AP Psych Midterm compton

In a group of five individuals, two report annual incomes of $10,000, and the other three report incomes of $14,000, $15,000, and $31,000, respectively. The mode of this group's distribution of annual incomes is A. $10,000 B. $15,000 C. $16,000 D. $31,000 E. $80,000

A. $10,000

n the early 1960s, the cognitive revolution in psychology involved a renewal of interest in the scientific study of A. mental processes B. hereditary influences C. unconscious motives D. learned behaviors E. evolutionary influences

A. mental processes

The concentration of glucose in active regions of the brain underlies the usefulness of a(n) A. MRI B. brain lesion C. EEG D. PET scan E. hemispherectomy

D. PET scan

To break the viscous cycle of depression, the social-cognative perspective suggests that people should be encouraged to explain their failures in terms that are both ___. A. internal and stable B. external and global C. internal and global D. external and temporary E. external and stable

D. external and temporary

Anxiety about being in places or situations from which escape might be difficult is indicative of A. an obsessive compulsive disorder B. a dysthymic disorder C. schizophrenia D. agoraphobia E. Bipolar disorder

D. agoraphobia

An exhausted forest ranger may notice the faintest scent of a forest fire, whereas much stronger but less important odors fail to catch her attention. This fact would be of greatest relevance to _____________ A. the Young-Helmholtz theory B. opponent-process theory C. signal detection theory D. frequency theory E. place theory

D. frequency theory

Drink adolescents maturation of the ____ lags behind maturation of the ___ A. brain stem pituitary B. pituitary brain stem C. limbic system frontal lobe D. frontal lobe limbic system E. Medulla cerebellum

D. frontal lobe limbic system

In graduate school, one of Compton's friends (let's call him Hughbert) always wanted to go to the extremely crowded bar, Foxfire, even though Compton and the other friends wanted to go downtown. Many of Hughbert's friends suspected that he may have preferred Foxfire because it provided an opportunity for Hughbert to achieve sexual excitement by rubbing against strangers in a crowd without being noticed. In other words, Hughbert's friends thought that he may have a psychological condition known as __________ A. podophilia B. coprophilia C. urophilia D. frottage E. necrophilia

D. frottage

positive symptoms of schizophrenia are the _______ of inappropriate behaviors, and negative symptoms are the _______ of appropriate behaviors A. reduction, absense B. presence, presence C. absence. presence D. presence, absence E. absence, reduction

D. presence, absence

Waking up frequently, loud snoring, silent pauses in breathing, and sleepiness during the day are symptoms of ____________ A. insomnia B. circadian rhythm sleep disorders C. narcolepsy D. sleep apnea E. somnambulism

D. sleep apnea

When the observed difference between the means of an experimental group and control group are not likely due to chance, researchers conclude that this difference is A. positively correlated B. highly variable C. reliable D. statistically significant E. experimentally empirical

D. statistically significant

Photographs of people were rated more positively if the photos immediately followed a briefly flashed image of kittens. This best illustrates the impact of A. sensory adaptation B. interposition C. retinal disparity D. subliminal stimulation E. prosopagnosia

D. subliminal stimulation

As you look at an apple, its reflected light travels to the eye. The rods and cones absorb the light and help transmit the information to the brain. This process best illustrates ___________ A. sensation B. top-down processing C. perception D. selective attention E. psychophysics

A. sensation

With her eyes closed and her nose plugged, Hughla was unable to taste the difference between an onion and a pear. Her experience best illustrates the importance of _____________ A. sensory interaction B. sensory transduction C. sensory adaptation D. accommodation E. subliminal stimulation

A. sensory interaction

Five-year-old Hughbetha is emotionally disturbed and refuses to communicate with anyone. To get her to speak, her teacher initially gives her candy for any utterance, then only for a clearly spoken word, and finally only for a complete sentence. The teacher is using the method of ________ A. shaping B. delayed reinforcement C. spontaneous recovery D. secondary reinforcement E. latent learning

A. shaping

Non-reproductive sexual characteristics such as deepened male voice and whitening of female hips are called... Masculine prototypes secondary sex characteristics primary sex characteristics teratogens schema

B. Secondary sex characteristics

Hughbertaki, a stockbroker, runs two miles every day after work because it reduces his level of stress. Hughtaki's running habit is maintained by a(n) _________ reinforcer A. positive B. negative C. conditioned D. partial E. intermittent

B. negative

In response to a harmful stimulus, _______________ initiate neural impulses leading to the sensation of pain A. bipolar cells B. nociceptors C. feature detectors D. ganglion fibers E. vestibular sensors

B. nociceptors

Using DSM-5 guidelines, two different clinicians are likely to give a specific patient the same diagnosis. This indicates that the DSM-5 is A. totally rad dude B. reliable C. medical D. analytic E. valid

B. reliable

stress inoculation training focuses on helping people to A. associate unwanted behaviors with unpleasant experiences B. replace negative self talk with more positive comments C. associate a pleasant relaxed state with an anxiety arousing stimuli D. establish empathetic, caring relationships with others E. transfer stress experienced in childhood without resistance

B. replace negative self talk with more positive comments

Professor Hughston was skeptical about the accuracy of recently reported research on sleep deprivation. Which process would best enable her to access the reliability of these findings? A. naturalistic observation B. replication C. random sampling D. the case study E. standard deviation

B. replication

Hughbert was romantically interested in Highberta. Based on research by Schachter and Singer, if Hughbert wishes to increase the odds that she will return his interest, he should ______. a. take her to dinner at her favorite restaurant b. play soft music for her on the piano c. bring her a dozen red roses d. take her rock climbing e. buy a puzzle that they can both put together

d. take her rock climbing

Many of the experimental participants in a study of Elizabeth Loftus, who were asked how fast two cars in a filmed traffic accident were going when they smashed into each other, subsequently recalled seeing faster cars and broken glass at the scene of the accident. This experiment best illustrated ____ a. proactive interference b. the self-reference effect c. the spacing effect d. the misinformation effect e. state- dependent memory

d. the misinformation effect

Certain stroke victims report seeing nothing when shown a series of sticks, yet they are able to correctly report whether the sticks are vertical or horizontal. This best illustrates ___________ A. prosopagnosia B. serial processing C. the McGurk effect D. sensory interaction E. blindsight

E. blindsight

In 1953, H.M. underwent surgery to control his seizures. Doctors removed tissue from the hippocampus. As a result H.M.'s memory was severely impaired. Psychologists studied H.M.'s memory function until his death in 2008. Which research method did the psychologists utilize in this situation? A. naturalistic observation B. correlation C. survey D. experimentation E. case study

E. case study

A sense of being separated from your body and watching yourself with a sense of detachment is a symptom of A. obsessive compulsive disorder B. dysthymic disorder C. generalized anxiety disorder D. agoraphobia E. dissociation

E. dissociation

The human capacity for storing long-term memories _____ a. essentially unlimited b. roughly equal to seven units of information c. typically much greater in young children than in adults d. greatly reduced after people reach the age of 65 e. enhanced through hypnosis

a. essentially unlimited

Using the mnemonic ROY G. BIV to remember the colors of the rainbow in the order of wavelength illustrates the use of a. implicit memory b. an acronym c. iconic memory d. the peg-word system e. long-term potentiation

b. an acronym

The spontaneous utterance of a wide variety of sounds by infants is called a. universal grammar b. babbling c. telegraphic speech d. syntax e. morpheme

b. babbling

Because she believes that boys are naughtier than girls, Mrs. McHughbertson, a second-grade teacher, watches boys more closely than she watches girls for any signs of misbehavior. Mrs. McHughbertson surveillance strategy best illustrates a. tha availability heuristic b. confirmation bias c. intuition d. the representativeness heuristic e. the framing effect

b. confirmation bias

the effortful processing required to form most long term memories can only occur with____ a. implicit memory b. conscious attention c. visual imagery d. chunking e. sensory memory

b. conscious attention

After studying biology all afternoon, Hughsun is having difficulty remembering details of the organic chemistry material that he memorized that morning. Hughson's difficulty best illustrates________ a. transience b. retroactive interference c. the spacing effect d. proactive interference e. source amnesia

b. retroactive interference

memory of general knowledge/information is to _____ memory as memory of personally experienced events is to ____ memory a. explicit; implicit b. semantic; episodic c. declarative; procedural d. echoic; iconic e. long-term; working

b. semantic; episodic

After looking up his friend's phone number, Hughbertaki was able to remember it only long enough to dial it correctly. in this case, the telephone number was clearly store in his ________ memory. a. echoic b. short-term c. flashbulb d. long-term e. implicit

b. short-term

police interrogators have been trained to ask less suggestive and more effective questions to avoid _______. a. long-term potentiation b. the misinformation effect c. mood-congruent memory d. proactive interference e. retroactive interference

b. the misinformation effect

A logical, systematic procedure for solving a problem is known as a. an analogy b. an action potential c. an algorithm d. a heuristic e. a condition reflex

c. an algorithm

Hughbie is a college freshman who seems more interested in partying with friends than studying, even though he is in danger of failing out of school. Freud would suggest that Hughbie's focus on present pleasures rather than on future success reveals ________ a. the demands of the superego b. a focus on the erogenous zones c. an id-dominated person d. fixation in the oral stage e. displacement of aggressive impulses

c. an id-dominated person

In their classic nine-year study, Friedman and Rosenman found that Type A men are especially susceptible to _______ a. stomach ulcers b. cancer c. heart attacks d. lupus e. depression

c. heart attacks

Six-year-old Tucker believes that boys are better than girls, while 5-year-old Rachel believes that girls are better than boys. Their beliefs most clearly illustrate a. the reciprocity norm b. deindividuation c. ingroup bias d. the mere exposure effect e. the fundamental attribution error

c. ingroup bias

It has been suggested that Alaskan Eskimos' rich vocabulary for describing snow enables them to perceive differences in snow conditions that would otherwise go unnoticed. This suggestion most clearly illustrates a. inborn universal grammar b. the representativeness heuristic c. linguistic determinism d. the framing effect e. belief perseverance

c. linguistic determinism

shortly after hearing a list of terms, people tend to recall the last items in the list especially quickly and accurately. This best illustrates ______ a. iconic memory b. the spacing effect c. implicit memory d. a recency effect e. automatic processing

d. a recency effect

A person who is careless and disorganized most clearly ranks low on the Big Five trait dimension of a. emotional stability b. extraversion c. openness d. .agreeableness e. conscientiousness

e. conscientiousness

The secretion of stress hormones _______ a. decreases high blood pressure b. diverts blood flow from muscle tissue to the body's internal organs c. prevents arteries from clogging d. lessens psychophysiological responses e. draws energy away from immune activity

e. draws energy away from immune activity

Consumers respond more positively to ground beef advertised as "75 percent lean" than to ground beef described as "25 percent fat." This illustrates that consumer reactions are influenced by a. the representativeness heuristic b. the belief perseverance phenomenon c. confirmation bias d. the avaliability heuristic e. framing

e. framing

Explicit memory is to ____ as implicit memory is to_____ a. epinephrine; seretonin b. skill memory; fact memory c. automatic processing; effortful processing d. long-term memory; short-term memory e. hippocampus; cerebellum

e. hippocampus; cerebellum

Even though compton is full, the smell of chocolate chip cookies draws him into the kitchen to eat some. Which theory best explains comptons motivation? a. instinct b. drive-reduction c. hierarchy of needs d. optimum arousal e. incentive

e. incentive

Food deprivation is to ________ as hunger is to ________. a. homeostasis; thirst b. incentive; instinct c. anorexia; bulimia d. motivation; emotion e. need; drive

e. need; drive

To develop his theory about personality, Freud interviewed his patients during therapy sessions, typically multiple sessions per week. The patients laid on a couch while Freud asked questions and listened to the patients' responses. What was one of Freud's main contributions to personality theory, and which method did he use? a. the existence of archetypes and the collective unconscious; personality inventories b. many individuals are plagued by inferiority complexes that an develop into psychological issues; case studies c. personality is related to balance among the id, the ego, and the superego; personality inventories d. the existence of archetypes and the collective unconscious; case studies e. personality is related to balance among the id, the ego, and the superego; case studies

e. personality is related to balance among the id, the ego, and the superego; case studies

