Nutrition

Protein

Make up- C,H,O,N Function- muscle development,tissue repair, and milk Sources- legumes and supplements Deficiency/Excess- muscle wasting

Minerals

Make up- Ca, P, Na, Cl Function- skeleton formation and chemical balances Sources- supplements, byproducts, and legumes Deficiency/Excess- weak bones and toxicity

Water

Make up- H and O Functions- temperature regulation and carrier throughout body Sources- any water source and high moisture feeds Deficiency/Excess- poor performance, dehydration, poor feed intake, death

Enzymes

Maltase Lactase Sucrase lipase peptidase pepsin

Dry roughages and forages

Hay, straw, fodder, Stover, other feeds >18% fiber (hulls/ shells)

Heat increment

increased heat production after eating

rickets

Vitamin D deficiency

fat soluble

Vitamins ADEK

papillae

short projections; increase surface area

Ruminant Digestion steps

1) mouth 2)esophagus 3) rumen 4) reticulum 5) omasum 6)abomasum 7) small intestine 8) large intestine 9) rectum

megacalorie

1000 kcal or 1 million calories

what is the average amount of nitrogen in feed

16% Nitrogen

Reticulum

2nd stomach honeycomb like structure

water soluble

B complex vitamins

chemical digestion

HCl in the tomach bile from gall bladder in small intestines

Micromineral examples

Iodine (I) Iron (Fe) Copper (C) Cobalt (Co) Manganese (Mn) selenium (Se) Zinc (Zn) Molybdenum (Mo)

Vitamins

Make Up- organic compounds Function- ~ A- body linings ~ D- bones/skeleton/teeth ~ E- repair ~ K- blood clotting Sources- green forages, legumes, and corn Deficiency/Excess- stunted growth, rickets, and poor reproduction

Carbohydrates

Make up- C,H,O Function- heat and energy Sources- grains Deficiency/Excess- poor production and listlessness

Fats

Make up- C,H,O Function- heat and energy and 2.25x carbs Sources- lipids, fatty acids, and cholesterol Deficiency/Excess- poor production, listlessness, and fat (obese)

Kilocalories

amount of energy required to raise temperature of 1 kg of water 1 degree C

Digestible protein

amount of protein actually digested

Nutrient

any feed constituent that functions in the support of life or end product of digestion

Macrominerals examples

calcium (Ca) phosphorous (P) magnesium (Mg) sulfur (S) Sodium (Na) Chlorine (Cl) Potassium (K)

Nutrient Composition

carbon (C) Hydrogen (H) Oxygen (O) Nitrogen (N)

enzyme

catalyst to speed up chemical reaction

villi

cells of intestinal lining; absorb nutrients

energy feeds

cereal grains by-products fruits nuts roots

does animal waste effect air quality

effects both air and water quality N in form of ammonia methane- explosive gas

Digestible Energy

energy in feed- energy of feces ex. 5g - 3g = 2g

metabolizable energy

energy remaining after feces and urinary loss left for growth and production

chyme

feed mixed in rumen

concentrates

feeds that are high in energy low in fiber(<18%) highly digestible

Roughages

feeds that are high in fiber (>18%) lower in energy lower in digestibility

proprianic

generates body fat

butyric

generates energy and metabolism

acetic

generates milk fat

VFA's

main energy source for ruminants ~70% of total energy requirements used by microorganisms

Omasum

manyplies 3rd stomach muscular stomach

production

mohair milk meat eggs wool

Net energy

more popular then TDN more accurate measure

feed/ feedstuff

naturally occuring ingredients in diets of livestock growth promonants flavorings preserveratives

Macrominerals

needed in large quantities

microminerals

needed in small quantities

Rumen

paunch 1st stomach fermentation vat, partially digests food lined with papilla

Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN)

pounds/kilograms/% overestimates roughages

mechanical digestion

prehension mastication

gamete production

production of egg and sperm or sex cells

feed classifications

range silage corn legume grass

maintenance

regulation of temperature movement metabolism

Digestability

the amount of nutrients absorb by the GI tract

Dry matter

the feed that remains after the water has been removed

Nutrition

the science or study of dietary ingredients their digestion in the gastrointestinal tract absorption into and transportation by the blood stream utilization storage excretion

crude protein

the total amount of protein in a feed for example: 100%/16%= 6.25% crude protein

Abomasum

true stomach 4th stomach -passes food to small intestine

classes of nutrients

water carbohydrates fats protein vitamins minerals