AP Psych

When 90-year-old Mrs. Glass socializes at her senior activity center, she gravitates toward activities that she can still perform well, which also demonstrates that her crystallized intelligence is functioning. Which of the following activities will most likely appeal to Mrs. Glass? a. "name that song" game featuring songs from her childhood b. A trivia game featuring current movies c. A new video game in which aliens fly a spaceship d. A class teaching her how to use the latest computer technology

a. "name that song" game featuring songs from her childhood

During the high-wire act, Grace walks along a rope suspended 30 feet above the circus floor. Which of the following is most involved in helping Grace coordinate her movements and maintain her balance during the performance? a. Cerebellum b. Hypothalamus c. Hippocampus d. Sympathetic nervous system

a. Cerebellum

In terms of the effect on the central nervous system, alcohol is most accurately classified as which of the following types of drug? a. Depressant b. Narcotic c. Psychoactive d. Stimulant

a. Depressant

Based on the data, what is the most appropriate conclusion? a. Distributed practice is more effective at enhancing longer-term retention of material relative to massed practice. b. Distributed practice is more effective than massed practice for short-term memory. c. Massed practice is more effective than distributed practice is for enhancing sensory memory. d. Massed practice is more effective for longer-term retention than distributed practice is.

a. Distributed practice is more effective at enhancing longer-term retention of material relative to massed practice.

Which of the following is an example of a visual perceptual constancy? a. Even though the angle from which she viewed the table had changed, Elise still perceived the table as rectangular. b. Mariann did not perceive an apple as red in a dark room. c. Allison's hair was perceived as bright pink. d. Marcia is able to catch the basketball because of binocular cues.

a. Even though the angle from which she viewed the table had changed, Elise still perceived the table as rectangular.

Which of the following groups of characteristics best describes the REM sleep stage? a. Fast breathing, relatively high heart rate, relatively high blood pressure b. Possible muscle contractions and sensations of falling c. Likelihood of sleepwalking and sleep talking d. Slow breathing, low heart rate, low blood pressure

a. Fast breathing, relatively high heart rate, relatively high blood pressure

Research indicates that a toddler with a secure attachment style is most likely to do which of the following when left with a caregiver, such as a babysitter, for the first time? a. Show distress when left, calm down and play, and run to the mother when she returns b. Cry when left and continue to cry until the mother returns c. Not notice when the mother leaves and not seek attention from the mother when she returns d. Show distress when the mother leaves and not seek attention when the mother returns

a. Show distress when left, calm down and play, and run to the mother when she returns

Darby had damage to his brain that resulted in impairment of multiple senses. He most likely experienced damage to which brain structure? a. Thalamus b. Amygdala c. Cerebellum d. Hypothalamus

a. Thalamus

Which of the following is true of a neuron in the resting state? Responses a. The inside of the cell membrane is negative compared to the outside. b. The outside of the cell membrane is negative compared to the inside. c. The concentration of sodium ions is equal inside and outside of the cell membrane. d. The neuron is not polarized.

a. The inside of the cell membrane is negative compared to the outside.

If mice lack an enzyme essential to the process of long-term potentiation, which of the following will be the most likely consequence? a. They will be unable to learn a maze. b. They will learn a maze only through observational learning. c. They will learn a maze only through classical conditioning. d. They will learn a maze only through positive reinforcement.

a. They will be unable to learn a maze.

The change in the curvature of the lens that enables the eye to focus on objects at various distances is called a. accommodation b. adaptation c. conduction d. convergence

a. accommodation

A test that measures a student's potential ability is a. an achievement test b. an aptitude test c. an intelligence test d. a personality inventory

a. an achievement test

When excitatory neurotransmitters stimulate a single neuron, the neuron a. becomes more likely to produce an action potential b. becomes less likely to produce an action potential c. produces a stronger action potential d. becomes more polarized

a. becomes more likely to produce an action potential

Benjamin is five years old. While his mother is making his lunch, he explains to her that he is very hungry and would like a lot to eat. His mother cuts his sandwich into four pieces, and he is very pleased. Benjamin's pleasure at having four small pieces instead of one large piece is due to the fact that he lacks a. conservation b. object permanence c. theory of mind d. assimilation

