AP Psych Final 2022
Both Karen Horney and Alfred Adler placed greater emphasis than did Freud on the role of ________ in personality development. A: defense mechanisms B: social interactions C: the collective unconscious D: genetic predispositions E: psychosexual stages
B
Depression is an illness that may be related to chemical imbalances in the brain, illogical thinking, and impaired social skills. Such an integrated explanation best illustrates the A: evolutionary perspective B: biopsychosocial approach C: use of psycho metrics D: advantage of applied research E: role of empiricism in science
B
Carl Jung referred to a shared reservoir of memory traces from our species history as A: a self-reference phenomenon B: a defense mechanism C: the collective unconscious D: psychosexual stages E: an external locus of control
C
When the observed difference between the means of an experimental group and control group are not likely due to chance, researchers conclude that this difference is A: positively correlated B: highly variable C: reliable D: statistically significant E: experimentally empirical
D
When you visually "read" a bar graph, it is most important for you to A: understand the concept of the overconfidence effect B: mentally transform the data into a scatterplot C: identify the value of the standard deviation D: note the range and size of the scale values E: remember that correlation facilitates prediction
D
Which makes finding statistical significance more likely? A: use of case studies B: skewed distributions C: small sample size D: data with low variability E: operational definitions
D
Which of the following correlation coefficients expresses the weakest degree of relationship between two variables? A: -0.75 B: +1.00 C: -0.99 D: +0.25 E: -0.50
D
Which research method is typically used to examine one participant in depth, usually because the individual's situation/behavior is rare or unusual? A: survey B: correlation C: experiment D: case study E: scientific method
D
According to Professor Fayad, we like people who like us because their affection for us boosts our own self-esteem. His idea is an example of A: naturalistic observation B: illusory correlation C: hindsight bias D: replication E: a theory
E
Because she is often rejected by her parents, Sally mistrusts other people and treats them with hostility, which leads to their rejection of her. This cycle of rejection, mistrust, hostility, and further rejection illustrates what is meant by A: an external locus of control B: the spotlight effect C: the self-serving phenomenon D: reaction formation E: reciprocal determinism
E
Hypotheses are best described as A: assumptions B: replications C: explanations D: confirmations E: predictions
E
In a distribution of test scores, which measure of central tendency would likely be the most affected by a couple of extremely high scores? A: median B: range C: mode D: standard deviation E: mean
E
A consistent tendency to be shy is best described as a(n) A: trait B: projection C: Oedipus Complex D: self serving bias E: defense mechanism
A
A researcher interested in investigating the attitudes or opinions of a large sample of people is most likely to use which research method? A: survey B: correlation C: experiment D: case study E: naturalistic observation
A
A researcher who gathers and analyzes data from student essay test responses without talking with the students about the study violates which ethical principle of human experimentation? A: informed consent B: protection from harm C: confidentiality D: debriefing E: coercion
A
Dr. Zytowics wants to assess the extent to which a client is suffering from depression, social withdrawal, and other symptoms of an emotional disorder. Which personality inventory would be most helpful for this purpose? A: MMPI B: Rorschach C: TAT D: Myers-Briggs Type Indicator E: locus of control test
A
Research on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) suggests that it may have limited value as a predictor of future job performance. Such criticisms question this assessment's A: validity B: empiricism C: determinism D: reliability E: popularity
A
Suppose a psychologist wants to study the effect of caffeine on happiness. Which of the following would be an appropriate operational definition of happiness? A: Number of times a subject smiles during the experiment B: Whether or not the subject seems happy during an experiment C: The names of the comedians that the subject likes D: The number of times that a subject smiles before the experiment E: Where or not the subject seems happy before the experiment
A
To learn about the TV viewing habits of all the children attending Oakbridge School, Professor DeVries randomly selected and interviewed 50 of the school's students. In this instance, all the children attending the school are considered to be a(n) A: population B: representative sample C: independent variable D: control condition E: dependent variable
A
When Vanessa noticed that she was wearing mismatched socks, she overestimated the extent to which others would also notice. Her reaction best illustrates A: the spotlight effect B: defensive self-esteem C: reciprocal determinism D: the Barnum effect E: the false consensus effect
A
