AP Psych Ch 15 - Psychological Disorders
Approximately what percentage of the American population is afflicted with schizophrenia at any given time?
1%
Poets are ______ times more likely to commit suicide than most people.
20
What percentage of Iraqi war veterans has developed post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?
24%
What percentage of the sample reported that they had assaulted another person or been involved in a fight in the past five years?
27.3
What type of therapy is most successful in reducing obsessive-compulsive symptoms in nearly sixty percent of those who suffer from this condition?
A combination of behavior therapy and medications
Which of the following examples demonstrates behavior that is dysfunctional?
Anabeth is so afraid of snakes that she has difficulty going out and getting into her car to go to work in the morning because she fears that there may be a snake on the path to her car. She is running out of sick days.
What does it mean for behavior to be deviant?
Deviant behavior appears highly unusual compared to other normative behaviors in a society.
Disorganized schizophrenia
Disorganized speech or behavior, or flat or inappropriate emotion
Agoraphobia
Fear/avoidance of situations in which escape might be difficult or help unavailable when panic strikes ex. fear of being outside the home
Which of the following best describes human behavior?
Human behavior ranges from normal to abnormal on a continuum.
Social phobia
Intense fear of being scrutinized by others and avoid potentially embarrassing social situations ex. avoid eating out
______ is the ability to make eye contact with others and to look in the same direction that someone else is looking.
Joint attention
Tardive Dyskinesia
Muscle tremors and stiffness caused by extensive use of anti-psychotic drugs
Which of the following statements about ADHD is TRUE?
People with ADHD have intelligence scores similar to the population at large.
Positive/negative symptoms of schizophrenia
Positive symptoms - presence of inappropriate behaviors Negative symptoms - absence of appropriate behaviors
Paranoid schizophrenia
Preoccupation w/ delusions or hallucinations, often w/ themes of persecution or grandiosity
Rosenhan Study (David Rosenhan)
Study in which Rosenhan and his associates sought admission to a number of mental hospitals by claiming to hear voices
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of obsessive-compulsive disorder?
The presence of marked anxiety surrounding these thoughts and actions Repetitive, often ritualistic behaviors Recurrent and persistent thoughts ---NONE OF THESE---
Which of these statements about people with obsessive-compulsive disorder is FALSE?
They are unaware that their obsessions are irrational and counterproductive.
Which of these statements about people with obsessive-compulsive disorder is true?
They might think about harming somebody they love. When they are unable to purge harmful ideas from their mind, they become highly distressed. They might feel driven to perform a ritualistic act in order to avert some perceived threat.
Abnormal (clinical definition)
Unjustifiable Maladaptive Atypical Disturbing (UMAD)
Residual schizophrenia
Withdrawal, after hallucinations and delusions have disappeared
schizophrenia
a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions. •excess of receptors for dopamine in schizophrenia patients' brains -> drugs that block dopamine receptors lessen symptoms •brain shrinkage
When Valerie claimed she saw Jesus Christ in the heavens, she was experiencing:
a hallucination.
William Styron, a Pulitzer Prize-winning novelist, went through
a major depressive episode.
major depressive disorder
a mood disorder in which a person, for no apparent reason, experiences two or more weeks of depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminishes interest or pleasure in most activities. •low levels of serotonin, norepinephrine
bipolar disorder
a mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania. (Formerly called manic-depressive disorder.) •more receptors for acetylcholine
mania
a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state.
Double blinds
a person is given contradictory messages -> develop distorted ways of thinking
antisocial personality disorder
a personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members; may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.
A hallucination is an example of
a positive symptom.
attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
dissociative identity disorder (DID)
a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Formerly called multiple personality disorder. •people w/ DID commonly have a history of sexual abuse or other childhood trauma
conversion disorder
a rare somatoform disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found. •existence of a severe physical problem but no biological reason for the problem is identified
hypochondriasis
a somatoform disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease. •frequent physical complaints but doctors can't find the cause
Mood and anxiety disorders are mainly impairments of _____; the psychotic disorders are primarily disorders of _____ and perception.
affect; thought
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience. •sensitive limbic system -> floods stress hormones; right temporal lobe activation
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions). •obsessions -> anxiety -> compulsive behavior -> reduces anxiety
generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal.
phobia
an anxiety disorder marked be a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation.
panic disorder
an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations.
ADHD symptoms can interfere with a person's ability to function effectively
at work. at school. in their home life.
Delusions of persecution
belief that people are out to get you
Delusions of grandeur
belief that you enjoy greater power and influence than you do
Organic amnesia
biologically induced amnesia
Langley and Homer Collyer were among the first widely publicized cases of
compulsive hoarders.