a. conservation

While attending a concert, Anthony finds that he can clearly recognize the melody coming from the lead violin above all the other instruments playing in the orchestra, even though the other instruments may be louder. Gestalt psychologists would explain Anthony's ability using the principle of a. figure-ground b. simplicity c. constancy d. proximity

a. figure-ground

The psychological experience of pitch is related to a sound wave's a. frequency b. amplitude c. complexity d. loudness

a. frequency

Denny does not have wrapping paper to use to wrap a birthday present, and so he decides to use colorful newspaper comics instead. Denny's solution demonstrates that he has overcome a. functional fixedness b. the fundamental attribution error c. cognitive dissonance d. egocentrism

a. functional fixedness

Dr. Crump is developing a new personality test that he hopes will measure personality factors similar to those measured by a Big Five personality inventory. His participants take the new personality test and the main Big Five inventory used in clinical settings. The next week the participants take the new personality test again. Dr. Crump finds that the participants in the study had similar scores each time they took the new personality test and that there is a weak positive correlation between the scores on the new personality test and the Big Five inventory. Dr. Crump is most likely to conclude that the new personality test has which of the following qualities? a. high reliability and low validity b. high reliability and high validity c. low reliability and high validity d. low reliability and moderate validity

a. high reliability and low validity

When Amy was seven years of age, she had a babysitter from France. During this time Amy learned to speak a little French. Years later, when Amy got to college, she signed up for a beginning French class. Amy learned the material in her French class much more quickly than her classmates did. Amy's rapid learning was most likely due to a. implicit memory b. episodic memory c. spontaneous recovery d. fluid intelligence

a. implicit memory

Konrad Lorenz found that shortly after a gosling is born, it tends to follow the first large moving object it sees. That is an example of a. imprinting b. object permanence c. observational learning d. a secure attachment

a. imprinting

Genie was a girl who endured abusive and neglectful conditions and was deprived of language exposure until she was rescued at age 13. Despite remediation, Genie was unable to learn to speak fluently. Historically, this case study was used to demonstrate the effects of a. sensitive periods b. overgeneralization of language c. self-fulfilling prophecies d. cognitive dissonance

a. sensitive periods

Information is relayed to the spinal cord or the brain by which of the following? a. sensory neurons b. dopamine neurons c. refractory neurons d. motor neurons

a. sensory neurons

Matthew's parents are physicists, and so are the parents of several of his best friends. Therefore, Matthew believes that many people are employed as physicists. Matthew's reasoning is based on a. the availability heuristic b. the conjunction fallacy c. the representativeness heuristic d. a mental set

a. the availability heuristic

While at a crowded gathering, Zach realized that his attention was being drawn away from his conversation every time a person nearby said the word "exactly." Zach's response is an example of a. the cocktail party effect b. sensory adaptation c. bottom-up processing d. the just-noticeable difference

a. the cocktail party effect

Tom believes he performed poorly on his last three history exams because of bad luck. As a result, he believes he is due for a good score on the next exam and does not study because he is sure he will perform well. The error in his thinking is most likely attributable to a. the gambler's fallacy b. the availability heuristic c. prospective memory d. overgeneralization

a. the gambler's fallacy

Tina is reading an important letter when she accidentally splashes water on the paper. The water has smudged a few words, but she is still able to understand what the letter says. This can be explained by a. top-down processing b. bottom-up processing c. retinal disparity d. color constancy

a. top-down processing

The process of converting incoming physical energy into a neural code that can be processed is called a. transduction b. sensory threshold c. sensory adaptation d. parallel processing

a. transduction

Which of the following is an example of a stage of language development that occurs before a child can speak words? Responses a. Telegraphic speech b. Babbling c. Holophrasing d. Paraphrasing

b. Babbling

Dr. Cruickshank conducted a study to examine whether cerebral cortex activity in the brain would be higher during memory retrieval for a test or during the initial learning process. She conducted brain scans on 10 volunteers while they were learning a new set of vocabulary words and while they were given a test on the same vocabulary words. In which lobes of the brain should Dr. Cruickshank expect to see activity when subjects process the sounds of the vocabulary words? a. Occipital lobes b. Temporal lobes c. Parietal lobes d. Frontal lobes