When psychologists compare the difference between the means of a control group and the experimental groups, they accept it as "statistically significant," when the probability is less than A: p<0.05 B: p<0.5 C: p<0.03 D: p<0.3 E: p<0.1
A
Which of the following is an example of an assessment likely to be used by a social-cognitive psychologist? A: a student teacher is formally observed and evaluated in front of the classroom B: a person applying for a managerial position takes the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator C: a defendant in a criminal case is interviewed by a court-appointed psychologist D: in premarital counseling, a young couple responds to ambiguous inkblots E: a depressed young man is asked by his therapist to relax on a couch and talk about whatever comes to mind
A
Why is an operational definition necessary when reporting research findings? A: an operational definition allows others to replicate the study B: an operational definition provides more context and includes many examples of the concept described C: an operational definition is easier to translate into multiple languages than a dictionary definition D: an operational definition uses more scientific language than a dictionary definition E: an operational definition is not necessary since a dictionary definition will work as well for replication
A
An interest in describing and classifying the many ways in which individuals may differ from one another is most characteristic of the _____ perspective A: social cognitive B: trait C: humanistic D: psychoanalytic E: positive psychology
B
Because she had a serious traffic accident on Friday the 13th of last month, Felicia is convinced that all Friday the 13ths will bring bad luck. Felicia's belief best illustrates A: the illusion of control B: illusory correlation C: the hindsight bias D: overconfidence E: random sampling
B
According to Freud, defense mechanisms are used by the A: id to defend against the accusations and guilt feelings produced by the superego B: ego to prevent threatening impulses from being consciously recognized C: superego to prevent expression of sexual and aggressive drives D: id, ego, and superego in a repetitive sequence of internal conflicts E: unconscious to avoid the self-serving bias
B
An experiment was designed to study the potential impact of alcohol consumption on emotional stability. A specification of the procedures used to measure emotional stability illustrates A: the independent variable B: an operational definition C: the double-blind procedure D: random assignment E: the dependent variable
B
A highly anxious and insecure personality illustrates the Big Five trait dimension of A: extra version B: agreeableness C: neuroticism D: openness E: candidness
C
A research method in which an investigator manipulates factors that potentially produce a particular behavior is called a(n) A: survey B: experiment C: case study D: naturalistic observation E: correlational method
B
Abdul mistakenly believes that his classmates are unusually hostile. In fact, Abdul is the most quarrelsome and aggressive child in the school. According to psychoanalytic theory, Abdul's belief that his classmates are hostile is a A: regression B: projection C: denial D: sublimation E: repression
B
Dr. Donelian wants to reduce his students' perception that psychological experiments merely document the obvious. His best strategy would be to ask the students to A: describe how experimental hypotheses were derived from basic psychological principles B: predict the outcomes of experiments before they are told the actual results C: explain the outcomes of experiments after they are told the actual results D: personally engage in naturalistic observation E: surgery students living on campus
B
Dr. Mallard conducted research that required 50 participants. The first 25 people that arrived on the day of the experiment were assigned to the experimental group' and the remaining 25 were assigned to the control group. Such a method of assignment may influence the results of his experiment. Instead, Dr. Mallard should have used which method of assignment? A: random sampling B: random assignment C: statistical significance D: standard deviation E: replication
B
Formulating testable hypotheses before conducting research is most directly useful for restraining a thinking error known as A: random sampling B: the hindsight bias C: perceiving order in coincidental events D: illusory correlation E: random assignment
B
If a teacher gives a test in two different classes and has a much larger standard deviation for the scores in the second class, which of these must be true? A: The test was equally hard for both classes B: the scores in the first class are closer to the mean C: the scores in the second class are closer to the mean D: students in the first class performed just as well as in the second class E: no one in either class did well on the test
B
In assessing a client's personal growth towards congruence, Carl Rogers measured the correspondence between A: the pleasure principle and the reality principle B: the ideal self and self-image C: the client's values and the therapist's values D: internal locus of control and external locus of control E: introversion and extraversion
B