Judging the likelihood that things fall into a certain category on the basis of how well they seem to match a particular prototype refers to the use of the a. framing effect b. avaliability heuristic c. confirmation bias d. belief perserverance phenomenon e. representativeness heuristic

e. representativeness heuristic

After his last drinking spree, Fakim hid a half-empty liquor bottle. He couldn't remember where he hid it until he started drinking again. Fakim's pattern of recall best illustrates a. the spacing effect b. proactive interference c. the serial position d. motivated forgetting e. state-dependent memory

e. state-dependent memory

hughbert went to the beach for vacation shortly after having watched a documentary film about shark attacks. Overestimating the possibility of encountering a shark in the water, he decided to spend the day sunbathing and reading instead of going for a swim. hughbert's reasoning can be explained through a. the gambler's fallacy b source monitoring c. confirmation bias d. counterfactual thinking e. the avaliability heuristic

e. the avaliability heuristic

Hughbie was able to jerk his hand out of the scalding water before sensing any pain because this withdrawal reflex ______ A. was activated by interneurons in her spinal cord B. did not involve activity in her central nervous system C. was activated by the rapidly responding brain D. was activated by her self-regulating autonomic nervous system E. was controlled by both her nervous system and impulses from her endocrine system

A. was activated by interneurons in her spinal cord

An undersupply of the major inhibitory neurotransmitter known as ________ is linked to seizures. A. glutamate B. GABA C. serotonine D. ACh E. dopamine

B. GABA

In the hypothesis "Students who study a list of terms in the morning, just after waking up, will recall more terms than students who study the list just before falling asleep," what is the independent variable? A. list of terms B. memorization C. time of day D. number of terms remembered E. students

C. time of day

The distinctive feature of the psychodynamic perspective is its emphasis on A. natural selection B. brain chemistry C. unconscious conflicts D. learned behaviors E. introspection

C. unconscious conflicts

Four-year old Hughberta mistakenly believes that her short, wide glass contains less soda than her brothers tall, narrow glass. Actually, both glasses contain the same amount of soda. This illustrates that lacks the concept of..

Conservation

Mr. and Mrs. Hughbertz have six children aged 5, 6, 6, 7, 8, and 16. The mean age of these children is A. 4 B. 5 C. 6 D. 7 E. 8

E. 8

During the past year, Hughbert and Hughbie each read 2 books, but Hughbertaki read 9, Hughberette read 12, and Hughbertina read 25. The median number of books read by these individuals was A. 2 B. 50 C. 10 D. 12 E. 9

E. 9

Hughbertina is kicking a soccer ball with her brother in her front yard. When the ball rolls into the street, Hughbertina runs into the street to retrieve it, and her father yells at her from the window. Hughbertina becomes upset when her father raises his voice. How do the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion and the James-Lange theory of emotion differ in explaining Hughbertina's response to her father's raised voice? a. The cannon-bard theory proposes that hughbertina's emotional state and physiological arousal occur simultaneously, whereas the James-Lange theory proposes that Hughbertina's physiological arousal precedes her emotional state b. The James-Lange theory proposes that Hughbertina's emotional state and physiological arousal occur simultaneously, whereas the Cannon-bard theory proposes that Hughbertina's physiological arousal precedes her emotional state c. The james-lange theory proposes that Hughbertina's emotional state and arousal occur simultaneously, whereas the Cannon-bard theory proposes that hughbertina's emotional state stems from her cognitive appraisal of her father's disapproval combined with physiological arousal d. The cannon-bard theory proposes that hughbertina's emotional states depends primarily from physiological factors, whereas the James-Lange theory proposes that hughbertina's emotional state stems from her cognitive appraisal of her father's disapproval combined with physiological arousal e. The James-lange theory proposes that Hughbertina's emotional state stems primarily from physiological factors, whereas the Cannon-Bard theory proposes that Hughbertina's emotional state stems primarily from cognitive appraisal factors

a. The cannon-bard theory proposes that hughbertina's emotional state and physiological arousal occur simultaneously, whereas the James-Lange theory proposes that Hughbertina's physiological arousal precedes her emotional state

Noam Chomsky has emphasized that the acquisition of language by children is facilitated by ______ a. an inborn readiness to learn grammatical rules b. their ability to imitate the words and grammar modeled by parents c. the learned association of word sounds with various objects, events, actions, and qualities d. the positive reinforcement that adults give children for speaking correctly e. operant and classical conditioning techniques

a. an inborn readiness to learn grammatical rules

The two-factor theory of emotion places more emphasis on the importance of _______ than does the James-Lange theory a. cognitive activity b. subjective well-being c. physiological arousal d. catharsis e. stress

a. cognitive activity

The inability to remember how Lincoln's head appears on a penny is most likely due to a failure in a. encoding b. storage c. retrieval d. implicit memory e. iconic memory

a. encoding

Which of the following illustrates the primacy effect a. hughson left his grocery list at home and can remember only the first two items on the list b. mr. mchughhbertson remembers the last two digits of his doctor's phone number but not any other digits c. hughbino gets a reward every time he gets on the bus for school on time d. when his son cries because he wants a candy bar, Mr. Hughbertowski gives the boy the candy to stop him from crying e. hughbie thinks people are paying attention to him when they actually are not

a. hughson left his grocery list at home and can remember only the first two items on the list

Many people retain their classically conditioned fears without any conscious recollection of how or when those fears were learned. This best illustrates ________ memory. a. implicit b. short-term c. sensory d. working e. state-dependent

a. implicit

Hughberlina was extremely angry at her boss. A brain scan would reveal more activity in Hughberlina's _______ a. right hemisphere b. temporal lobe c. occipital lobe d. left hemisphere e. cerebellum

a. right hemisphere

Walking into your bedroom you think, "I need to get my backpack in the kitchen." When you reach the kitchen, you forget what you came there for. As you return to your bedroom, you suddenly remember, "Backpack!" This sudden recall is best explained by a. the misinformation effect b. context effects c. source amnesia d. semantic encoding e. flashbulb memory foundation

b. context effects

Trait theorists are more concerned with ________ personality than with ________ it. a. predicting; assesssing b. describing; explaining c. changing; analyzing d. interpreting; observing e. enhancing; measuring

b. describing; explaining

Research on memory construction indicates that ________ a. recent events are more vulnerable to memory distortion than events from our more distant past b. false memories often feel as real as true memories c. hypnotic suggestion is a particularly effective technique for accurate memory retrieval d. it is very difficult to lead people to construct memories of events that never happened e. true memories are created by long term potentiation, and false memories are encoded in the cerebellum

b. false memories often feel as real as true memories

Every day as she walks to school, Hugbertha passes a mural painted on the side of a building. However, when asked, she does not remember ever seeing it. Which of the following is the best explanation for this occurance? a. such implicit memory is stored in the cerebellum, thus Hughbertha must have experienced damage to that brain reigon b. hughbertha has not paid attention to the incomin ginformation so it was not encoded into long-term memory c. because of the time span between being expoesd to the mural, the spacing effect has interrupted memory formatioin d. the memory of the mural has decayed over time e. hughbertha is experiencing retroactive interference, leading to her forgetting past information

b. hughbertha has not paid attention to the incomin ginformation so it was not encoded into long-term memory

a teacher asks Hughla to go to another classroom to get a student whom Hughla has never met. As she walks, she repeats the student's name to herself over and over to help her remember. Hughla is boosting her memory by using_____ a. distributed learning b. maintenance rehersal c. a mnemonic device d. elaborative rehersal e. imagery

b. maintenance rehersal

The smallest speech units that carry meaning are called ___ a. phonemes b. morphemes c. prototypes d. concepts e. heuristics

b. morphemes

Hughla enjoys socializing with friends and talking with them on her cell phone. Hughberette prefers quiet times by herself when she can reflectt on her own thoughts. The characteristic of Hughla and hughberette indicate that each has a distinctive _______. a. fixation b. personality c. attribution style d. collective unconscious e. reaction formation

b. personality

While your Mom is lecturing you about cleaning your room, you lose concentration. Then, suddenly you hear the significant words, "no car keys." When she asks, "Are you listening to me?" you are able to repeat the last few things she said before mentioning car keys. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon? a. because you have heard the same lecture many times. rehearsal has caused it to be stored in long-term memory b. words stored in echoic memory will last for 3 to 4 seconds, so you can still recall her words c. what your mom said at the beginning and end of her lecture will be recalled because of the serial position effect d. because losing driving privileges in an emotional event, her words create a flashbulb memory e. hearing the words 'car keys' leads to the priming of specific memories

b. words stored in echoic memory will last for 3 to 4 seconds, so you can still recall her words

Professor hughsingh has so many memories of former students that she has difficulty remembering the names of new students. The professor's difficulty best illustrates a. retroactive interference b. mood-congruent memory c. proactive interference d. the spacing effect e. source amnesia

c. proactive interference

Although Hughleen has detailed memories of her high school experiences, she remembers very little about the boyfriend who abruptly broke off their marriage engagement. According to psychoanalytic theory, it appears that Hughleen is using the defense mechanism of _______ a. reaction formation b. regression c. repression d. displacement e. projection

c. repression

Which of the following best describes the position of many current researches regarding repression a. repressed memories protect our self-concept and minimize anxiety b. only implicit memories are repressed into unconsciousness c. repression rarely occurs as it is difficult to forget emotional material d. repressed memories, once out of consciousness, are not harmful e. the activity of the hippocampus leads to repression

c. repression rarely occurs as it is difficult to forget emotional material

carl rogers suggested that when the ideal and real self are nearly alike, then _____ a. unconscious feelings of inferiority diminish b. the use of defense mechanisms is unnecessary c. the self-concept is positive and self-actualization is possible d. the individual perceives an internal locus of control e. the person has high emotional stability

c. the self-concept is positive and self-actualization is possible

Hughbertina took special classes to learn spanish in elementary school. As a young adult, she decided to serve in the peace corps and was send to Guatemala. While she had forgotten most of her early spanish training, she quickly remembered it. This illustrates that ________ a. priming allows us to retrieve specific memories from a web of associations b. retroactive interference does not affect the recall of childhood memories c. the speed of relearning confirms that information is stored and accessible d. source amnesia does not influence learning that occurs before a person is 8 years old e. semantic encoding increases what can be recalled by providing more retrieval cues

c. the speed of relearning confirms that information is stored and accessible

telegraphic speech is most closely associated with the ____ stage of language development a. one -word b. babblind c. two-word d. semantic e. phonetic

c. two-word

The university's psychology department and school of medicine are co-sponsoring a new professional program that applies psychological and medical knowledge to health and disease. They are clearly offering a new degree in ________ a. medical psychology b. human engineering c. holistic medicine d. behavioral medicine e. psychopharmacology

d. behavioral medicine

The university's psychology department and school of medicine are cosponsoring a new professional program that applies behavioral and medical knowledge to health and disease. They are clearly offering a new degree in a. medical psychology. b. human engineering. c. holistic medicine. d. behavioral medicine. e. psychopharmacology.

d. behavioral medicine.

recorded information played during sleep is registered by the ears but is not remembered. this illustrates that the retention of information requires _____ a. proactive interference b. state-dependent memory c. chunking d. effortful processing e. priming

d. effortful processing

By presenting research participants with three rows of three letters each for only 1/20th of a second, Sperling demonstrated that people have ________ memory. a. echoic b. flashbulb c. state-dependent d. iconic e. implicit

d. iconic

while studying memory, Hermann Ebbinghaus found that ______ a. our sensory memory capacity is essentially unlimited b. iconic memory fades more rapidly than echoic memory c. what is learned in one mood is most easily retrieved while in that same mood d. the most rapid memory loss for new information occurs shortly after it is learned e. syllables that were meaningful to the participants were recalled best

d. the most rapid memory loss for new information occurs shortly after it is learned

