AP Psych Ch 15 - Psychological Disorders

Approximately what percentage of the American population is afflicted with schizophrenia at any given time?

1%

Poets are ______ times more likely to commit suicide than most people.

20

What percentage of Iraqi war veterans has developed post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

24%

What percentage of the sample reported that they had assaulted another person or been involved in a fight in the past five years?

27.3

What type of therapy is most successful in reducing obsessive-compulsive symptoms in nearly sixty percent of those who suffer from this condition?

A combination of behavior therapy and medications

Which of the following examples demonstrates behavior that is dysfunctional?

Anabeth is so afraid of snakes that she has difficulty going out and getting into her car to go to work in the morning because she fears that there may be a snake on the path to her car. She is running out of sick days.

What does it mean for behavior to be deviant?

Deviant behavior appears highly unusual compared to other normative behaviors in a society.

Disorganized schizophrenia

Disorganized speech or behavior, or flat or inappropriate emotion

Agoraphobia

Fear/avoidance of situations in which escape might be difficult or help unavailable when panic strikes ex. fear of being outside the home

Which of the following best describes human behavior?

Human behavior ranges from normal to abnormal on a continuum.

Social phobia

Intense fear of being scrutinized by others and avoid potentially embarrassing social situations ex. avoid eating out

______ is the ability to make eye contact with others and to look in the same direction that someone else is looking.

Joint attention

Tardive Dyskinesia

Muscle tremors and stiffness caused by extensive use of anti-psychotic drugs

Which of the following statements about ADHD is TRUE?

People with ADHD have intelligence scores similar to the population at large.

Positive/negative symptoms of schizophrenia

Positive symptoms - presence of inappropriate behaviors Negative symptoms - absence of appropriate behaviors

Paranoid schizophrenia

Preoccupation w/ delusions or hallucinations, often w/ themes of persecution or grandiosity

Rosenhan Study (David Rosenhan)

Study in which Rosenhan and his associates sought admission to a number of mental hospitals by claiming to hear voices

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of obsessive-compulsive disorder?

The presence of marked anxiety surrounding these thoughts and actions Repetitive, often ritualistic behaviors Recurrent and persistent thoughts ---NONE OF THESE---

Which of these statements about people with obsessive-compulsive disorder is FALSE?

They are unaware that their obsessions are irrational and counterproductive.

Which of these statements about people with obsessive-compulsive disorder is true?

They might think about harming somebody they love. When they are unable to purge harmful ideas from their mind, they become highly distressed. They might feel driven to perform a ritualistic act in order to avert some perceived threat.

Abnormal (clinical definition)

Unjustifiable Maladaptive Atypical Disturbing (UMAD)

Residual schizophrenia

Withdrawal, after hallucinations and delusions have disappeared

schizophrenia

a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions. •excess of receptors for dopamine in schizophrenia patients' brains -> drugs that block dopamine receptors lessen symptoms •brain shrinkage

When Valerie claimed she saw Jesus Christ in the heavens, she was experiencing:

a hallucination.

William Styron, a Pulitzer Prize-winning novelist, went through

a major depressive episode.

major depressive disorder

a mood disorder in which a person, for no apparent reason, experiences two or more weeks of depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminishes interest or pleasure in most activities. •low levels of serotonin, norepinephrine

bipolar disorder

a mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania. (Formerly called manic-depressive disorder.) •more receptors for acetylcholine

mania

a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state.

Double blinds

a person is given contradictory messages -> develop distorted ways of thinking

antisocial personality disorder

a personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members; may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.

A hallucination is an example of

a positive symptom.

attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.

dissociative identity disorder (DID)

a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Formerly called multiple personality disorder. •people w/ DID commonly have a history of sexual abuse or other childhood trauma

conversion disorder

a rare somatoform disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found. •existence of a severe physical problem but no biological reason for the problem is identified

hypochondriasis

a somatoform disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease. •frequent physical complaints but doctors can't find the cause

Mood and anxiety disorders are mainly impairments of _____; the psychotic disorders are primarily disorders of _____ and perception.

affect; thought

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience. •sensitive limbic system -> floods stress hormones; right temporal lobe activation

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions). •obsessions -> anxiety -> compulsive behavior -> reduces anxiety

generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal.

phobia

an anxiety disorder marked be a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation.

panic disorder

an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations.

ADHD symptoms can interfere with a person's ability to function effectively

at work. at school. in their home life.

Delusions of persecution

belief that people are out to get you

Delusions of grandeur

belief that you enjoy greater power and influence than you do

Organic amnesia

biologically induced amnesia

Langley and Homer Collyer were among the first widely publicized cases of

compulsive hoarders.