Serotonin
depression associated w/ lower levels of serotonin -> increase serotonin by blocking reuptake or chemical breakdown
Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
depression during certain times of the year, usually winter (less sunlight)
psychological disorder
deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional behavior patterns of thoughts, feelings, or behaviors
Undifferentiated schizophrenia
disordered thinking, many and varied symptoms that don't classify under the specified subtypes
dissociative disorders
disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings.
For a deviant behavior to be considered a disorder, it must also be __________.
distressing and dysfunctional
Diathesis-stress model
environmental stressors can provide the circumstances under which a biological predisposition for illness can express itself
delusions
false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders.
Dopamine hypothesis
high levels of dopamine seem to be associated w/ schizophrenia (drug treatments lower dopamine levels)
Blanche wants to be the center of attention. She often enters the room like she is an actress entering a stage and expects everyone to stare at her. She is extremely flamboyant, dramatic, and inappropriately seductive to almost everyone. Blanche likely has __________.
histrionic personality disorder
Norepinephrine
increases arousal and boosts mood -> scarce during depression and overabundant during mania (drugs that alleviate mania reduce norepinephrine)
Chow is unmotivated, feels worthless, sleeps all the time, and does not get out of bed for days at a time. He has not been to work in about three weeks. He says he has no energy to do so. Chow likely has __________.
major depressive disorder
Catatonic schizophrenia
odd movements, Immobility (or excessive, purposeless movement), extreme negativism, and/or parrot-like repeating of another's speech/movements •waxy flexibility - allow their body to be moved into any alt. shape and will then hold that new pose
Learned helplessness (Martin Seligman)
one's prior experiences have caused that person to view himself/herself as unable to control aspects of the future that are controllable
Hallucinations
perceptions in the absence of any sensory stimulation
Psychogenic amnesia
person cannot remember things and no physiological basis for the disruption in memory can be identified
A set of inflexible traits that prevent a person from functioning effectively within society is called a(n) ______________.
personality disorder.
In Arnold Ludwig's study of 18 professions, which career had the highest lifetime rate of psychological disorders?
poets
post-traumatic growth
positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises.
Symptoms of schizophrenia can fall into three major categories:
positive, negative, and cognitive.
Which of the following individuals is most prone to panic attacks?
professionals
Causes of Anxiety Disorders (theories)
psychoanalytic - unresolved, unconscious conflicts behavior - anxiety disorders are learned cognitive - unhealthy & irrational way of thinking
Fuge
psychogenic amnesia & in an unfamiliar environment
Psychosis
psychological disorder in which a person loses contact w/ reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions
somatoform disorder
psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause. •person manifests a psychological problem through a physiological symptom
anxiety disorders
psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety
mood disorders
psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes.
personality disorders
psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning.
Emil Kraeplin coined the term
schizophrenia.
Often, people with borderline personality disorder will engage in ___________ to deal with their excessive levels of anger or distress.
self-destructive behaviors
In terms of mental health, gang members and violent men were ______ than nonviolent men.
significantly more likely to suffer from a mental disorder and access psychiatric services
Generational differences, gender differences, and socioeconomic status are all examples of ______ factors of Major Depressive Disorder.
sociocultural
At the time of his death, Steve Jobs was
still working as Apple's chairman.
Dysthymic disorder
symptoms are similar to those of major depressive disorder but generally less intense
DSM-IV-TR
the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, with an updated "text revision"; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders.
What is H.R. 3801?
the Ultralight Aircraft Smuggling Prevention Act
medical model
the concept that diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured. When applied to psychological disorders, the medical model assumes that these mental illnesses can be diagnosed on the basis of their symptoms and cured through therapy, which may include treatment in a psychiatric hospital.
The positive symptoms of schizophrenia are ____________; the negative symptoms of schizophrenia are ____________.
the presence of abnormality; the absence of normality
What percentage of individuals who have panic attacks do "lose touch with reality" for some period of time?
two to five percent
Causes of Mood Disorders (theories)
•psychoanalytic - depression is a product of anger directed inward loss •learning - mood disorders brings reinforcement such as attention/sympathy •Aaron Beck (cog) - unreasonably negative ideas •Cognitive - attributions about experiences
Causes of Dissociate Disorders (theories)
•psychoanalytic - dissociative disorders result when an extremely traumatic event has been so repressed that a split in consciousness results •behavior - people who have experienced trauma find not thinking about it to be rewarding -> amnesia •some diagnosed w/ DID may have been led to role-play the disorder as a result of their therapists' questions
Causes of Somatoform Disorders (theories)
•psychodynamic - somatoform disorders are outward manifestations of unresolved unconscious conflicts •behavior - people w/ somatoform disorders are being reinforced for their behavior