You are most likely to automatically encode information about a. politicians' b. friend's birthdays c. new phone numbers d. the sequence of your day's events e. dates in a history book

d. the sequence of your day's events

Hughbert is very disciplined and usually completes the goals he sets for himself. How would a trait theory of personality and a social cognitive theory of personality differ in their explanations of Hughbert's behavior? a. A trait theory might say that Hughbert is highly conscientious, whereas a social cognitive theory might say that Hughbert has a fixed mindset b. a trait theory might say that Hughbert has a fixed mind-set, whereas a social cognitive theory might say that hughbert is highly open to experiences c. a trait theory might say that Highbert is highly open to experiences, whereas a social cognitive theory might say that hughbert is highly conscientious d. a trait theory might say that Highbert's belief about his own self-efficacy drives his behavior, whereas a social cognitive theory might say that Hughbert is highly conscientious e. a trait theory might say that Hughbert is highly conscientious, whereas a social cognitive theory might say that Hughbert's belief about his own self-efficacy drives his behavior

e. a trait theory might say that Hughbert is highly conscientious, whereas a social cognitive theory might say that Hughbert's belief about his own self-efficacy drives his behavior

In 1985, Jennifer Thompson was raped and she identified Ronald Cotton as the rapist. After serving eleven years in prison for the crime, Cotton was released when DNA evidence showed he was not the rapist. The manner in which the investigation was conducted, along with the lineup identification procedures that were used and the reinforcement of her identification, contributed to Jennifer's error. Essentially, her memory of the rapist was distorted by the investigative process and this serves as an unfortunate but powerful example of ______. a. encoding failure b. storage decay c. proactive interference d. retroactive interference e. the misinformation effect

e. the misinformation effect

Which pioneering researcher made extensive use of nonsense syllables in the study of human memory a. pavlov b.james c.loftus d.freud e.ebbinghaus

e.ebbinghaus

Hughbert is very disciplined and usually completes the goals he sets for himself. How would a trait theory of personality and a social cognitive theory of personality differ in their explanations of Hughbert's behavior? A. A trait theory might say that Hughbert is highly conscientious. whereas a social cognitive theory might say that Hughbert has a fixed mindset B. A trait theory may say that Hughbert has a fixed mind set, whereas a social cognitive theory might say that Hughbert is highly open to experiences C. A trait theory might say that Hughbert is highly open to experiences, whereas a social cognitive theory might say that Hughbert has a fixed mind set D. A trait theory might say that Hughberts belief about his own self efficacy drives his behavior, whereas a social cognitive theory might say that Hughbert is highly conscientious E. A trait theory might say that Hughbert is highly consciousntious, whereas a social cognitive theory might say that Hughberts belief about his own self efficacy drives his behavior

not D

As his AP psychology teacher was lecturing, Hughlu was thinking about competing in her hockey game later that afternoon. Where are Tanner's current thoughts being processed? a. sensory memory b. the cerebellum c. working memory d. echoic memory e. long-term memory

working memory

The integration of new incoming information with knowledge retrieved from long-term memory involves the activity of _______. a. implicit memory b. iconic memory c. proactive interference d. working memory e. semantic encoding

working memory

Who would have been most likely to ignore mental processes and to define psychology as "the scientific study of observable behavior"? A. John B. Watson B. Edward Titchener C. Wilhelm Wundt D. Jean Piaget E. William James

A. John B. Watson

The simultaneous stimulation of adjacent cold and warmth spots on the skin produces the sensation of __________ A. hot B. cold C. pressure D. wetness E. warmth

A. hot

Selective Seratonin Reuptake Inhibitors are frequently prescribed for the treatment of A. tardive dyskinesia B. schizophrenia C. depression D. mania E. personality disorders

C. depression

Conditioning is the process of __________ A. discrimination B. spontaneous recovery C. learning associations D. observational learning E. generalization

C. learning associations

We find it especially difficult to detect from other people's facial expressions whether they are A. afraid B. angry C. lying D. disgusted E. satisfied

C. lying

Revoking the driver's license of a reckless driver is intended to serve as a ___________ A. negative reinforcement B. positive reinforcement C. negative punishment D. positive punishment E. punishing reinforcement

C. negative punishment

which of the following are the Big 5 personality factors A. compassionate, actualized, noble, optimistic, even-tempered B. esteem, oppressive, nonviolent, academic, conventional C. openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroicism D. avoidant, calculating, nonconforming, excitable, overconfident E. collectivist, accepting, anxious, objective, empathetic

C. openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

Two years ago, the de Hughberleone Manufacturing Company included its employees in a profit-sharing plan in which workers receive semi-annual bonuses based on the company's profits. Since this plan was initiated, worker productivity at de Hughbeleone has nearly doubled. This productivity increase is best explained in terms of A. observational learning B. latent learning C. operant conditioning D. classical conditioning E. spontaneous recovery

C. operant conditioning

A learned association between a response and a consequence is to ___________ as a learned association between two stimuli is to __________ A. latent learning; observation learning B. generalization; discrimination C. operant conditioning; classical conditioning D. secondary reinforcement; primary reinforcement E. acquisition; extinction

C. operant conditioning; classical conditioning

The ability to simultaneously recognize the color, shape, size, and speed of an oncoming automobile best illustrates A. sensory interaction B. kinesthesis C. parallel processing D. subliminal perception E. blindsight

C. parallel processing

As a teenager, Hughla often changed her wardrobe for hair color and the decorations in her bedroom These actions are most strongly connected with Eric Erickson's theory of ___ development. A. Identity B. sexual C. social D. cognitive E. moral

A. Identity

Hughberette has just learned that her neighbor Hughbie was involved in an automobile accident at a nearby intersection. The tendency to make the fundamental attribution error may lead Hughberette to conclude _______ A. "Hughbie's recklessness has finally gotten him into trouble" B. "Hughbie's brakes must have failed" C. "they need to improve the visibility at that corner" D. "Hughbie's children probably distracted him" E. "the road must have been wet and slippery"

A. "Hughbie's recklessness has finally gotten him into trouble"

Several years after his wife's death, Mr. Hughbertaki remains incapacitated by feelings of guilt and sadness. To reduce Mr. Hughbertaki depression, a therapist is actively encouraging him to stop blaming himself for not being able to prevent his wife's death. The therapist's approach is most representative of A. Cognitive Therapy B. psychoanalysis C. systematic desensitization D. client-centered therapy E. behavior therapy

A. Cognitive Therapy

Even though smoking marijuana would reduce the pain associated with her chronic medical condition Hughbita believes that it would be morally wrong because it is prohibited by the laws interstate Hughbita is demonstrating ___ morality A. conventional B. pre-operational C. preconventional D. post-conventional E. operational

A. Convetional

Hughbertaki thought he had insomnia so he went to a clinic that specializes in sleep disorders to be diagnosed. The medical team was interested in monitoring his brain wave activity while he slept, so they most likely used which kind of brain scan? A. EEG B. CT C. fMRI D. PET E. MRI

A. EEG

Dr. Hughbson wants to assess the extent to which a client is suffering from depression, social withdrawal, and other symptoms of an emotional disorder. Which personality inventory would be most helpful for this purpose? A. MMPI b. Rorschach c. TAT d. Myers-Briggs Type indicator e. locus of control test

A. MMPI

Which of the following refers to the debate about the relative contribution of genetic inheritance and experiences to our development A. Nature nurture B. continuity stages C. stability change D. attachment imprinting E. assimilation accommodation

A. Nature nurture

And Eriksons theory the sense of integrity achieved in late adulthood refers to the feeling that... A. One life has been meaningful B. One is healthy and not dependent upon others C. One is acting ethically D. One's life is full of close relationships E. One can trust the others in their life to care for them

A. Ones life has been meaningful

Nightmares are to ________ as night terrors are to ________. A. REM sleep; NREM-3 sleep B. narcolepsy; sleep apnea C. delta waves; alpha waves D. NREM-3 sleep; NREM-2 sleep E. NREM-2 sleep; NREM-1 sleep

A. REM sleep; NREM-3 sleep

Hughlina is a normal, healthy newborn. Research indicates that... A. She has most of the brain cells she is ever going to have B. The neural connections that will enable her to think and talk are already completely formed C. She is already capable of forming permanent lifelong memories D. her madola and limbic system are almost fully mature E. the dendrites in her brain are crossing synaptic gaps to make complete connections

A. She has most of the brain cells she's ever going to have

Hughbertina is kicking a soccer ball with her brother in her front yard. when the ball rolls into the street. Hughbertina runs into the street to retrive it, and her father yells at her from the window. Hughbertina becomes upset when her father raises his voice. How do the cannon bard theory of emotion and the james lang theory of emotion differ in explaining Hughbertinas response to her fathers raised voice? A. The cannon bard theory proposes that Hughbertinas emotional state and physilogical arousal occur simotaneousley, whereas james lang theory proposes that Highbertinas physiological arousal preceds her emotional state B. The James lang theory proposes that Hughbertinas emotional state and physiological arousal occur simultaneously, whereas the cannon bard theory proposes that Hughbertinas physiological arousal precedes her emotional state C. The james lang theory proposes that Hughbertinas emotional state and arousal occur simultaneously, whereas the cannon bard theory proposes that Hughbertinas emotion state stems from her cognitive appraisal of her fathers disapproval combined with psychological arousal D. The cannon bard theory proposes that hughbertinas emotional state stems primarily from psychological factors. whereas the james lang theory proposes that Hughbertinas emotional state stems from her cognitive appraisal of her fathers disapproval combined with physiological arousal E. The james lang theory proposes that Hughbertinas emotional stat stems primarily from physiological factors, whereas the cannon bard theory proposes that Hughbertinas emotional state stems primarily from cognitive appraisal factors

A. The cannon bard theory proposes that Hughbertinas emotional state and physiological arousal occur simotaneousley, whereas james lang theory proposes that Highbertinas physiological arousal simotaneousley her emotional state

A schizoid personality disorder is most likely to be characterized by ______. A. a detachment from social relationships B. shallow, attention-getting emotional displays C. a sense of self importance D. an insatiable desire for attention E. a fear of social rejection

A. a detachment from social relationships

Functionalism was a school of psychology that focused attention on the A. adaptive value of conscious thoughts and emotions B. component elements of sensory experience C. disruptive effects of unconscious motives D. treatment of psychological disorders E.inward immediate sensations, feelings, and impulses

A. adaptive value of conscious thoughts and emotions

The best example of a biological predisposition to learning is which of the following? A. after Hughberette got sick from eating sushi from the deli, she became nauseous whenever she thought of eating sushi B. little Hughbie gets in his toy car and imitates the way his mother drives a real car C. by using shaping techniques, a researcher can teach a chicken to play tic-tac-toe D. rats can learn to run complex mazes even without food rewards present E. after getting kicked by a donkey, Hughbertha developed a fear of not only donkeys but also horses

A. after Hughberette got sick from eating sushi from the deli, she became nauseous whenever she thought of eating sushi

As a participant in a sleep-research study for the past three nights, Hughbert has been repeatedly disturbed during REM sleep. Tonight, when allowed to sleep undisturbed, Hughbert will likely experience A. an increase in REM sleep B. sleep apnea C. insomnia D. dissociation E. an increase in NREM sleep

A. an increase in REM sleep

After several weeks of feeling apathetic and dissatisfied with his life, Mark has suddenly become extremely cheerful and so talkative he can't be interrupted. He seems to need less sleep and becomes irritated when his friends tell him to slow down. Mark's behavior is indicative of A. antisocial personality disorder because lack of empathy and remorse are characteristics of this disorder B. Antisocial personality disorder, because Ryan likely has another personality C. Bipolar disorder, because lack of empathy and remorse are characteristics of this disorder D. Bipolar disorder, because people with bipolar disorder often hurt animals E. Bipolar disorder, because bipolar disorder usually manifests itself in childhood