b. Temporal lobes

Which of the following studies demonstrates a cross-sectional research design? a. Testing the first graders, and testing them again when they are in third grade b. Testing first, third, and fifth graders at the beginning of the school year c. Observing first graders as they test in two different subject areas d. Observing first graders as they interact with either third graders or fifth graders

b. Testing first, third, and fifth graders at the beginning of the school year

Anthony is an adolescent who has a pimple on his cheek and thinks everyone is looking at it. Which of the following best explains what Anthony is experiencing? a. The personal fable phenomenon b. The imaginary audience phenomenon c. Identity foreclosure d. Identity diffusion

b. The imaginary audience phenomenon

A word or part of a word that is in itself meaningful, but that cannot be broken into smaller meaningful units, is called a a. grapheme b. morpheme c. phoneme d. holophrase

b. morpheme

Corey has a list of things he needs from the grocery store but forgets his list at home. At the store, Corey struggles to remember the items on his list, but when he sees a display of oranges, he remembers that oranges were on his list. This is an example of a. recall b. recognition c. working memory d. sensory memory

b. recognition

Damage to the occipital lobe would most likely affect a person's Responses a. balance b. vision c. fine motor movements d. language processing

b. vision

Maksym's parents set moderate expectations about discipline, exhibit high levels of warmth, and have open lines of communication. Which of the following best describes the parenting style of Maksym's parents? a. Authoritarian b. Permissive c. Authoritative d. Scaffolding

c. Authoritative

Brain damage that leaves a person capable of understanding speech but with an impaired ability to produce speech most likely indicates injury to which of the following? a. The basal ganglia b. Wernicke's area c. Broca's area d. The inferior colliculi

c. Broca's area

Which of the following psychometric properties is used to assess the extent to which the items on an intelligence test measure a person's intelligence? a. Internal consistency b. Standardization c. Construct validity d. Predictive validity

c. Construct validity

A developmental psychologist who is using a visual cliff is most likely studying which of the following? a. Blindsight b. Synesthesia c. Depth perception d. Peripheral vision

c. Depth perception

Bob is concerned because his children have been eating too much of an expensive breakfast cereal, so he brings home a less expensive version that looks and tastes exactly the same to him. His children immediately notice that the new cereal is less sweet. Which of the following concepts best explains the conflicting perceptions of Bob and his children? a. Perceptual adaptation b. Sensory adaptation c. Difference threshold d. Signal-detection theory

c. Difference threshold

Marie has to assemble a shelf but cannot find her screwdriver. Which of the following would help her complete this task? a. Confirmation bias b. Functional fixedness c. Divergent thought d. Mental set

c. Divergent thought

Devi spent time developing a set of note cards for an upcoming test that used word associations based on what the words meant in relation to each other. Which of the following did Devi use with this study method? a. State-dependent memory b. Latent learning c. Effortful processing d. Procedural memory

c. Effortful processing

Jackson paints an American flag using the colors green, yellow, and black instead of red, white, and blue. When people stare at the flag he painted for a period of time, they can see the correctly colored flag in their field of vision for a brief period of time. This phenomenon of negative afterimages is best explained by which of the following theories? a. the trichromatic theory b. bottom-up processing theory c. the opponent-process theory d. light-dark adaptation theory

c. the opponent-process theory

Four-year-old Maria knows that she has eaten all her peanuts, but she also realizes that Robbie, who cannot see inside her bag, may not know the peanuts are gone. Her awareness demonstrates that Maria has a. a self-concept b. formal operational thought c. theory of mind d. egocentric thinking

c. theory of mind

Which scenario best exemplifies the theory of natural selection? a. Aaron has larger muscles than Earl because Aaron lifts weights and Earl does not. b. A natural disaster wipes out all of the living creatures on a particular island. c. An ape learns how to use a new tool by observing another ape use that tool. d. A mutation in a species of lizards that allows them to better blend into their surroundings leads to greater survival and more offspring possessing this mutation in a later generation.

d. A mutation in a species of lizards that allows them to better blend into their surroundings leads to greater survival and more offspring possessing this mutation in a later generation.

