's experiments in classical conditioning, the dog's salivation as
both an unconditioned and a conditioned response
Which of the following parts of the brain is most active in decision making?
cerebral cortex
Behaviorally oriented therapists seek to modify a client's behavior by
changing the contingencies of reinforcement for the client
Which of the following situations poses an approach-approach conflict for a person who listens only to classical music?
choosing to study with one of two friends, both of whom listen to classical music while studying
The intelligence quotient (IQ) has traditionally been based on the relationship between an individual's mental age and his or her
chronological age
Electroconvulsive therapy has been most successful in the treatment of
clinical depression
Which of the following allows the examination of living brain tissue visually without performing surgery?
computerized axial tomography
According to Jean Piaget, what is the earliest stage at which a child is capable of using simple logic to think about objects and events?
concrete operational
In rational-emotive therapy, the therapist helps clients by
confronting clients with their faulty logic
The debate over whether development occurs gradually, without discernible shifts, or through a series of distinct stages is termed
continuity vs. discontinuity
A man who experiences sudden blindness on witnessing the death of his wife is probably suffering from a
conversion disorer
A normally functioning 65 year old man who cannot solve abstract logic puzzles as quickly as he did when was younger is experiencing a
decrease in his fluid intelligence
Which of the following concepts was advanced by social psychologists to help explain why people who are part of a crowd sometimes commit aggressive, antisocial acts that they would not commit if they were alone?
deindividuation
The release of those with mental disorders from mental hospitals for the purpose of treating them in their home communities is called
deinstitutionalization
Because studies of learning show that events occurring close together in time are easier to associate than those occurring at wide different times, parents should probably avoid which of the following?
delay of punishment
When parents refuse to accept several psychologists' diagnosis of a child's mental illness, they are using which of the following defense mechanisms?
denial
In an experiment, which of the following variables refer to the outcome that is measured by the experimenter?
dependent
Eleanor Gibson and her colleagues have used the visual cliff to measure an infant's ability to perceive
depth
One major objection to the early Skinnerian approach to psychology is that it
did not take into account internal thoughts and feelings
In experimental psychology, a significant difference refers to a
difference not likely due to chance
A person is asked to listen to a series of tones presented in pairs, and asked to say whether the tones in each pair are the same or different in pitch. In this situation, the experimenter is mostly likely measuring the individual's
difference threshold
Drawing a random sample of people from a town for an interview study of social attitudes ensures that
each person in town has the same probability of being chosen for the study
An individual experiencing a low blood glucose level would be best advised to do which of the following?
eat a snack
According to Sigmund Freud, a child's early experience in coping with external demands lead to the development of the
ego
According to the information processing view of memory, the first stage in memory processing involves
encoding
Painkilling substances produced by the brain are known as
endorphines
Montgomery prepares his résumé carelessly and arrives late for his job interview. He is rejected by the prospective employer. Montgomery concludes that "It's all a matter of dumb lucky, anyway." Montgomery's judgement of his situation most clearly reflects
external locus of control
An individual's fear of dogs that is lost as the individual is exposed to dogs in nonthreatening situations is referred to by behaviorists as a fear that has been
extinguished
The view that human emotions are universal has been supported by the studies of
facial expressions
Which of the following methods is used in studies designed to determine the primary components of intelligence?
factor analysis
Cognitive theorists emphasize the
formation and modification of schemas
An important difference between humanistic and psychoanalytic approaches is that humanistic psychologists believe in the importance if
free will
On a fishing trip, Ed realizes that he has mistakenly packed the sewing box instead of the tackle box. He wants to fish but returns home because he does not have any line or hooks. Ed's failure to realize that the sewing thread can be used as fishing line and that a bent needle can be used a hook is an example of
functional fixedness
Sigmund Freud believed that dream analysis was a useful device for
gaining insight into unconscious motives
If Carmelita stares at a red spot for one minute and then shifts her gaze to a white piece of paper, she is likely to experience an afterimage of
green
Psychotic disorders frequently involve perceptions of nonexistent sensory stimulation, such as voices. Symptoms such as these are called
hallucinations
Stimulations of portions of the left temporal lobe of the brain during surgery will cause the patient to
hear sounds
A hostile person with a Type A personality is most at risk for developing which of the following?
heart disease
When a list of words is learned in order, the words most likely to be forgotten are those that are
in the middle of the list
According to attribution theory, Pablo is most likely to attribute his high score on a difficult exam to
his intelligence
Theories of motivation that assert the existence of biological motives to maintain the body in a steady state are called
homeostatic
Hypnosis is best described as a state that
induces heightened suggestibility in the hypnotized individual
Leadship, job satisfaction, and employee motivation are all studied in which of the following psychological disciplines?
industrial-organizational psychology
A survey shows that children who have encyclopedias in their homes earn better grades in school than children whose homes lack encyclopedias. The researcher concludes that having encyclopedias at home improves grades. This conclusion is erroneous primarily because the researcher has incorrectly
inferred causation from correlation
Receptors that are especially important for helping a person maintain balance are located in the
inner ear
Wolfgang Köhler considered a chimpanzee's sudden solving of a problem evidence of
insight
A genetically programmed action pattern is the ethologist's definition of
instinct
Carla tutors other students because she likes to be helpful, whereas Jane tutors classmates strictly for pay. Their behaviors demonstrate the difference between
intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
One criticism of Sigmund Freud's psychosexual theory of development is that it
is based on empirically unverifiable constructs
The mean will be higher than the median in any distribution that
is not positively skewed
A somatoform disorder is best described as an illness that
is physical in nature and caused by psychological factors
Which of the following is true of the reticular activating system?
it regulates levels of arousal
Which of the following areas of the body has the largest number of sensory neurons?
lips
Bipolar disorders are most effectively treated with a combination of tricyclic antidepressants and
lithium carbonate
In which of the following types of research are the same children tested periodically at different points in their development?
longitudinal
Which of the following research methods is being used if the same subjects are tested at two, four, and six years of age?
longitudinal
REM sleep, generally an "active" state of sleep, is accompanied by which of the following paradoxical characteristics?
lowered muscle tone
A nine year old girl first learning about her capabilities on the playground and in the classroom would be in which of Erikson's stages of developments?