A. antisocial personality disorder because lack of empathy and remorse are characteristics of this disorder

Authoritative parents are lucky to have children who ___ A. are obedient but have low self-esteem B. have high self-esteem but are self-reliant C. have high self-esteem but are somewhat dependent D. Are rebellious and have low self-esteem E. Have low self-concept but our egocentric

A. are obedient but have low self-esteem

Hughberette suggested that her nail biting might be a symptom of unconscious resentment toward her parents. Her therapist chuckled and said, "No, Hughberette, your problem isn't unconscious hostility; your problem is nail biting." Hughberette's therapist sounds most like a ___________ therapist. A. behavior B. Humanistic C. cognitive D. psychoanalytic E. insight

A. behavior

Current research suggests that ____________ A. both the trichromatic and opponent-process theories are valid in explaining color vision B. opponent-process theory is the most comprehensive theory for explaining color vision C. the Young-Helmholtz theory best explains how we experience color D. both the Young-Helmholtz and the opponent-process theories are wrong in explaining color vision E. frequency theory shows promise in explaining how we experience color vision

A. both the trichromatic and opponent-process theories are valid in explaining color vision

the two factor theory of emotion places more emphasis on the importance of ________ than does the james lange theory A. cognitive activity B. subjective well being C. physiological arousal D. catharsis E. stress

A. cognitive activity

Hubert notices that his pizza is sliced into six pieces whereas his brothers is sliced into 10 pieces I understand however that is brother's pizza is not actually any larger than its own This indicates that Hubert has now reached the ____ stage of development A.concrete operational B. sensorimotor C. formal operational D. pre-operational E. conventional

A. concrete operational

In shaping a dog to "shake," the command "shake" would be the ________. When the dog slightly moves its paw, this would be a(n) ________. A. discriminative stimulus; operant behavior B. unconditioned stimulus; respondent behavior C. conditioned stimulus; positive reinforcer D. modeling; prosocial behavior E. continuous reinforcement; conditioned reinforcer

A. discriminative stimulus; operant behavior

Hughberette was recently diagnosed with schizophrenia. The delusional thinking and the hallucinations that she has been experiencing are most closely linked with excess receptor activity for the neurotransmitter ___ A. dopamine B. epinephrine C. acetylcholine D. serotonine E. GABA

A. dopamine

Three hours after going to sleep, Hughbertina's heart rate increases, her breathing becomes more rapid, and her eyes move rapidly under her closed lids. Research suggests that Hughbertina is A. dreaming B. entering the third stage of sleep C. ready to sleepwalk D. exhibiting a sleep spindle E. experiencing a night terror

A. dreaming

Classical conditioning is to _______ behavior as operant conditioning is to _______ behavior A. elicited; emitted B. instrumental; respondent C. involuntary; reflexive D. acquisition; extinction E. Skinner; Watson

A. elicited; emitted

After performing a meta-analysis of some 475 psychotherapy outcome studies, Smith and her colleagues reported in q980 that individuals who receive therapy have better outcomes than 80% of the individuals that do not receive therapy. This research shows A. evidence supporting the efficacy of psychotherapy B. that psychotherapy is no more effective than talking to a friend C. that psychotherapy harms just as many people has it helps D. it is impossible to measure the effectiveness of psychotherapy E. that cognitive therapy is more beneficial than behavior therapy

A. evidence supporting the efficacy of psychotherapy

As hughbertha walks through a shopping mall, she happens to pass an older woman who is sitting on a bench, clutching her arm, and moaning in pain. The presence of many other shoppers in the mall will most likely increase the possibility that Hughbertha will ______ A. fail to notice the older woman's problem B. help the woman by calling an ambulance C. experience a sense of empathy for the older woman D. experience contempt for the older woman E. experience the emotional benefits of altruism by helping the older woman

A. fail to notice the older woman's problem

After Hughbie lost the student election for president of his high school class, he spread false rumors intended to spoil the newly chosen president's reputation. Hughbie's behavior is best explained in terms of the ________ A. frustration-aggression principle B. foot-in-the-door phenomenon C. mere exposure effect D. ingroup bias E. fundamental attribution error

A. frustration-aggression principle

An example of divergent thinking is A. hughberette brainstorming as many uses of a toothpick as possible in a two-minute period b. hughbertine picking her favorite restaurant from a list c. hughbertaki using a map to determine the fastest driving route d. hughbie studying for a spelling test by rehearsing the words and their spellings multiple times e. hughbertha drawing a picture of a bicycle from memory

A. hughberette brainstorming as many uses of a toothpick as possible in a two-minute period

Dr. O'Hughnessy believes that the development of schizophrenia is solely caused by biological factors. Which of the following is NOT accounted for by this belief? A. if one member of a set of identical twins develops schizophrenia, the other twin has an almost 50% chance of also developing schizophrenia B. Drug therapy is the most common treatment for schizophrenia C.individuals who's mother was exposed to the flu virus during pregnancy have a greater possibility of developing schizophrenia later in life D. Individuals with schizophrenia typically have enlarged brain ventricles E. excessive amounts of dopamine are often found in people exhibiting schizophrenia

A. if one member of a set of identical twins develops schizophrenia, the other twin has an almost 50% chance of also developing schizophrenia

Unlike other consequences, positive punishment is risky because it may produce unintended side effects. Perhaps the biggest risk in using positive punishment is that it _________ A. is negatively reinforcing to the punisher B. results in unwanted fears by the punisher C. causes the undesirable behavior to reappear in the absences of the punisher D. conveys limited information to the punished E. causes aggression toward the punisher or toward others

A. is negatively reinforcing to the punisher

When Mr. Hughbert calculated his students' algebra test scores, he noticed that two students had extremely low scores. Which measure of central tendency is affected most by the scores of these two students? A. mean B. standard deviation C. mode D. median E. range

A. mean

Hughberette tells everyone how important she is. She constantly seeks compliments from others and feels that she should be regarded as special, while she thats others without empathy. Her maladaptive patterns of behavior are consistent with ___________ personality disorder. A. narcissistic B.Antisocial C.histrionic D. schizoid E.avoidant

A. narcissistic

To study the development of relationships, Dr. Hughbertistan carefully observed and recorded patterns of verbal and nonverbal behaviors among boys and girls in the schoolyard. Which research method did the doctor employ? A. naturalistic observation B. replication C. the survey D. the case study E. experimentation

A. naturalistic observation

Which of the following is true of negative reinforcement and punishment? A. negative reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding; punishments decrease the rate of operant conditioning B. negative reinforcers decrease the rate of operant responding; punishments increase the rate of operant responding C. negative reinforcers decrease the rate of operant responding; punishments decrease the rate of operant responding D. negative reinforcers have no effect on the rate of operant responding; punishments decrease the rate of operant responding E. negative reinforcers decrease the rate of operant responding; punishments have no effect on the rate of operant responding

A. negative reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding; punishments decrease the rate of operant conditioning

The family used term dementia has a new name to be more specific and accurate than new term is blank A. neurocognitive disorder B. Parkinson's disease C. brief psychotic disorder D. shared psychotic disorder E. dissemic disorder

A. neurocognitive disorder

After one chimpanzee sees a second chimp open a box that contains a food reward, the first animal opens a similar box with great speed. This best illustrates ________ A. observation learning B. spontaneous recovery C. respondent behavior D. shaping E. positive reinforcement

A. observation learning

In an experiment by Donald Dutton and Arthur Aron, one group of men were asked by an attractive woman to complete a short questionnaire immediately after they had crossed a swaying footbridge suspended 230 feet above the Capilano River. This experiment was designed to study the factors that contribute to ________ A. passionate love B. social facilitation C. the mere exposure effect D. the bystander effect E. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon

A. passionate love

Hughberette insists that her dreams frequently enable her to perceive and predict future events. Hughberette is claiming to possess the power of _______ A. precognition B. clairvoyance C. telepathy D. psychokinesis E. transduction

A. precognition

Variation is to central tendency as ________ is to ________ A. range; median B. median; mean C. mode; mean D. scatterplot; bar graph E. correlation; scatterplot

A. range; median

The function of dendrites is to A. receive incoming signals from other neurons B. release neurotransmitters into the spatial junctions between neurons C. coordinate the activation of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems D. control pain through the release of opiate-like chemicals into the brain E. transmit signals to other neurons

A. receive incoming signals from other neurons

In a recent car accident, Mr. McHughbertson sustained damage to his right cerebral hemisphere. This injury is most likely to reduce his ability to A. recognize familiar faces B. solve arithmetic problems C. understand simple verbal requests D. process information in an orderly sequence E. control his aggression

A. recognize familiar faces

Hughbertowski knew the red tulip was closer to him than the yellow tulip because the red one cast a larger retinal image than the yellow one. This illustrates the importance of the distance cue known as A. relative size B. interposition C. proximity D. relative height E. continuity

A. relative size

Which of the following is the correct order of the eye-to-brain pathway of vision? A. retina, optic nerve, thalamus, occipital lobe B. occipital lobe, retina, optic nerve, thalamus C. retina, thalamus, optic nerve, occipital lobe D. optic nerve, thalamus, occipital nerve, retina E.optic nerve, retina, thalamus, occipital lobe

A. retina, optic nerve, thalamus, occipital lobe

Which cells for visual processing are located closest to the back of the retina? A. rods and cones B. bipolar cells C. ganglion cells D. feature detectors E. occipital cells

A. rods and cones

Ohio State University pedestrians were more likely to cross streets unsafely if they were talking on a cell phone. This best illustrates the impact of _______ A. selective attention B. gate-control theory C. retinal disparity D. the phi phenomenon E. the very low intelligence of OSU students

A. selective attention

University students were observed to pull harder on a rope when they thought they were pulling alone than when they thought three others were pulling with them on the same rope. This best illustrates ________ A. social loafing B. the chameleon effect C. group polarization D. social facilitation E. deindividuation

A. social loafing

Hughbert believes that most young women from California are extremely good-looking and that extremely good-looking women are usually selfish and egotistical. His beliefs are examples of A. stereotypes B. mirror-image perceptions C. sexual discrimination D. ingroup bias E. deindividuation

A. stereotypes

Menopause refers to A) the cessation of menstruation. B) the loss of male sexual potency. C) irregular timing of menstrual periods. D) the loss of sexual interest in late adulthood. E) The beginning of female fertility

A. the cessation of menstruation

In the Stanford Prison Experiment, abuse of prisoners by the guards increased gradually over time and therefore, the research participants were more accepting of the conditions. The incremental escalation of mistreatment and the willingness to tolerate the mistreatment can best be explained by _________ A. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon B. deindividuation C. social facilitation D. the fundamental attribution error E. the frustration-aggression hypothesis

A. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon

A researcher was interested in studying the effects of a new medication on depression. One group received the new medication and another group received a standard medication for depression. The researcher asked participants to answer a series of questions rating their mood levels before and after six weeks of taking the medications. Which of the following is the control condition in this study? A. the group receiving the standard medication B. the rating of the participant's mood levels C. the participants D. the group receiving the new medication E. the series of questions

A. the group receiving the standard medication

According to Hughbertina's grandfather, Adolf Hitler's obvious emotional instability made it clear from the beginning days of his international conflicts that Germany would inevitably lose World War II. The grandfather's claim best illustrates A. the hindsight bias B. illusory correlation C. overconfidence D. an illusion of control E. random sampling

A. the hindsight bias

According to the text, aggression always involves A. the intent to hurt B. anger and hostility C. physical damage D. a reaction to frustration E. nonverbal behavior

A. the intent to hurt

B.F. Skinner's work elaborated what E.L. Thorndike had called ________ A. the law of effect B. behaviorism C. observational learning D. shaping E. latent learning

A. the law of effect

According to the Young-Helmholtz theory _________ A. the retina contains three kinds of color receptors B. color vision depends on pairs of opposing retinal processes C. the size of the difference threshold is proportional to the intensity of the stimulus D. certain nerve cells in the brain respond to specific features of a stimulus E. the optic nerve processes top-down stimuli