Damage to which of the following brain structures may cause the inability to detect the emotional significance of facial expressions, especially those demonstrating fear? a. Hippocampus b. Thalamus c. Hypothalamus d. Amygdala

d. Amygdala

The graph depicts which of the following? a. Transduction b. A reflex arc c. An action potential d. An absolute threshold

d. An absolute threshold

Darien's father dictated who Darien's friends should be and what classes he should take, and he set an extremely early curfew. If Darien went against his father's wishes, the repercussions were harsh and swift. What type of parenting did Darien experience? a. Permissive b. Approach-avoidance c. Authoritative d. Authoritarian

d. Authoritarian

Beth received a surgery in which half of her cortex was removed to treat a seizure disorder when she was two years old. However, by the time she was five years old, her cognitive abilities were the same as those of a neurotypical five year old. Which of the following best explains her abilities? a. Reuptake b. Dual processing c. Accommodation d. Brain plasticity

d. Brain plasticity

Barclay is excited about all they will learn in AP Psychology when school starts next week. According to the multi-store model of memory, the first stage in memory processing involves which of the following? a. Retrieval b. Storage c. Rehearsal d. Encoding

d. Encoding

An individual's ability to remember the day he or she first swam the length of a swimming pool is most clearly an example of which of the following kinds of memory? a. Semantic b. Flashbulb c. Procedural d. Episodic

d. Episodic

Which of the following research findings supports a strong biological basis for behavior? a. Presenting a loud sound just before presenting a neutral stimulus eventually produces fear of the neutral stimulus. b. Including misinformation in a question about an event decreases the accuracy of memory for the event. c. Observing an aggressive model leads to aggressive behavior by the observer. d. Identical twins who are reared apart have similar levels of intelligence.

d. Identical twins who are reared apart have similar levels of intelligence.

Which of the following scenarios best demonstrates context-dependent memory? Responses a. Carol performs better in her recital when she practices in short sessions, several times a day. b. Edgar solves his jigsaw puzzles faster when he completes the edges first. c. Rosemarie shoots more accurately at her archery competition when other people are around. d. Jeannette does better on her exam when she takes it in the same room where she studies.

d. Jeannette does better on her exam when she takes it in the same room where she studies.

A sudden inability to remember how to tie a certain kind of knot indicates a deficit in which kind of memory? a. Declarative b. Semantic c. Episodic d. Procedural

d. Procedural

A patient reports constant sleepiness. A series of tests reveal that the patient's sleep is frequently disrupted by periods of interrupted breathing and brief awakenings. Which of the following diagnoses would account for such symptoms? a. Sleep terrors b. Narcolepsy c. REM behavior disorder d. Sleep apnea

d. Sleep apnea

When trying to solve a problem, Bret uses a logical, step-by-step formula called a. a heuristric b. insight c. priming d. an algorithm

d. an algorithm

The role of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is to a. facilitate the body's fight-or-flight response b. prepare the body to cope with stress c. prompt the body to use its resources in responding to environmental stimuli d. establish homeostasis after a fight-or-flight response

d. establish homeostasis after a fight-or-flight response

When people consume large amounts of alcohol, they are often unable to recall what they did and said while they were drinking. This occurs because alcohol interferes with the brain's ability to form new memories in the a. reticular formation b. parietal lobe c. thalamus d. hippocampus

d. hippocampus

Johnny often hits his brother even though his brother does not do anything to antagonize him. Johnny's aggression is most likely due to a combination of which of the following factors? a. his genetic makeup, the fact that aggression can be evolutionarily adaptive, and a lack of neuroplasticity b. the environment he grew up in, developmental delays, and the fact that aggression can be evolutionarily adaptive c. his genetic makeup, developmental delays, and a lack of neuroplasticity d. his genetic makeup, the environment he grew up in, and the fact that aggression can be evolutionarily adaptive

d. his genetic makeup, the environment he grew up in, and the fact that aggression can be evolutionarily adaptive