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
People who have experienced severe damage to the frontal lobe of the brain seldom regain their ability to
make and carry out plans
The cognitive theory of depression states that depression results from
maladaptive interpretations of the text
In their discussion of the process of development, the advocates of nature in the nature-nurture controversy emphasize which of the following?
maturation
In Sigmund Freud's view, the role of the ego is to
mediate among the id, the superego, and reality
Taking a painkiller to relieve a toothache is behavior learned through which of the following processes?
negative reinforcement
Dopamine, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine are all
neurotransmitters that excite or inhibit a neural signal across a synapse
The performance of the group on which an IQ test is standardized sets the
norms against which the performance of later test takers can be evaluated
A baby looks under the sofa for a ball that has just rolled underneath it. According to Jean Piaget, the baby's action shows development of
object permanence
Persistent repetitive thoughts that cannot be controlled are known as
obsessions
Hypnosis has been found useful in the treatment of
pain
The hypothesis that intelligence is in part inherited is best supported by the fact that the IQ correlation for
pairs of identical twins is greater than for pairs of fraternal twins
In psychology, Gestalt principles are used to explain
perceptual organization
In a famous series of experiments conducted by Harry Harlow, infant monkeys were separated from their mothers at birth. The infants were then given two surrogate mothers (a terry-cloth "mother" and a wire "mother"), each of which alternately had a nursing bottle that provided food to the infants. The experimental results showed that in frightening situations the infant monkeys
preferred the terry-cloth mother, even when the wire mother had the nursing bottle
Elena is presented with a list of 20 numbers. When asked to recall this list, she remembers more numbers from the beginning than from the end of the list. This phenomenon demonstrates which of the following types of effect?
primacy
It is widely known in Jerry's social circle that he is the most stubborn and inflexible member of the group. Yet Jerry complains all the time that all his friends are opinionated and rigid. Jerry's complaints are most clearly a sign of
projection
The phenomenon of transference is a recognized component of which of the following therapeutic treatments?
psychoanalysis
The first area of psychology to be studied as a science is known as
psychophysics
Punishment is most effective in eliminating undesired behavior when the
punishment is delivered soon after the behavior
Hans Seyle's general syndrome is an attempt to explain
reactions to stress
Which of the following is the most appropriate criterium for evaluating the predictive validity of an intelligence test?
school grades
A study who obtained a percentile rank of 75 on an achievement test is best characterized as having
scored higher than 75% of the test takers
Intense artificial light is most successfully used as therapy for
seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
The most distinctive characteristic of the experimental method is that it
seeks to establish cause-effect relationship
A teacher who is mistakenly informed that a student is learning disabled begins to treat that student differently from others. The teacher does not call on the student in class or help her with challenging material. The student's grades gradually decline. This result is an example of which of the following?
self-fulfilling prophecy
Which of the following is typically cited as a characteristic of autistic children?
severely impaired interpersonal communication
The technique of strengthening behavior by reinforcing successive approximations is called
shaping
Studies of learning have shown that animals develop an aversion for tastes associated with
sickness
Research findings in the area of interpersonal attraction indicate that individuals are most likely to be attracted to others who are
similar to them in attitudes and values
According to research on attraction, people are most likely to be attracted to others who are
similar to themselves in many ways
For most people, which of the following is an activity based in the right hemisphere of the brain?
simple spatial reasoning
The thalamus processes information for all of the following senses except
smell
The rules of grammar are rules of
syntax
Which of the following behavior-therapy techniques is typically used to reduce fear of heights?
systematic desensitization
Hunger and eating are primarily regulated by which of the following?
the hypothalamus
A prototype is best defined as
the hypothetical "most typical" instance of a category
When a pair of lights flashing in quick succession seems to an observer to be one light moving from place to place, the effect is referred to as
the phi phenomenon
The occipital lobe contain
the primary visual cortex
After several trials during which a dog is given a certain kind of food at the same time that a specific tone is sounded, there is evidence of conditioning if the dog salivates when
the tone is only presented
Carol Gilligan's criticism of Lawrence Kohlberg's developmental theory is based on the argument that Kohlberg's
theory fails to account sufficiently for differences between males and females
Noam Chomsky's view of language proposes that
there is an inherent language acquisition device
The general function of the bones in the middle ear is to
transfer sound information from the tympanic membrane to the oval window
Psychologists who emphasize the importance of personality traits are most often criticized for
underestimating the variability of behavior from situation to situation
One of the consistent research findings in the area of facial expressions and emotion is the
universality of facial expressions across cultures
In an experiment designed to determine whether watching violent scenes on television increases the frequency of aggressive behavior in children, one group of subjects saw a nonviolent cartoon and another group saw a violent cartoon. In the play period that followed the viewing of the cartoons, researchers observed the two groups of children together and counted instances of aggressive behavior. The control group in this experiment is the group that
watched the nonviolent cartoon
The painful experience associated with termination of the use of an addictive substance is known as
withdrawal