A. the retina contains three kinds of color receptors

Philip Zimbardo designed his Stanford Prison Study in order to test the validity of two hypotheses. The first was the dispositional hypothesis; the second was the situational hypothesis. The dispositional hypothesis stated that some people have certain character traits which lead them to naturally be more aggressive and distrustful of authority. These people can be thought of as having a prisoner personality. Other people have character traits in which they enjoy having control or authority over others. These people can be thought of as having a prison guard personality. The situational hypothesis states that the situation the people were in determined their behavior. Which of Zimbardo's hypotheses was supported by his study and why? A. the situational hypothesis, because randomly assigned participants took on the characteristics of prisoner or guard depending on how they were assigned B. the situational hypothesis, because randomly selected participants took on the characteristics of prisoner or guard depending on how they were selected C. the dispositional hypothesis, because randomly selected participants took on the characteristics of prisoner or guard depending on how they were selected D. the dispositional hypothesis, because randomly assigned participants took on the characteristics of prisoner or guard depending on how they were assigned E. the dispositional hypothesis, because participants were allowed to choose their role of prisoner or guard

A. the situational hypothesis, because randomly assigned participants took on the characteristics of prisoner or guard depending on how they were assigned

The ability to detect whether your body is in a horizontal or vertical position depends most directly on ___________ A. the vestibular sense B. sensory adaptation C. accommodation D. olfactory receptors E. subliminal stimulation

A. the vestibular sense

Professor Hughbertilli contends that parents and children have similar levels of intelligence largely because they share common genes. His idea is best described as a(n) A. theory B. replication C. naturalistic observation D. illusory correlation E. hindsight bias

A. theory

At a synapse, neurotransmitters released by the sending neuron do which of the following? A. they bind to receptors at the receiving neuron, which opens ion channels B. they combine with neurotransmitters released by the receiving neuron C. they combine with neurotransmitters released by other sending neurons D. they pass through channels into the receiving neuron E. they bind to ions in the synapse, which creates a chemical reaction that causes the receiving neuron to fire

A. they bind to receptors at the receiving neuron, which opens ion channels

Noticing that his heart was pounding and that his palms were sweaty while he was taking a difficult test, Hughbertaki concluded that he was "anxious." Noticing that his heart was pounding and that his palms were sweaty when an attractive lady asked him to dance, Hughbertaki concluded that he was "falling in love." The differing emotions experienced by Harley can best be explained by A. two factor theory B. James-Lange theory C. relative deprivation principle D. catharsis hypothesis E. adaption-level principle

A. two factor theory

n Aldous Huxley's Brave New World, infants develop a fear of books after books are repeatedly presented with a loud noise. In this fictional example, the loud noise is a(n) _______________ A. unconditioned stimulus B. unconditioned response C. conditioned stimulus D. conditioned response E. preconditioned stimulus

A. unconditioned stimulus

The billionaire aviator Howard Hughes insisted that his assistants cary out elaborate hand-washing rituals and wear white gloves when handling any document he would later touch. His behavior is best illustrated by the symptoms of _______. A. antisocial personality disorder B. obsessive compulsive disorder C. bopolar disorder D. schizophrenia E. dissociative identity disorder

B. obsessive compulsive disorder

Which of the following disorders is characterized by the most sudden and unpredictable episodes of distress? A. social phobia B. panic disorder C. bipolar disorder D. alcohol dependence E. personality disorder

B. panic disorder

Three-year old Hughbatino, who lives in Alaska where moose roam freely has learned the schema for moose when his family visits his cousins Hughton on a horse farm hughbertatino modifies his schema for large shaggy animals to include horses is processes called ____ habituation accommodation assimilation maturation conservation

B. Accomidation

When Compton's daughter Hannah was about 8 months old her favorite stuffed animal was lost and she became very upset Hannah's awareness that things continue to exist even when they are not currently seen is known as... A. Attachment B. conservation C. assimilation D. object permanence E. habituation

B. Conservation

Dr. Mc Hughbertsons major research interest is the long-term effects of child rearing practices on the psychological adjustment of offspring It is most likely that Dr. Hughbertson is a ___ psychologist. A. Cognitive B. developmental C. biological D. psychodynamic E. educational

B. Developmental

In which scenario does sunblock serve as a conditioned stimulus? A. Hughberta pictures sunblock on her mantle to help her remember to buy some at the store B. Hughbie feels relaxed when he smells sunblock because it reminds him of his vacations at the beach C. Hughbertina avoids sunblock because people compliment her on her tan when she goes without it D. Hughnesto received a free lifetime supply of sunblock when he won a trivia contest E. Hughphia broke out in a painful rash when she spread sunscreen on her skin because she is allergic to an ingredient in it

B. Hughbie feels relaxed when he smells sunblock because it reminds him of his vacations at the beach

Hughlee, a high school student, tells her therapist that she has had a recurring dream in which she hunts and kills a ferocious tiger. The therapist explains that the dream reflects Hughlee's unresolved feelings of hostility toward her father. According to Freud, the therapist is revealing the possible __________ content of Hughlee's dream A. manifest B. latent C. circadian D. dissociated E. delta

B. Latent

Hughson, the youngest child of a high school athletic director was able to roll over at 3 months crawl at 6 months and walk at 12 months This ordered sequence of motor development was largely due to... A. Habituation B. maturation C. responsive parenting D. imprinting E. conditioning

B. Maturation

Infant monkeys raised with a nourishing wire mother and a non-nourishing cloth mother... A. Preferred the nourishing wire mother B. preferred the non-nourishing cloth mother C. showed no preference for one mother over the other D. shifted their initial preference from the wire mother to the cloth mother as E. they matured did not become attached to either mother

B. Preferred the non-nourishing cloth mother

In a pleasant but unfair setting in fence with a secure maternal attachment I likely to ___ A. Act is their mothers are a little important to them B. Use their mothers as a base from which they can explore the new surroundings C. Cling to their mothers and ignore the new surroundings D. Show hostility when their mother is approached them after a brief absence E. Cry for their mothers but then reject their comfort when it is offering

B. Use their mothers as a base from which they can explore new surroundings

Hughbert experienced a traumatic brain injury and afterward began to exhibit bizarre symptoms that no one had ever documented before. The best research method to study Hughbert would be A. an experiment B. a case study C. a correlational study D. a survey E. naturalistic observation

B. a case study

Which of the following persons is most clearly acting aggressively? A. a noisy neighbor who often mows his lawn at 8 o'clock on Saturday mornings B. a child who tries to hit another child with a rock C. an assertive salesperson who interrupts your evening meal with a telephone sales pitch D. a careless motorist who accidentally smashes into the fender of a parked car E. a boxer working out alone and practicing her uppercut

B. a child who tries to hit another child with a rock

According to your textbook and your notes, learning is ______________ A. the act of gaining knowledge and understanding B. a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience C. the acquisition of new skills and information that one comprehends and is able to apply D. the ability to apply information through absorption and understanding E. the brain developing the skill to take in, identify, understand, and apply information

B. a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience

Although Hughper was sitting right next to his parents, he smelled a skunk minutes before they did. Apparently, Hughper has a lower ___ for skunk odor than his parents have A. accommodation level B. absolute threshold C. tolerance level D. olfactory saturation level E. adaptation level

B. absolute threshold

Which of the following would be most consistent with a GRIT strategy? A. announcing that even a small attack on an ally will result in a nuclear attack on the enemy B. announcing that defense expenditures will be cut by 5 percent and inviting the enemy to do likewise C. announcing that one has formed an alliance with several countries encircling the enemy D. announcing that the opposing party's invasion of a neutral country will be challenged in an international court of law E. announcing that all countries within a defined geographic region will unite ti form a collective negotiating group

B. announcing that defense expenditures will be cut by 5 percent and inviting the enemy to do likewise

Botulin is a poison with a molecular structure so similar to acetylcholine (ACh) that it blocks the effects of ACh in synapses, making Botulin which kind of molecule? A. agonist B. antagonist C. endorphin D. endocrine E. autonomic

B. antagonist

The fundamental attribution error is most likely to lead observers to conclude that unemployed people A. are victims of discrimination B. are irresponsible and unmotivated C. have parents who provided poor models of social responsibility D. attended schools that provided an inferior education E. are victims of bad luck

B. are irresponsible and unmotivated

3-year-old Hughbina calls all four legged animals kitties Her tendency to fit all four-legged animals into her existing conception of a kitten illustrates the process of ___ A. conservation B. assimilation C. accommodation D. egocentrism E. habituation

B. assimilation

In a hypothetical story shared in class, a woman who had been cheating on her husband was killed by a drifter. According to the just-world phenomenon, many people A. dislike and distrust those who are wealthy B. believe that victims of misfortune deserve to suffer C. express higher levels of prejudice after suffering frustration D. respond with kindness to those who mistreat them E. work to resolve and lessen social injustices

B. believe that victims of misfortune deserve to suffer

Which of the following is most clearly supported by research on social attraction? A. the beautiful are the lonely B. birds of a feather flock together C. familiarity breeds contempt D. absence makes the heart grow fonder E. opposites attract

B. birds of a feather flock together

Which of the following is an example of a respondent behavior? A. studying for a test B. blushing when embarrassed C. thanking someone for their help D. sniffing to locate the source of a strange odor E. asking for a raise

B. blushing when embarrassed

The medulla is to the control of _________ as the cerebellum is to the control of ______ A. eating; sleeping B. breathing; walking C. emotion; motivation D. memory; attention E. hearing; seeing

B. breathing: walking

Magazine computer ads seldom feature endorsements from Hollywood stars or great athletes. Instead, they offer detailed information for consumers to develop more positive opinions about the company's products. This advertising strategy best illustrates A. the reciprocity norm B. central route persuasion C. normative social influence D. deindividuation E. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon

B. central route persuasion

Frequent flyer programs that provide a free flight after a passenger has flown a specific number of miles flown is being reinforced on a _______ schedule of reinforcement A. continuous B. fixed ratio C. variable ratio D. fixed interval E. variable interval

B. fixed ratio

Last year, Dr. Hughbertson cleaned Hughbertina's skin with rubbing alcohol prior to administering each of a series of painful rabies vaccination shots. Which of the following processes accounts for the fact that Hughbertina currently becomes fearful every time she smells rubbing alcohol? A. negative reinforcement B. classical conditioning C. latent learning D. operant conditioning E. observation learning

B. classical conditioning

Therapists' perceptions of the effectiveness of psychotherapy are likely to be misleading because A. therapists typically minimize the seriousness of their clients symptoms when therapy begins B. clients typically emphasize their problems at the start of therapy and their well-being at the end of therapy C. therapists typically blame their own therapeutic ineffectiveness on client's resistants D. clients tend to focus on their observable behavioral problems rather than on their mental and emotional abilities E. therapists typically overestimate their clients potential levels of adjustment

B. clients typically emphasize their problems at the start of therapy and their well-being at the end of therapy

The retina is to the eye as the ________ is to the ear A. auditory nerve B. cochlea C. auditory canal D. eardrum E. eustachian tube

B. cochlea

Despite a strong belief that under-aged drinking is wrong when Compton was in high school he eventually gave in to peer pressure and drank alcohol at the urging of his closest friends. That action was inconsistent with his attitude about drinking and caused Compton to feel bad about himself, which gradually led to a softening of his attitude. The internal discomfort that Compton experienced is known as ________ A. the bystander effect B. cognitive dissonance C. the fundamental attribution error D. group polarization E. social loafing

B. cognitive dissonance

Hughbie often goes back to check if he has locked the front door. He must go back and check 10 times, even though he knows the door is locked, before he can go to work. Hughbie's checking behavior is best identified as a(n) ___________. A. social anxiety B. compulsion C. obsession D. Fugue E. psychosis

B. compulsion

Because his football coach frequently yells at him for swearing, Hughbert now becomes anxious when he's near his coach. The coach is a(n) ________ for Hughbert's anxiety A. negative reinforcer B. conditioned stimulus C. secondary reinforcer D. unconditioned stimulus E. primary reinforcer