Dopamine, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine are all a. hormones excreted by the endocrine glands b. secretions of the exocrine glands c. drugs used in the therapeutic treatment of memory disorders d. neurotransmitters that excite or inhibit a neural signal across a synapse

d. neurotransmitters that excite or inhibit a neural signal across a synapse

Previously, when Ezekiel's puppy would go into the other room, Ezekiel would forget that the puppy was ever there. Now, he tries to see where the puppy went. According to Jean Piaget, Ezekiel seems to have achieved a. animism b. egocentrism c. conservation d. object permanence

d. object permanence

An individual's ability to focus on a particular conversation in a noisy and crowded room is called Responses a. auditory localization b. dichotic listening c. divided attention d. selective attention

d. selective attention

Balance is influenced by the a. cochlea b. basilar membrane c. eardrum d. semicircular canals

d. semicircular canals

The division of the nervous system that most directly allows voluntary muscle movement is the Responses a. midbrain b. sympathetic c. parasympathetic d. somatic

d. somatic

The sequence of shifts in the electrical charge of a neuron is called Responses a. neural integration b. refraction c. synaptic transmission d. the action potential

d. the action potential

On an intelligence test, the number of questions an individual answers correctly is meaningless without which of the following? Responses a. Factor analysis b. Standardization c. g factor d. Predictive validity

b. Standardization

Which of the following describes the different emotional dispositions of infants? a. Imprinting b. Temperament c. Mental set d. Attachment

b. Temperament

In the Strange Situation setting, a toddler named George engages in very little exploration and spends almost all of his time with his caregiver when the caregiver is present. George's attachment style is best described as which of the following? a. secure b. insecure c. preoperational d. concrete operational

b. insecure

Which of the following best illustrates the forgetting curve? a. Laurence studied for his first Spanish test by sitting down and cramming for two hours, and he studied for his second Spanish test by spacing out his studying for 30 minutes over the course of a week. He did better on the second test than the first. b. Erik studied Italian in college. After he graduated, he went backpacking in Europe, where he realized he had forgotten a lot of Italian. Years later, he went on another trip to Italy and was surprised to discover that he remembered about the same amount of Italian as during his first trip. c. When Ruth first moves to a new country, she keeps trying to use customs from her old country. Over time, she adjusts to her new country's ways. d. Beatriz tells a story that she heard from a friend, but she cannot remember who told her the story.

b. Erik studied Italian in college. After he graduated, he went backpacking in Europe, where he realized he had forgotten a lot of Italian. Years later, he went on another trip to Italy and was surprised to discover that he remembered about the same amount of Italian as during his first trip.

To study differences in the cognitive processing of younger and older adults, Genevieve assessed a group of 30 year olds and a group of 60 year olds using the same cognitive task. She found no significant difference in cognitive processing between the two groups. Which of the following is a true statement that best explains her findings? a. Researchers have not documented changes in cognitive ability over the human life span. b. Genevieve's task involved semantic memory, which does not typically show decline among people of the ages she tested. c. Most decline in cognitive ability is associated with dementia, which would not yet have occurred in the participants at age 60. d. Genevieve's older participants were most likely taking memory medications that prolong the ability to be proficient in cognitive tasks.

b. Genevieve's task involved semantic memory, which does not typically show decline among people of the ages she tested.

Intelligence tests have been used throughout history to purposefully discriminate against groups of people. Claims that minority groups have lower IQ scores because of genetic factors fail to consider which of the following? a. IQ tests are not valid measures of intelligence. b. IQ test scores are dependent on social factors such as educational opportunity and poverty. c. IQ tests only measure verbal skills, which might impact some groups due to language barriers. d. IQ tests are unreliable measures of intelligence.

b. IQ test scores are dependent on social factors such as educational opportunity and poverty.

Hyrum is at a concert when a flute player hits a very high note at the end of a song. Which of the following best explains why the pitch of the note sounds so high? a. It has a long wavelength and high frequency. b. It has a short wavelength and high frequency. c. It has a long wavelength and low frequency. d. It has a large amplitude.

b. It has a short wavelength and high frequency.

When studying for a vocabulary test, Catherine read one of her vocabulary words and its definition aloud several times. About twenty seconds later, she still remembered the word's meaning, but then she moved on to the next word in the list without engaging in any further strategies to enhance her memory. The next day, she tested herself on the same vocabulary word at the same time, in the same mood, and in the same location as when she had first studied the word, but she could not remember its definition. a. Sensory memory, because Catherine did not pair the word with one of her senses b. Long-term memory, because Catherine failed to encode the word; therefore, the word did not become a part of her long-term memory. c. Retrieval, because though Catherine probably stored the memory d. Context-dependent memory, because Catherine did not study the word in a variety of locations.

b. Long-term memory, because Catherine failed to encode the word; therefore, the word did not become a part of her long-term memory.