Melinda completed the Computer Programming Aptitude Test when she applied for a position with Beta Electronics. Six months later, she took the same test when she applied for a position with another company. The fact that her scores were almost identical on the two occasions suggests that the test has a high degree of A: content validity B: reliability C: predictive validity D: standardization E: stability
B
Neo-Freudian theorists were most likely to disagree with Freud about the importance A: of the unconscious dynamics underlying behavior B: of childhood sexual instincts C: of anxiety and defense mechanisms D: of distinguishing between id, ego, and superego E: of unconscious impulses and anxieties
B
Professor Ambra was skeptical about the accuracy of recently reported research on sleep deprivation. Which process would best enable her to assess the reliability of these findings? A: naturalistic observations B: replication C: random sampling D: the case study E: standard deviation
B
Professor Woo noticed that the distribution of her students' scores on the last biology test had an extremely small standard deviation. This indicates that the A: test was given to a very small class of students B: students' scores tended to be very similar to one another C: mean test score was lower than the median score D: students generally performed very well on the test E: test was a poor measure of the students' knowledge
B
Random sampling is to ____ as random assignment is to ____ A: correlational studies; case studies B: surveys; experiments C: illusory correlation; control group D: replication; correlation E: description; prediction
B
Sasha believes that she is a very good driver. Her belief leads her to take unnecessary risks, such as driving too fast and cutting in front of other drivers. Sasha's driving appears to be affected by A: hindsight bias B: overconfidence C: intuition D: illusory correlation E: empiricism
B
Surveys indicate that people are much less likely to support "welfare" than "aid to the needy." These somewhat paradoxical survey results best illustrate the importance of A: random sampling B: word choice/wording effects C: the placebo effect D: naturalistic observation E: hindsight bias
B
The Thematic Apperception Test is a projective test that requires people to respond to A: incomplete sentences B: ambiguous pictures C: unfamiliar melodies D: meaningless inkblots E: focus questions
B
To graphically represent the correlation between two variables, researchers often construct a A: skewed distribution B: scatterplot C: standard deviation D: bar graph E: pie chart
B
To minimize the extent to which outcome differences between experimental and control conditions can be attributed to placebo effects, researchers make use of A: random sampling B: the double-blind procedure C: random assignment D: operational definitions E: replication
B
Trait theorists are more concerned with ________ personality than with ________ it. A: predicting; assessing B: describing; explaining C: changing; analyzing D: explaining; describing E: enhancing; measuring
B
Which of the following statements is most correct about the relationship between correlation and causation? A: correlations are statistical relationships, causations are logical relationships B: correlation indicates the possibility of a causal relationship, but it does not prove causation C: if one variable is strongly positively correlated with another variable, the relationship is causal D: if one variable is strongly negatively correlated with another variable, the relationship is not causal E: both correlations and causations need to be proven with experimental data
B
Why are researchers so careful about drawing conclusions regarding statistical significance? A: statistical significance determines which research method should be used for a hypothesis B: they want to make sure an observed difference isn't due to chance C: statistical significance is primarily a subjective decision, so researchers need to be more careful D: they need to make sure the results are important E: statistical significance is used in case studies, not experiments, so researchers do not have a control group to rely on
B
Abraham Maslow studied the lives of Abraham Lincoln, Thomas Jefferson, and Eleanor Roosevelt in order to understand the nature of A: reciprocal determinism B: an internal locus of control C: self-actualization D: the false consensus effect E: defense mechanisms
C
Why would the median, rather than the mean, be the appropriate measure of central tendency in determining housing values in a particular community? A: the median is useful for measuring how much values deviate from one another B: the median is minimally affected by extreme scores C: the median is best used to sort values into groups D: the median allows you to examine the gap between the lowest and highest value E: the median allows you to generalize from representative samples to the general population
B
According to Freud, children develop unconscious sexual desires for the parent of the opposite sex during the _______ stage. A: oral B: genital C: phallic D: anal E: latency
C
After an argument with your little brother, you slam the door to your bedroom instead of hitting him. Your action best illustrates which defense mechanism? A: reaction formation B: projection C: displacement D: denial E: sublimation