Serotonin

depression associated w/ lower levels of serotonin -> increase serotonin by blocking reuptake or chemical breakdown

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

depression during certain times of the year, usually winter (less sunlight)

psychological disorder

deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional behavior patterns of thoughts, feelings, or behaviors

Undifferentiated schizophrenia

disordered thinking, many and varied symptoms that don't classify under the specified subtypes

dissociative disorders

disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings.

For a deviant behavior to be considered a disorder, it must also be __________.

distressing and dysfunctional

Diathesis-stress model

environmental stressors can provide the circumstances under which a biological predisposition for illness can express itself

delusions

false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders.

Dopamine hypothesis

high levels of dopamine seem to be associated w/ schizophrenia (drug treatments lower dopamine levels)

Blanche wants to be the center of attention. She often enters the room like she is an actress entering a stage and expects everyone to stare at her. She is extremely flamboyant, dramatic, and inappropriately seductive to almost everyone. Blanche likely has __________.

histrionic personality disorder

Norepinephrine

increases arousal and boosts mood -> scarce during depression and overabundant during mania (drugs that alleviate mania reduce norepinephrine)

Chow is unmotivated, feels worthless, sleeps all the time, and does not get out of bed for days at a time. He has not been to work in about three weeks. He says he has no energy to do so. Chow likely has __________.

major depressive disorder

Catatonic schizophrenia

odd movements, Immobility (or excessive, purposeless movement), extreme negativism, and/or parrot-like repeating of another's speech/movements •waxy flexibility - allow their body to be moved into any alt. shape and will then hold that new pose

Learned helplessness (Martin Seligman)

one's prior experiences have caused that person to view himself/herself as unable to control aspects of the future that are controllable

Hallucinations

perceptions in the absence of any sensory stimulation

Psychogenic amnesia

person cannot remember things and no physiological basis for the disruption in memory can be identified

A set of inflexible traits that prevent a person from functioning effectively within society is called a(n) ______________.

personality disorder.

In Arnold Ludwig's study of 18 professions, which career had the highest lifetime rate of psychological disorders?

poets

post-traumatic growth

positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises.

Symptoms of schizophrenia can fall into three major categories:

positive, negative, and cognitive.

Which of the following individuals is most prone to panic attacks?

professionals

Causes of Anxiety Disorders (theories)

psychoanalytic - unresolved, unconscious conflicts behavior - anxiety disorders are learned cognitive - unhealthy & irrational way of thinking

Fuge

psychogenic amnesia & in an unfamiliar environment

Psychosis

psychological disorder in which a person loses contact w/ reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions

somatoform disorder

psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause. •person manifests a psychological problem through a physiological symptom

anxiety disorders

psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

mood disorders

psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes.

personality disorders

psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning.

Emil Kraeplin coined the term

schizophrenia.

Often, people with borderline personality disorder will engage in ___________ to deal with their excessive levels of anger or distress.

self-destructive behaviors

In terms of mental health, gang members and violent men were ______ than nonviolent men.

significantly more likely to suffer from a mental disorder and access psychiatric services

Generational differences, gender differences, and socioeconomic status are all examples of ______ factors of Major Depressive Disorder.

sociocultural

At the time of his death, Steve Jobs was

still working as Apple's chairman.

Dysthymic disorder

symptoms are similar to those of major depressive disorder but generally less intense

DSM-IV-TR

the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, with an updated "text revision"; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders.

What is H.R. 3801?

the Ultralight Aircraft Smuggling Prevention Act

medical model

the concept that diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured. When applied to psychological disorders, the medical model assumes that these mental illnesses can be diagnosed on the basis of their symptoms and cured through therapy, which may include treatment in a psychiatric hospital.

The positive symptoms of schizophrenia are ____________; the negative symptoms of schizophrenia are ____________.

the presence of abnormality; the absence of normality

What percentage of individuals who have panic attacks do "lose touch with reality" for some period of time?

two to five percent

Causes of Mood Disorders (theories)

•psychoanalytic - depression is a product of anger directed inward loss •learning - mood disorders brings reinforcement such as attention/sympathy •Aaron Beck (cog) - unreasonably negative ideas •Cognitive - attributions about experiences

Causes of Dissociate Disorders (theories)

•psychoanalytic - dissociative disorders result when an extremely traumatic event has been so repressed that a split in consciousness results •behavior - people who have experienced trauma find not thinking about it to be rewarding -> amnesia •some diagnosed w/ DID may have been led to role-play the disorder as a result of their therapists' questions

Causes of Somatoform Disorders (theories)

•psychodynamic - somatoform disorders are outward manifestations of unresolved unconscious conflicts •behavior - people w/ somatoform disorders are being reinforced for their behavior