B. conditioned stimulus

Cross-sectional research indicated that during the early and middle adulthood aging is associated with ____ levels of intelligence longitudinal research indicated that this period of life aging is associated with ____ levels of intelligence. A. Increasing declining B. declining stable C. increasing increasing D. stable declining E. stable stable

B. declining stable

generalized anxiety disorder is often accompanied by A. delusions B. depression C. catatonia D. antisocial personality disorder E. hallucinations

B. depression

Sensation is to ________ as perception is to ________ A. encoding; detection B. detection; interpretation C. interpretation; organization D. organization; accommodation E. threshold; transduction

B. detection; interpretation

freud believed that _____ were the royal road to the unconscious A. projective tests B. dreams C. erogenous zones D. psychosexual stages\ E. hypnotic trances

B. dreams

The biomedical treatment most widely used today is A. electroconvulsive therapy B. drug therapy C. psychosurgery D. rTMS E. systematic desensitization

B. drug therapy

After a car swerves in front of you on the highway, you notice that your heart is still racing, even though you know you are no longer in danger. Why do the physical symptoms of fear linger even after we cognitively realize the danger has passed? A. dopamine controls fear, and this chemical takes a certain amount of time to break down in your system B. endocrine messages tend to outlast the effects of neural messages C. excitatory neurotransmitters travel faster than inhibitory neurotransmitters D. the parasympathetic nervous system is less effective than the sympathetic nervous system E. the adrenal glands tend to act more quickly than the rest of the endocrine system

B. endocrine messages tend to outlast the effects of neural messages

The Y chromosome is the most well-known genetic marker identifying those who are most likely to _____ A. form stereotypes B. engage in aggression C. experience cognitive dissonance D. commit the fundamental attribution error E. discriminate against others

B. engage in aggression

The impact of circadian rhythms is best illustrated by _______ A. the differing musical preferences of younger and older persons B. fluctuations in energy level and alertness across the span of a day C. the different study habits of men and women D. the different personalities of people born during different months of the year E. varying levels of neurotransmitters during REM sleep

B. fluctuations in energy level and alertness across the span of a day

Hubert's ability to reason hypothetically in his geometry class in the case that he is the ___ stage of development A. concrete operational B. former operational C. preconventional D. post-conventional E. pre-operational

B. former operational

Freud is to ________ as Rogers is to ________. A. psychoanalyis-counterconditioning B.free association-active listening C.dream analysis-systematic desensitization D. active listening-empathy E. unconditional positive regard-transference

B. free association; active listening

Visual information is processed by ________ A. feature detectors before it is processed by rods and cones B. ganglion cells before it is processed by rods and cones C. bipolar cells before it is processed by rods and cones D. feature detectors before it is processed by bipolar cells E. the optic nerve before it is processed by ganglion cells

B. ganglion cells before it is processed by rods and cones

Advocates of the social influence theory of hypnosis are likely to argue that A. hypnosis is a unique state of consciousness B. hypnotized people are simply enacting the role of good hypnotic subjects C.the process of dissociation best explains hypnotic phenomena D. most hypnotized people are consciously faking hypnosis E. hypnotic susceptibility is positively correlated with introversion

B. hypnotized people are simply enacting the role of good hypnotic subjects

Olds and Milner located reward centers in the brain structure known as the A. sensory cortex B. hypothalamus C. cerebellum D. medulla E. amygdala

B. hypothalamus

Gender identity is when children begin to do which of the following A. believe that their gender is consistent over the lifespan B. identify as either male female or some blend of male and female C. make generalizations about a gender group D. develop a way of thinking about people of each gender E. believe that there are set ways that people of different genetics are supposed to behave

B. identify as either male female or some blend of male and female

16-year-old hughlette questions her parents values but does not fully accept her friends standards either. Her confusion about what she really wants and values in life suggests that Hughlette is struggling with the problem of ___ A. autonomy B. identity C. initiative D. integrity E. competence

B. identity

Because she had a serious traffic accident on Friday the 13th of last month, Felicia is convinced that all Friday the 13ths will bring bad luck. Felicia's belief best illustrates A. the illusion of control B. illusory correlation C. the hindsight bias D. overconfidence E. random sampling

B. illusory correlation

Which of the following behaviors is typically reinforced on a variable-ratio schedule? A. studying to be prepared for unexpected quizzes B. inserting coins into a slot machine C. paying a cashier for a candy bar D. checking the mailbox to see if the mail has arrived E. assembling car parts in a factory

B. inserting coins into a slot machine

Professor Koehler observed chimpanzees as they discovered a novel way to reach a banana hung out of their reach. This scenario is most likely an example of which type of learning? A. operant learning B. insight learning C. observational learning D. classical conditioning E. latent learning

B. insight learning

The amount of light entering the eye is regulated by the _____________ A. lens B. iris C. retina D. optic nerve E. feature detectors

B. iris

If rats are allowed to wander through a complicated maze, they will subsequently run the maze with few errors when a food reward is placed at the end. Their good performance demonstrates ______________ A. shaping B. latent learning C. delayed reinforcement D. spontaneous recovery E. modeling

B. latent learning

Brightness is to light as ________ is to sound A. pitch B. loudness C. frequency D. amplitude E. wavelength

B. loudness

For the last month, Hughbertaki has felt lethargic and has been unable to get out of bed in the morning. She has withdrawn from friends and family because she feels worthless and unlovable. Hughbertaki is most likely suffering from A. agoraphobia B. major depressive disorder C. PTSD D. anti social personality disorder E. schizophrenia

B. major depressive disorder

Current research on cognitive development indicates that ___ A. Piaget overestimated the cognitive competence of young children B. mental skills developed earlier than piaget believed C. Piaget theory may apply only to middle-class male children D. Piaget overlooked the importance of imprinting on cognitive development E. mental skills developed later than Piaget believed

B. mental skills developed earlier than piaget believed

After Hughberette flirted with someone else at the party, her boyfriend stopped talking to her. Hughberette didn't flirt with other people at the next party. Her behavior was modified by _____ A. positive punishment B. negative punishment C. positive reinforcement D. negative reinforcement E. extinction

B. negative punishment

A parent who does that respond to the needs of their child and who also fails to establish expectations or demands for their child is demonstrating a parent style known as blank A. permissive B. neglectful C. authoritarian D. authoritative E. egocentric

B. neglectful

Hughla enjoys socializing with her friends and talking with them on her cell phone. Hughberette prefers quiet times by herself when she can reflect on her own thoughts. The characteristics of Hughla and Hughberette indicate that each has a distinctive ______. A. fixation B. personality C. attribution style D. collective unconscious E. reaction formation

B. personality

Two years after being brutally beaten and raped, Hughberette still experiences jumpy anxiety and has trouble sleeping and vivid flashbacks of her assault. Hughberette is most clearly showing signs of A. panic disorder B. post-tramatic stress disorder C. generalized anxiety disorder D. social phobia E. bipolar disorder

B. post-tramatic stress disorder

Hughbie disapproves of stealing jelly beans from her sisters Easter basket because he thinks that his mother will spank him if he does. Hughbie best represents a ___ morality. A. Conventional B. preconventional C. concrete operational D. post-conventional E. formal operational

B. preconventional

Dr. Hugh wants to reduce his students' perception that psychological experiments merely document the obvious. His best strategy would be to ask the students to A. describe how experimental hypotheses were derived from basic psychological principles B. predict the outcomes of experiments before they are told the actual results C. explain the outcomes of experiments after they are told the actual results D. personally engage in naturalistic observation E. survey students living on campus

B. predict the outcomes of experiments before they are told the actual results

The confrontational cognitive therapy, developed by albert ellis, in which therapists challenge people's illogical statements is known as ______. A. psychodymaic therapy B. rational-emotive therapy C. humanistic therapy D. biomedical therapy E. behavior therapy

B. rational-emotive therapy

During a session with his psychoanalyst, Hughberetta hesitates while describing a highly embarrassing thought. In the psychoanalytic framework, this is an example of _______. A. transference B. resistance C. insight D. mental repression E. projection

B. resistance

Prozac, a drug commonly prescribed to treat depression, prevents the sending neuron from taking in excess serotonin. Which process does this drug prevent from taking place? A. depolarization B. reuptake C. the all-or-none response D. an action potential E. a refractory period

B. reuptake

When Hughbertalia touched her infants cheek he turned his head toward the side that it was touched and opened his mouth Hughbertalia was eliciting the ___. A. Startle reaction B. rooting reflex C. grasping reflex D. attachment reflex E. attention reflex

B. rooting reflex

Mr. McHughberson, a 25-year-old auto mechanic, things he is Napoleon. He further believes he is being imprisoned against his will in the mental hospital where his relatives have brought him for treatment. Mr. McHughberson is most likely suffering from _____________________. A. obsessive compulsive disorder B. schizophrenia C. a panic disorder' D. dissociative identity disorder E. conversion disorder

B. schizophrenia

Money is to food as ________ is to ________ A. delayed reinforcer; immediate reinforcer B. secondary reinforcer; primary reinforcer C. discrimination; generalization D. partial reinforcement; continuous reinforcement E. operant conditioning; classical conditioning

B. secondary reinforcer; primary reinforcer

Which of the following anatomical structures is involved in the vestibule sense? A. retinas B. semicircular canals C. nociceptors D. taste buds E. olfactory bulb

B. semicircular canals

The parietal lobes are to ______ as the occipital lobes are to __________ A. hearing; speaking B. sensing touch; seeing C. sensing pleasure; sensing pain D. tasting; smelling E. speaking; seeing

B. sensing touch; seeing

As you are reading this question, the cells in your eyes are firing in response to the light coming from this paper. Which type of neuron is carrying this message to the brain? A. interneuron B. sensory C. presynaptic D. motor E. efferent

B. sensory

When you are expecting an incoming text message, you are much more likely to notice it the second it arrives. This best illustrates ___________ A. priming B. signal detection theory C. difference thresholds D. absolute thresholds E. Weber's law

B. signal detection theory

people are more vulnerable to obesity if they experience A. anorexia nervosa B. sleep deprivation C. refractory periods D. neophobia E. homeostasis

B. sleep deprivation

Hughbertowski has an incapacitating and highly distressing fear about being embarrassed in presence of others and often avoids interacting with anyone that he does not know well. Hughbertowski's symptoms are most characteristic of ______________-. A. panic disorder B. social anxiety disorder C. antisocial personality disorder D. obsessive-compulsive disorder E. somatic symptom disorder

B. social anxiety disorder

Both Karen Horney and Alfred Adler placed greater emphasis than did Freud on the role of ________ in personality development. A. defense mechanisms B. social interactions C. collective unconscious D. genetic predispositions E. psychosexual stages

B. social interactions

After a year-long drought, the city of Pine Bluffs has banned all lawn sprinkling. Many residents believe, however, that continued watering of their own lawn will have little effect on total water reserves. Consequently, there is a disastrous drain on city water reserves caused by widespread illegal sprinkling. This incident best illustrates the dynamics of A. ingroup bias B. social traps C. the fundamental attribution error D. the bystander effect E. the just-world phenomenon

B. social traps

People who experience physical symptoms in the absence of any physical cause are said to be suffering from a ______ disorder. A. personality B. somatic symptom C. neurotic D. dissociative E. psychotic

B. somatic symptom

Professor Hughbertson noticed that the distribution of students' scores on her last biology test had an extremely small standard deviation. This indicates that the A. test was given to a very small class of students B. students' scores tended to be very similar to one another C. mean test score was lower than the median score D. students generally performed very well on the test E. test was a poor measure of the students' knowledge

B. students' scores tended to be very similar to one another

When Compton was visiting his mom in Minnesota, he was able to head down to the Iowana Beach Resort to see a bear that was searching for food in a dumpster. After the bear exited the dumpster and looked around at the nearby people, the bear slammed its front paws on the ground and "boofed" loudly, which terrified Compton and triggered his "fight or flight" response, increasing his heart rate and blood pressure, as he screamed like a child and ran away. Which part of Compton's nervous system initiated the "fight or flight" response? A. somatic nervous system B. sympathetic nervous system C. motor cortex D. limbic system E. parasympathetic nervous system