C
Basing decisions or conclusions on observable evidence describes which of the following? A: hindsight bias B: confirmation bias C: empirical approach D: overconfidence E: operational definition
C
Alexandra is told that research supports the value of cosmetic surgery for boosting self-esteem. Belinda is told that the esteem-enhancing value of cosmetic surgery has been refuted by research. Both women would consider the findings to be common sense. This best illustrates the power of A: random sampling B: overconfidence C: the hindsight bias D: illusory correlation E: the double-blind procedure
C
Alfred Adler was a neo-Freudian who coined the term A: oral fixation B: reciprocal determinism C: inferiority complex D: unconditional positive regard E: cardinal traits
C
A correlation coefficient is a measure of the A: difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution B: average squared deviation of scores from a sample mean C: direction and strength of the relationship between two variables D: statistical significance of a difference between two sample means E: frequency of scores at each level of some measure
C
Coach Vroman attended a clinic to improve his basketball coaching skills. Afterward, he randomly assigned his seventh-grade players to two groups: Group 1 will be coached by the new method and Group 2 will be coached by his old method. He then measured their performance at one team practice to judge the effectiveness of the new coaching method. Which of the following might affect the statistical significance of his study? A: approval from an Institutional Review Board (IRB) was not obtained from beginning his study B: to determine the effectiveness of the new method, Coach Vroman must first find the median score of each group C: By testing only two groups, Coach Vroman's sample size may be too small and unrepresentative D: Coach Vroman should wait until next year to test the incoming freshman because his sample was biased E: a third variable, such as height, might affect the relationship between the two variables
C
If children's positive self-esteem is largely a consequence rather than a cause of their successful accomplishments, parents would be best advised to enable their children to A: develop an external locus of control B: recognize that positive self-esteem inhibits self-serving bias C: effectively surmount challenges and achieve success D: experience positive self-esteem regardless of how well or how poorly they perform E: rationalize failures in ways that do not wound self-concepts
C
If scores on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) are normally distributed, with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15, what percentage of scores will fall between 85 and 115? A: 34 B: 47 C: 68 D: 80 E: 95
C
In a college lecture class of 200 students, Tiana and Julie scored a perfect 100 on a test that everyone else either received a D or an F. If we were to graph this distribution, Tiana and Julie's scores would indicate a A: a straight line B: a regression line C: positive skew D: negative skew E: normal distribution
C
In a study of the effects of alcohol consumption, some participants drank a nonalcoholic beverage that actually smelled and tasted like alcohol. This nonalcoholic drink was a A: a dependent variable B: a replication C: a placebo D: a random sample E: double blind
C
In the hypothesis "Students who study a list of terms in the morning, just after waking up, will recall more terms than students who the list just before falling asleep, " what is the INDEPENDENT variable? A: list of terms B: memorization C: time of day D: number of terms remembered E: students
C
Jason is studying visualization in high school athletes. He recruits participants from football, baseball, and gymnastics at a local high school. He also recruits participants from teenagers at the mall who report sport participation. His population of interest is A: teens at the mall B: all teens in town C: teen athletes D: baseball players E: football players
C
Psychologists who carefully watch the behavior of chimpanzee societies in the jungle are using a research method known as A: the survey B: experimentation C: naturalistic observation D: the case study E: random sampling
C
The IQ scores of the five members of the Duluth family are 100, 82, 104, 96, and 118. For this distribution of scores, the range is A: 6 B: 14 C: 36 D: 48 E: 100
C
The defense mechanism in which self-justifying explanations replace the real, unconscious reasons for actions is A: projection B: denial C: rationalization D: displacement E: reaction formation
C
The person-situation controversy involves a debate regarding the relative influence of _______ and ________ on behavior. A: self-concept; self-esteem B: optimism; pessimism C: environments; traits D: the real self; the ideal self E: the id; the superego
C
Walter Mischel's studies of college students' conscientiousness revealed only a modest relationship between a student being conscientious on one occasion and being similarly conscientious on another occasion. According to Mischel, this should make psychologists more cautious about emphasizing the consistency of A: repression B: self-efficacy C: personality traits in different situations D: reciprocal determinism E: unconditional positive regard