Ms. Ritter is a high school math teacher. She believes that some people are born good at math and others are not. At the beginning of the new school term, she was informed that her incoming class had poor performance on prior standardized tests. Which of the following is a likely outcome for Ms. Ritter and the upcoming school year? a. Ms. Ritter will foster a growth mindset in her class and challenge her students to do better. b. Ms. Ritter will likely see her students' poor test results during the school year as confirmation of her beliefs that math abilities are fixed. c. Ms. Ritter will Identify each student's needs to maximize their individual potential. d. Ms. Ritter will blame herself after a poor performance on an exam.

b. Ms. Ritter will likely see her students' poor test results during the school year as confirmation of her beliefs that math abilities are fixed.

David was studying some important historical dates for a test. He noticed that the day and month of one of the dates was the same as his own birthday, and he tried to use that fact to help him remember the date for his test. What is David using to enhance his memory? a. Method of loci b. Self-reference c. Retroactive interference d. The recency effect

b. Self-reference

In a groundbreaking study, a researcher shared a translation of an American Indian folk tale with middle-class British participants. Later, the participants were asked to repeat the story. The researcher measured the accuracy of their recollections when they were repeating the story. Several of the participants changed the words "canoes" to "boats" and "hunting seals" to "fishing". Which of the following explains why the participants made errors in their recollections? a. The participants only had the chance to repeat the story five times. b. The participants had difficulty repeating the story because the details didn't fit with their cultural schema. c. The participants were experienced drive-reduction and, therefore, could not carefully to the story. d. The participants experienced the serial position effect.

b. The participants had difficulty repeating the story because the details didn't fit with their cultural schema.

A person will most likely develop aphasia as a result of damage to which of the following parts of the brain? a. Occipital lobe b. Wernicke's area c. Auditory cortex d. Parietal lobe

b. Wernicke's area

Robyn finds a computer repair service online. She silently repeats the phone number in her mind until she locates her phone to call the repair service. Which memory system is most useful for Robyn in this scenario? a. Superior autobiographical memory b. Working memory c. Sensory memory d. Long-term memory

b. Working memory

Which of the following scenarios best describes the monocular depth cue of relative size? Responses a. Abel judges the distance of an object based on the difference between the images processed by the retina in each eye. b. Yvonne judges the distance of an object based on how large the image is on the retina. c. Kenzi judges the distance of an object based on whether it is partially blocked by another object. d. Selah judges the distance of an object based on its location in the visual field compared with other objects in the scene.

b. Yvonne judges the distance of an object based on how large the image is on the retina.

Reuptake of a neurotransmitter refers to a. absorption of the neurotransmitter into the dendrites of the receiving neuron b. absorption of the neurotransmitter into the terminal buttons of the sending neuron c. release of the neurotransmitter by the soma of the originating neuron d. the rate at which a neurotransmitter is created for use by a neuron

b. absorption of the neurotransmitter into the terminal buttons of the sending neuron

The Gestalt principle that refers to an individual's tendency to perceive an incomplete figure as whole is called a. figure-ground b. closure c. proximity d. shape constancy

b. closure

Melissa reads in a parenting magazine that the average age at which children first walk on their own is twelve months old, and most children walk within the range of nine to seventeen months old. The article is discussing the concept of a. standardized testing b. developmental norms c. reliability d. inferential statistics

b. developmental norms

Seven-year-old Maria helps her mother wash the dishes, while her nine-year-old-brother helps their father with the yard work. This involvement of the children in helping activities directly illustrates the process of a. identity diffusion b. gender-role development c. preconventional morality development d. classical conditioning of sex roles

b. gender-role development

Which of the following theories most accurately explains pitch perception? i. Opponent process ii. Frequency iii. Place a. II only b. I and II only c. II and III only d. I, II, and III

c. II and III only

Jane is a five-year-old child who believes that her doll will be cold if not covered with a blanket at night and cannot understand why her older brother gets angry when she blocks his view of the television. According to Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, Jane is in which of the following developmental stages? a. Preconventional b. Concrete operational c. Preoperational d. Sensorimotor

c. Preoperational

If an individual has lost the ability to feel pain in the left arm, there is most likely damage to what area of the brain? a. Left parietal lobe b. Right frontal lobe c. Right parietal lobe d. Right occipital lobe