B. sympathetic nervous system

A hypothesis is a(n) A. educated guess B. testable prediction that gives direction to research C. set of principles that organizes observations and explains newly discovered facts D. unprovable assumption about the unobservable processes that underlie psychological functioning E. statement of procedures used to define research variables

B. testable prediction that gives direction to research

Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into A. synaptic gaps B. the bloodstream C. dendrites D. sensory neurons E. interneurons

B. the bloodstream

Unconsciously mimicking those around us is known as A. group polarization B. the chameleon effect C. social facilitation D. social loafing E. mirror-image perceptions

B. the chameleon effect

The text defines social psychology as the scientific study of how people ________ one another A. understand, feel about, and behave toward B. think about, influence, and relate to C. observe, understand, and communicate with D. understand, predict, and control E. perceive, think about, and talk about

B. think about, influence, and relate to

Impressions of just a few seconds of a teacher's expressive style are consistent with impressions of the teacher's expressive style over an entire semester. This best illustrates the importance of A. self esteem B. traits C. projective tests D. self transcendence E. locus of control

B. traits

Psychoanalysts are most likely to view patient transference as A. a symptom of depression B. a sign of healthy personal development C. a helpful aid to the process of therapy D. evidence that no further therapy is needed E. a conditioned response

C. a helpful aid to the process of therapy

If sources on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) are normally distributed, with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15, what percentage of scores will fall between 85 and 115? A. 34 B. 47 C. 68 D. 80 E. 95

C. 68

which researcher gave us the research about the impacts of parenting styles A. Piaget B. Harlow C. Baumrind D. Erickson E. Ainsworth

C. Baumrind

Hughbessa believes that cognitive development is a matter of gradual and almost imperceptible changes over time. Her viewpoint is most directly relevant to the issue of... A. Nature or Nurture B. Behavior or mental processes C. Continuity or stages D. Fluid or crystallized intelligence E. Concrete or operational stages

C. Continuity or stages

A developmental stage between adolescent dependence and responsible adulthood is called... A. Puberty B. maturation C. emerging adulthood D. post-conventional morality E. formal operations

C. Emerging adulthood

Xanax would most likely be prescribed in order to help A. Hughberta give up her irrational belief that her husband is a foreign government spy B. Hughmilio get rid of his suicidal thoughts and feelings of apathy and hopelessness C. Hughbertaki overcome feelings of nervous apprehension and an inability to relax D. Hughbert discontinue his habit of smoking more than three packs of cigarettes a day E. Hughberette channel her fearlessness in more productive directions

C. Hughbertaki overcome feelings of nervous apprehension and an inability to relax

Of the following individuals, who is most likely to benefit from therapeutic drugs that block receptor sites for dopamine? A. Hughberella, who complains about feeling tense and fearful most of the time but doesn't know why B. Hughbert, who feels hopeless and lethargic for losing his job C. Hughbertina, who hears imaginary voices telling her she will soon be killed D. Hughbertha who is so obsessed with a fear of a heart attack that she frequently counts her heartbeats out loud E. Hughbie, who feels he has to wash his hands three times every hour

C. Hughbertina, who hears imaginary voices telling her she will soon be killed

Which of the following scenarios best describes the bystander effect? A. Hughbert volunteers once a week at a local animal shelter B. Hughbertaki babysits her neighbor's child, and a month later his neighbor lets Hughbertaki borrow her car C. Hughbie is more likely to help a stranger on a bus when there are only a few people on the bus versus when the bus is crowded D. Hughbertina learns how to take the subway by watching the man in front of her E. Hughbertha, a dedicated fitness enthusiast, starts spending time with other fitness enthusiasts and becomes almost fanatic about her fitness beliefs

C. Hughbie is more likely to help a stranger on a bus when there are only a few people on the bus versus when the bus is crowded

A mother who is slow and responding to her infants cries of distress is most likely to encourage ___. A. habituation B. conservation C. insecure attachment D. object permanence E. egocentrism

C. Insecure attachment

The term puberty refers to the period of... A. Formal operations and the development of conventional morality B. Late adolescence when self-identity is formed C. Rapid physical development and the onset of reproductive capability. D. Sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent E. Attachment to parents that ends the beginning of adolescence.

C. Rapid physical development and the onset of reproductive capability

The best predictor of a couples marital satisfaction is the... A. Frequency and their sexual intimacy B. intensity of their passionate feelings C. ratio of their positive to negative interactions with each other D. experience or non-experience of prior marriage E. high level of attachment between partners

C. Ratio of their positive to negative interactions with each other

Children's sense that their parents are trustworthy independable is most indicative of... A. Maturation B. accommodation C. secured attachment D. object permanence E. habituation

C. Secure attachment

To recognize that a face scene in a mirror is his or her own a child must have a ___. A. theory of mind B. secure attachment C. self-concept D. concept of conservation E. gender role

C. Self Concept

Which of the following represents the correct order of Piagets stages of cognitive development..

C. Sensory motor, pre-operational, concrete operational formal operational

The first psychological laboratory was established by A. William James B. John Watson C. Wilhelm Wundt D. Sigmund Freud E. Jean Piaget

C. Wilhelm Wundt

Hughbertha concluded that her husband was late for dinner because he was caught in heavy traffic. Her conclusion best illustrates A. deindividuation B. the bystander effect C. a situational attribution D. the reciprocity norm E. a dispositional attribution

C. a situational attribution

Which theory suggests that dreams are mental responses to random bursts of neural stimulation? A. dissociation theory B. social influence theory C. activation-synthesis theory D. Freud's dream theory E. paradoxical sleep theory

C. activation-synthesis theory

Which of the following is most accurate about a typical night's sleep? A. the sleep cycle repeats itself every 60 minutes B. during REM sleep the muscles are tense and brain waves reveal deep relaxation C. as sleep progresses, deep sleep diminishes while REM sleep increases D. most of a night's sleep is spent in REM E. everyone needs 8 hours of sleep per night

C. as sleep progresses, deep sleep diminishes while REM sleep increases

Which of the following examples best illustrates the concept of interposition? A. because the tree was higher than the bush in Hughbertha's field of vision, she perceived the tree as being farther away than the bush B. because Hughbertina stared at the burger restaurant and as she drove by it, the restaurant behind the sign looked like it was moving backward C. because the chair partially obscured his view of the sofa, Hughbert perceived the chair as being closer than the sofa D. because the train tracks had a large angle of convergence, Hughbertaki perceived them to go quite far into the distance E. because all of the zucchini she had seen in the past were green, Hughberta continued to perceive a zucchini held under a black light as green

C. because the chair partially obscured his view of the sofa, Hughbert perceived the chair as being closer than the sofa

Hughbertina disagrees with his classmates on an issue. During a class discussion of the issue, Hughbertina is MOST likely to conform to his classmates' opinion if she _______ A. has a high level of self-esteem B. does not have to reveal his personal opinion at the close of the class discussion C. believes the rest of the class is unanimous in their position D. verbally expresses his own unique opinion early in the class discussion E. never developed a strong attachment to his mother

C. believes the rest of the class is unanimous in their position

If the correlation between the physical weight and reading ability of children is +0.85, this would indicate that A. there is very little statistical relationship between weight and reading ability among children B. low body weight has a negative effect on the reading abilities of children C. better reading ability is associated with greater physical weight among children D. body weight has no causal influence on the reading abilities of children E. weight is a casual variable dependent on reading ability

C. better reading ability is associated with greater physical weight among children

In a class lecture, Professor Hughberton emphasized the extent to which abnormal blood chemistry can contribute to psychological disorders. The professor's lecture highlighted a ________ perspective on psychological disorders. A. psychodynamic B. humanistic C. biological D. social-cultural E. cognitive

C. biological ?

While mapping the motor cortex, researchers Foerster and Penfield found that A. although the mind's subsystems are localized in specific brain regions, the brain acts like a unified whole B. damage to a specific area in the left frontal lobe disrupted speech ability C. body areas requiring the greatest control occupied the greatest amount of cortical space D. if one part of the brain is damaged, the brain will compensate by putting other areas to work E. our brain processes most information out of our awareness

C. body areas requiring the greatest control occupied the greatest amount of cortical space

Our attitudes are more likely to guide our actions when we A. experience a sense of deindividuation B. feel incompetent or insecure C. can easily recall our attitudes D. are exposed to normative social influence E. have a rich fantasy life

C. can easily recall our attitudes

Pets who learn that the sound of an electric can opener signals the arrival of their food illustrate ___________ A. shaping B. extrinsic motivation C. classical conditioning D. observational learning E. negative reinforcement

C. classical conditioning

Following the scientific discovery that a specific brain structure is significantly larger in violent individuals than in those who are nonviolent, a news headline announced: "Enlarged Brain Structure Triggers Violent Acts." The headline writer should most clearly be warned about the dangers of A. perceiving illusory correlations B. explaining events in hindsight C. confusing correlation with causation D. generalizing from unrepresentative samples E. discerning order in random events

C. confusing correlation with causation

The ability to simultaneously copy different figures with the right and left hand is most characteristic of those whose _______________ has been cut A. angular gyrus B. reticular formation C. corpus callosum D. motor cortex E. sensory cortex

C. corpus callosum

Because it is so pervasive, ________ is often considered "the common cold" of psychological disorders. A. agrophobia B. schizophrenia C. depression D. obsessive-compulsion disorder E. dissociation

C. depression

Psychiatrists and psychologists label behavior as disordered when it is A. aggressive, persistent, and intentional B. selfish, habitual, and avoidable C. deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional D. biologically influenced, unconsciously motivated, and difficult to change E. instinctual, obsessive, and harmful

C. deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional

Which therapeutic lifestyle change would have a positive impact on someone's well being if they experience bouts of depression? A. taking anti-depressant medication B. seeing a psychoanalytic therapist C. engaging in aerobic exersize D. increasing rumination E. undergoing deep brain stimulation

C. engaging in aerobic exersize

Initially prejudiced heterosexuals are likely to develop more accepting attitudes toward homosexuals following the experience of ___ A. social facilitation B. mirror-image perceptions C. face-to-face contact D. deindividuation E. norms of reciprocity

C. face-to-face contact

The most universally understood way of expressing emotion is through A. hand gestures B. body postures C. facial expressions D. one of voice E. music and dance

C. facial expressions

Which of the following is a statistical procedure that allows researchers to identify clusters of correlated test items that tap basic components of personality, such as outgoingness, talkativeness, and sociability that reflects on extraversion? A. standard deviation B. correlation coefficient C. factor analysis D. reciprocal determinism E. case study

C. factor analysis

Coffee shops that reward customers with one free cup of coffee after every ten coffee purchases are using a ________ reinforcement schedule A. fixed-interval B. variable-interval C. fixed-ratio D. variable-ratio E. intermittent-continuous

C. fixed-ratio

In 1848, Phineas Gage, a railroad construction foreman survived when an explosion drove an iron rod through his head. The once friendly, soft-spoken Gage became irritable and dishonest. Gage's case provided evidence that which region of the brain plays a role in personality and behavior? A. temporal lobes B. sensory cortex C. frontal lobes D. parietal loves E. Broca's area

C. frontal lobes

Hughbertiva is convinced that her occasional headaches are caused by a malignant brain tumor. Although several physicians have assured her that she has no serious physicals problem, Hughbertiva continues to seek medical attention for a brain tumor. Her behavior provides an example of _______________. A. dissociative disorder B.generalized anxiety disorder C. illness anxiety disorder D. obsessive-compulsive disorder E. personality disorder

C. illness anxiety disorder

Two characteristics of authoritarian parents are that they ___ A. Expect obedience but are responsive to their children's needs B. submit to their children's desires but are unresponsive in times of need C. impose rule and expect obedience D. exert control by setting rules and exploiting the reasons for those rules E. Are emotionally abusive and over-demanding