C
Which of the following Big Five trait dimensions is most descriptive of an individual who is organized and disciplined in managing his or her work? A: extraversion B: agreeableness C: conscientiousness D: openness E: candidness
C
Which of the following are the "Big Five" personality factors? A: compassionate, actualized, noble, optimistic, even-tempered B: esteem, oppressive, nonviolent, academic, conventional C: openness, extraversion, conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism D: avoidant, calculating, non conforming, excitable, overconfident E: collectivist, accepting, anxious, objective, empathic
C
Which of the following is an INCORRECT match? A: humanism and self-actualization B: social-cognitive perspective and reciprocal determinism C: trait perspective and locus of control D: psychoanalytic perspective and fixation
C
When 2-year-old Matthew was told he would get no dessert until he finished the food on his plate, he threw his plate on the floor in a temper tantrum. Freud would have suggested that Matthew was unable to resist the demands of his A: superego B: collective unconscious C: ego D: id E: Oedipus complex
D
To provide a baseline against which they can evaluate the effects of a specific treatment, experimenters make use of a(n) A: dependent variable B: random sample C: independent variable D: control condition E: experimental condition
D
What technique do researchers use to reduce the impact of confounding variables? A: hindsight bias B: naturalistic observations C: scatterplots D: random assignment E: measures of central tendency
D
A correlation of +.90 would most likely indicate A: a weak negative relationship between the two variables B: Variable A caused Variable B to occur C: Variable B caused Variable B to occur D: A strong positive relationship between two variables E: No relationship between two variables
D
A researcher who deceives participants about the goals of the research needs to fully inform them of the true nature of the study later, according to which ethical principle of human experimentation? A: informed consent B: protection from harm C: confidentiality D: debriefing E: coercion
D
Card players who attribute their wins to their own skill and their losses to bad luck best illustrate A: unconditional positive regard B: reciprocal determinism C: the spotlight effect D: a self-serving bias E: a strong superego
D
Carl Rogers believed that in order to be a fully-functioning individual, you must A: have a strong ego B: possess an optimistic explanatory style C: challenge your feelings of inferiority D: receive unconditional positive regard E: perceive an internal locus of control
D
Carl Rogers suggested that the ________ is a central feature of personality. A: collective unconscious B: inferiority complex C: Barnum effect D: self-concept E: trait
D
Celine recently had a vivid dream that was strikingly similar to an ancient but unfamiliar religious myth. This coincidence would have been of particular interest to A: Alfred Adler B: Carl Rogers C: Gordon Allport D: Carl Jung E: Karen Horney
D
Dr. DeVries is interested in measuring how practice in problem solving affects this ability. The population of interest is high school seniors, and the sample consists of students who attend an exclusive college preparatory school. Half of the sample receives practice in solving particular types of problems, while the other half does not. Both groups take the same problem-solving test. Which of the following might best explain why Dr. DeVries may not be able to generalize his findings? A: he is not taking into account how the scores on the test might deviate from one another B: his data may be positively skewed C: he should have conducted his experiment in a lab instead of a natural setting D: his sample is not representative of the population E: he did not receive approval from an Institutional Review Board (IRB) before begging his research
D
Evelyn wants to know how consistent her bowling scores have been during the past season. Which of the following measures would be most relevant to this specific concern? (hint: consistency means minimal variability) A: mean B: median C: scatterplot D: standard deviation E: correlation coefficient
D
Frank refuses to believe that he is addicted to drugs despite overwhelming evidence to the contrary. He is most clearly demonstrating the defense mechanism of A: displacement B: regression C: projection D: denial E: reaction formation
D
Freud emphasized that the id operates on the ________ principle. A: self-transcendence B: collectivism C: identity D: pleasure E: ego
D
How would a researcher likely respond to the statement, "Science can't really prove anything, because lab experiments are so artificial and not like the real world"? A: "That's not true. Lab experiments are usually very realistic." B: "Most experiments aren't done in the laboratory." C: "The goal of science is to establish hypotheses, not prove things." D: Laboratory experiments can establish general principles that generalize to other contexts E: "When operational definitions are inadequate, laboratory experiments are the only choice."