c. Right parietal lobe

Which of the following neurotransmitters has been most associated with major depressive disorder? a. Acetylcholine b. Dopamine c. Serotonin d. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

c. Serotonin

Kara thinks she sees a spider on the floor of her bathroom. She is extremely afraid of spiders. Which of the following nervous systems would be responsible for her fearful reaction to the spider? a. Somatic nervous system b. Parasympathetic nervous system c. Sympathetic nervous system d. Central nervous system

c. Sympathetic nervous system

Holly asks her brother to turn up the music he is playing so she can hear it better. He turns it up one level, and Holly asks him why he didn't turn it up like she asked. Which of the following concepts explains why Holly did not think her brother turned up the music? a. The volume was below her absolute threshold. b. Perception was not activated by the music. c. The volume had not yet reached the just-noticeable difference threshold. d. The music was a subliminal stimulus.

c. The volume had not yet reached the just-noticeable difference threshold.

Researchers hypothesize that the older a baby is when it begins to crawl, the longer it will take the baby to stop exhibiting earlier rocking behaviors. The researchers go into the infant room of a day care center every day for six weeks. Every time a baby rocks, the researchers record it. They document which babies are already crawlers and at what age each started crawling. What will help the researchers with their investigation? a. Surveying 100 parents about prenatal care b. Their knowledge that babies develop fine motor skills before they develop gross motor skills c. Their knowledge that rocking behavior develops before crawling behavior and that rocking behavior eventually goes away once crawling behavior begins d. Randomly assigning the babies to the crawling versus not-crawling conditions

c. Their knowledge that rocking behavior develops before crawling behavior and that rocking behavior eventually goes away once crawling behavior begins

In studies of memory reconstruction in which students viewed films of an automobile accident, the major influence on recall was which of the following? a. Number of pictures the students were shown of the accident b. Length of time the students viewed pictures of the accident c. Wording of questions the students were asked about the accident d. Location of the accident

c. Wording of questions the students were asked about the accident

Jerry is not able to tie his shoes on his own, but he is able to tie his shoes with the help of his father. Which of the following concepts best explains the interaction between Jerry and his father? a. Secure attachment b. Insecure attachment c. Zone of proximal development d. Reciprocal determinism

c. Zone of proximal development

The biological clock that operates in human beings to adjust their functioning to night-and-day periodicity is referred to as a. spontaneous neural activity b. a fixed-interval schedule c. a circadian rhythm d. active consciousness

c. a circadian rhythm

Sexual orientation is most likely developed as a result of a. gender identity b. the overgeneralizations society makes about people of different genders c. a combination of genetics, prenatal hormones, and social influences d. a combination of developmental norms, socialization, and gender constancy

c. a combination of genetics, prenatal hormones, and social influences

People who have sustained damage to the amygdala are most likely to demonstrate a. poor language comprehension b. problems regulating blood pressure c. a diminished capacity for fear d. left-right confusion

c. a diminished capacity for fear

An adult with a healthy sleep cycle is most likely to enter REM sleep in which of the following ways? a. immediately after falling asleep b. after the dream stage is completed c. after cycling through the NREM sleep stages d. soon after falling asleep and then remain there for the majority of the night

c. after cycling through the NREM sleep stages

Activation of the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system results in a. an increase in salivation b. an increase in digestion c. an increase in respiratory rate d. a decrease in heart rate

c. an increase in respiratory rate

Experiments with baby monkeys who had to choose between a wire monkey "mother" who delivered food or a cloth monkey "mother" who did not demonstrate the importance of a. socialization to neural development b. environmental stimulation to cognitive development c. contact comfort to attachment d. imprinting to observational learning

c. contact comfort to attachment

When a list of words is learned in order, the words most likely to be forgotten are those that represent which of the following? a. at the beginning of the list b. at the end of the list c. in the middle of the list d. hardest to pronounce

c. in the middle of the list

The area of the brain stem that is important in controlling breathing is the a. cerebellum b. limbic system c. medulla d. hippocampus

c. medulla

As you watch a friend walk away from you, your retinal image of your friend gets smaller. Despite this, you do not perceive him to be shrinking. This is an example of a. motion parallax b. retinal disparity c. size constancy d. continuity

c. size constancy