D
In 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that schools must be desegregated, meaning Black and White children must attend the same schools instead of being separated. In it's decision, the Court cited the expert testimony of two psychologists, illustrating the negative impact of such separation on Black children. This example illustrates that psychology A: is nothing more than common sense and intuition B: can be used to manipulate people C: tries to decide what our goals should be D: can help people understand some of our world's great problems E: is becoming dangerously powerful
D
In a job interview for a position as an elementary school teacher, you are asked to take a Rorschach test. How would you respond to this request? A: Take the test; after all, it is a well-known psychological tool B: Take the test because it has been successfully used to predict emotional disorders C: Decline to take the test, because you do not want the school to know your unconscious motivations and desires D: Decline the test, because it has questionable reliability and validity and can lead to an inaccurate evaluation
D
Research on the development of personality traits across the lifespan has revealed that A: an individual's personality traits become more variable as the individual ages B: the greatest changes in personality traits occur between the ages of about thirty and fifty C: the oral, anal, and genital stages in Freudian personality theory seem to be valid, but the later stages are not D: an individual's personality traits tend to be relatively stable during middle adulthood E: one's personality traits change often because of environmental factors
D
Researchers are interested in studying the impact of drugs on human fetuses. In this case, why would a correlational study be more appropriate than an experiment? A: because cause and effect can only be determined by a correlational study B: because correlational studies allow you to observe behavior in non-artificial environments C: because researchers using correlational studies may generalize to the population from any atypical case D: because participants could not be ethically assigned to an experimental or control condition E: because correlational studies permit researchers to estimate the reported behaviors of a whole population
D
Johnny works for a magazine and is told by his editor to write an article on test scores in the local elementary school. He divides the students into groups based on grade level and has all of the students take the SAME test. He then examines the test scores. In this study, the DEPENDENT variable is the A: school the students attend B: income level of the parents C: grade level of the students D: gender of the students E: test scores of the students
E
Julio believes that no matter how hard he works, the "system" is so biased against his ethnic group that he will be unable to achieve economic success. Julio's thinking most clearly demonstrates A: displacement B: reaction formation C: the self-reference phenomenon D: the spotlight effect E: an external locus of control
E
Kelly feels that she will be successful in her AP Psychology class because she has done well in her other honors and AP classes in her high school career. It would be fair to say that she has a strong sense of A: ego ideal B: the Barnum effect C: rationalization D: reciprocal determinism E: self-efficacy
E
Personality trait theorists like Cattall look for relationships or clusters among test item descriptors to outline the components of personality. One such example of a cluster that reflects a single personality trait includes ambition, determination, persistence, and self-reliance. This mathematical tool/technique is called ___________. A: traits B: free association C: reliability D: standard deviation E: factor analysis
E
Psychologists discovered that the more money you make, the less satisfied people are with their marriages in comparison to people who make little money. This would indicate that increased wealth and marital satisfaction are A: casually related B: positively correlated C: independent variable D: dependent variable E: negatively correlated
E
Saeb is a high school senior. He impulsively and carelessly spends all his time and money on his girlfriend and his car. Freud would have suggested that Saeb shows signs of a(n) A: strong ego B: inferiority complex C: weak id D: Electra complex E: weak superego
E
The King James Version of the bible was completed when William Shakespeare was 46 years old. In Psalm 46 of this translation, the forty-sixth word is "shake," and the forty-sixth word from the end is "spear." Before concluding that the biblical translators were to be humorous with these specific word placements, you would be best advised to recognize the danger of A: considering these facts as statistically significant B: randomly sampling biblical passages C: generalizing from extreme examples D: assuming that most people share your opinions E: perceiving order in coincidental events
E
To assess reactions to a proposed tuition hike at her college, Ariana sent a questionnaire to every fifteenth person in the college registrar's alphabetical listing of all currently enrolled students. Ariana employed the technique of A: random assignment B: naturalistic observation C: replication D: correlation E: random sampling
E
To understand the British newspaper headline "Income for 62% Is Below Average," it is necessary to appreciate the distinction between the ________ and the mean. A: range B: standard deviation C: mode D: correlation E: median
E
Which of the following is the correct order of Freud's psychosexual stages of development? A: genital, latency, phallic, anal, oral B: anal, oral, latency, phallic, genital C: oral, genital, phallic, latency, anal D: phallic, anal, oral, genital, latency E: oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
E
Which procedure helps to ensure that the participants in a survey are representative of a larger population? A: random assignment B: replication C: correlation D: naturalistic observation E: random sampling
E