C. impose rule and expect obedience

Accepting others' opinions about reality is to ________ as the desire to gain approval is to ________ A. deindividuation; social facilitation B. social facilitation; deindividuation C. informational social influence; normative social influence D. normative social influence; informational social influence E. ingroup bias; outgroup bias

C. informational social influence; normative social influence

Which of the following defines ethical principles that should guide human experimentation? A. control group, random sampling, random assignment B. case study, naturalistic observation, survey C. informed consent, protection from harm, confidentiality, debriefing D. volunteer participants only, no deception, incentives for participation E. effect size, statistical significance, measures of central tendency, variation

C. informed consent, protection from harm, confidentiality, debriefing

Research participants who carefully observe and report their immediate reactions and feelings in response to different musical sounds are using the method known as A. spaced practice B. psychoanalysis C. introspection D. natural selection E. SQ3R

C. introspection

While playing tennis you need to know where your limbs are located so you can move them into the right positions to run or swing your racket. Which of the following senses provides this information? A. audition B. vestibular C. kinesthesis D. gustation E. olfaction

C. kinesthesis

Instead of providing arguments in favor of a political candidate, ads may build political support by associating pictures of the candidate with emotion-evoking music and images. This strategy best illustrates __________ A. the social-responsibility norm B. deindividuation C. peripheral route persuasion D. informational social influence E. central route persuasion

C. peripheral route persuasion

In a study of the effects of alcohol consumption, some participants drank a nonalcoholic beverage that actually smelled and tasted like alcohol. This nonalcoholic drink was a A. dependent variable B. replication C. placebo D. random sample E. double blind

C. placebo

A young child who is spanked after running into the street learns not to repeat this behavior. In this case, the spanking is a ________ A. positive reinforcer B. conditioned reinforcer C. positive punisher D. negative punisher E. negative reinforcer

C. positive punisher

Which of the following is true of positive and negative reinforcers? A. positive reinforcers decrease the rate of operant responding; negative reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding B. positive reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding; negative reinforcers decrease the rate of operant responding C. positive reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding; negative reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding D. positive reinforcers have no effect on the rate of operant responding; negative reinforcers decrease the rate of operant responding E. positive reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding; negative reinforcers have no effect on the rate of operant responding

C. positive reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding; negative reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding

One function of glial cells is to A. control heartbeat and breathing B. mimic the effects of neurotransmitters C. provide nutrients to inter-neurons D. stimulate the production of hormones E. control the muscle movements involved in speech

C. provide nutrients to inter-neurons

Mrs. Hughbein believes that her husbands angry outbursts against her result from his unconscious hatred of his own mother. Mrs. Hughbein is looking at her husband's behavior from a(n) _______ perspective A. evolutionary B. behavioral C. psychodynamic D. biological E. social-cultural

C. psychodynamic

Mr. McHughbertson insists that by intense mental concentration he can actually influence the mechanically generated outcomes of slot machines. Mr. McHughbertson is most specifically claiming to possess the power of _________ A. telepathy B. clairvoyance C. psychokinesis D. precognition E. transduction

C. psychokinesis

The law of effect refers to the tendency to ___________ A. learn associations between consecutive stimuli B. learn in the absence of reinforcement C. repeat behaviors that are rewarded D. lose intrinsic interest in an over-rewarded activity E. enhance conditioning using strict responses

C. repeat behaviors that are rewarded

A picture of a cat is briefly flashed in the left visual field and a picture of a mouse is briefly flashed in the right visual field of a split-brain patient. The individual will be able to use her ______ A. right hand to indicate she saw a cat B. left hand to indicate she saw a mouse C. right hand to indicate she saw a mouse D. left or right hand to indicate she saw a cat E. left or right hand to indicate she saw a mouse

C. right hand to indicate she saw a mouse

The rhythmic bursts of brain activity that occur during NREM-2 sleep are called A. alpha waves B. circadian rhythms C. sleep spindles D. delta waves E. amplitude waves

C. sleep spindles--

In a very early social psychology experiment, Norman Triplett observed that adolescents would be a fishing reel faster in the presence of someone working simultaneously on the same task. This best illustrates ________ A. the mere exposure effect B. the bystander effect C. social facilitation D. group polarization E. deindividuation

C. social facilitation

Dr. Hughbertopolis attributes the delinquent behaviors of many teens to the pressures associated with being members of street gangs. Her account best illustrates a(n) _______ perspective A. psychodynamic B. behavioral C. social-cultural D. biological E. evolutionary

C. social-cultural

Adolescence extends from ____ A. the beginning of concrete operations to the end of formal operations B. 12 to 15 years of age C. the beginning of sexual maturity to independent adulthood D. the beginning to the end of the growth spurt E. the beginning of formal operations to the end of the conventional stage

C. the beginning of sexual maturity to independent adulthood

Hughbie has volunteered to participate in an experiment evaluating the effectiveness of aspirin. Neither he nor the experimenters know whether the pills he takes during the experiment contain aspirin or are merely placebos. The investigators are apparently making use of A. naturalistic observation B. illusory correlation C. the double-blind procedure D. random sampling E. the overconfidence effect

C. the double-blind procedure

If an image falls on the eye's blind spot, you do not detect it. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon? A. an image that is not projected on the fovea will not be perceived B. the curvature of the lens must accommodate to the incoming light levels or the image will not be seen C. the image is not perceived because without receptor cells, transduction cannot occur D. when the eye stops moving, the sight would vanish E. rods must share bipolar cells with other rods, which affects how an image is perceived

C. the image is not perceived because without receptor cells, transduction cannot occur

At one time, disordered people were simply warehoused in asylums. Asylums have been replaced with psychiatric hospitals, where attempts are made to diagnose and cure people suffering from psychological disorders. This best illustrates one of the beneficial consequences of A. the DSM-5 B. Factor analysis C. the medical model D. psychoanalytic theory E. linkage analysis

C. the medical model

Which of the following describes what happens when a neuron sends a signal? A. the neuron goes from being positively charged to briefly being negatively charged, and finally returns to being positively charged again. The magnitude of the negative charge is fixed regardless of the strength of the input signal it receives B. the neuron goes from being negatively charged to briefly being positively charged, and finally returns to being negatively charged again. The magnitude of the positive charge varies depending on the strength of the input signal it receives C. the neuron goes from being negatively charged to briefly being positively charged, and finally returns to being negatively charged again. The magnitude of the negative charge is fixed regardless of the strength of the input signal it receives D. the neuron goes from being negatively charged to being positively charged, and then it remains at that level until it fires again. The magnitude of the positive charge varies depending on the strength of the input signal it receives E. the neuron goes from being positively charged to briefly being negatively charged, and finally returns to being positively charged again. The magnitude of the negative charge varies depending on the strength of the input signal it receives

C. the neuron goes from being negatively charged to briefly being positively charged, and finally returns to being negatively charged again. The magnitude of the negative charge is fixed regardless of the strength of the input signal it receives

Based on his knowledge of reinforcement schedules, Compton has decided to use pop quizzes in AP Psychology which will be given at unpredictable times throughout the semester. Clearly, studying for Compton's surprise quizzes will be reinforced on a ______________ schedule, which will result in a pattern of behavior that ______________ A. variable interval; produces very high rates of studying behavior that will not likely extinguish B. variable-ratio; produces very high rates of studying behavior that will not likely extinguish C. variable-interval; produces slow and steady rates of studying behavior each night D. variable-ratio; produces slow and steady rates of studying behavior each night E. variable time; is based on non-contingent reinforcement that produces superstitious behavior

C. variable-interval; produces slow and steady rates of studying behavior each night

The area of the brain that receives information from the nose is directly connected with the limbic system. This connection may explain why smells are often involved in which of the following? A. pain sensations B. altered states of consciousness C. vivid memories D. subliminal perception E. retinal disparity

C. vivid memories

Which of the following represents perceptual constancy? A. we recognize the taste of McDonald's food each time we eat it B. in photos of people, the people almost always are perceived as figure and everything else as ground C. we know that the color of a printed page has not changed as it moves from sunlight into shadow D. from the time they are very young, most people can recognize the smell of a dentist's office E. the cold water in a lake doesn't seem so cold after you have been swimming in it for a few minutes

C. we know that the color of a printed page has not changed as it moves from sunlight into shadow

The participants in Philip Zimbardo's simulated prison study ___ A. were assigned the roles of prisoner or guard on the basis of their personality test scores B. found it very difficult to play the role of prison guard C. were so endangered by their role-playing experience that the study was discontinued D. became a cohesive unit when they pursued superordinate goals E. were selectively chosen in order to maximize their effectiveness as prisoners or guards

C. were so endangered by their role-playing experience that the study was discontinued

Mr. McHughbertson's excessive feelings of helplessness and despondency are periodically interrupted by episodes in which he experiences extreme feelings of personal power and a grandiose optimism about his future. Which drug would most likely be prescribed to alleviate his symptoms? A. Valium B. Thorazine C. Xanax D. Lithium E. Paxil

D. Lithium

Lawrence Colberg sampled 72 boys ages 10 to 16 years from journey of whom he followed up with every 3 years for 20 years

D. Longitudal; adolesence are typically in the conventional stage of moral reasoning

Which of the following correlations between annual income and education level would best enable you to predict annual income on the basis of level of education? A. +0.05 B. -0.01 C. +0.10 D. +0.50 E. -0.001

D. +0.50

Four equally attractive women silently attended a 200-student class for zero, 5, 10, or 15 class sessions. When shown slides of each woman, students in the class rated the women who had attended ________ class sessions as the most attractive A. zero B. 5 C. 10 D. 15 E. none of the above-attendance had no effect on ratings of attractiveness

D. 15

Which scenario is most closely related to the results of the 1973 rosenhan study? A. Even though he was highly distressed, when Hughbernio reported he was hearing voices, no one believed him B. After frowning through her families dinner, Highbenia felt more depressed than she had before the dinner began C. After she shared her anxieties with her therapy group, Hughberta reported that she was less stressed than she had been before D. After Hughbie received a diagnosis of bulimia nervosa, his family interpreted all of his behaviors as symptoms of his diagnosis E. When his hands and feet began to tingle, Hughbert believed that he was experiencing a catastrophic physical illness and sought medical attention

D. After Hughbie received a diagnosis of bulimia nervosa, his family interpreted all of his behaviors as symptoms of his diagnosis

Hughson has a difficult time paying attention in class. He often gets up from his seat, demonstrates repetitive behaviors, and has difficulty making eye contact with others. What disorder is Hughson most likely experiencing? A. intellectual developmental disorder B. specific learning disorder c. attention -deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) D. Autism spectrum disorder E. Receptive-expressive language disorder

D. Autism spectrum disorder

The infant Albert developed a fear of rats after a white rat was associated with a loud noise. In this example, fear of the white rat was the _____________ A. US B. UR C. CS D. CR E. SA

D. CR

Newborns have been observed to show the greatest visual interests and a... A. Rectangular shape B. circular shape C. Bull's eye pattern D. face like image E. mirrored surface

D. Face like image

Wolves that were tempted into eating sheep carcasses laced with poison develop an aversion to sheep meat. Which of the following provided the initial evidence leading to this practice? A. Robert Rescorla's research on the importance of cognition in classical conditioning B. B.F. Skinner's studies on intermittent schedules of reinforcement C. Martin Seligman's research on learned helplessness D. John Garcia's studies on the importance of biological predispositions in conditioning E. Edward L. Thorndike's research on the law of effect

D. John Garcia's studies on the importance of biological predispositions in conditioning

Cognitive development is to Jean-Piaget as moral development is to ___ A. erik Erickson B. Harry Harlow C. Conrad Lorenz D. Lawrence kohlberg E. Mary Ainsworth

D. Lawrence Kohlberg

What is the main difference between an MRI scan and an fMRI scan? A. MRI scans are able to show internal structures of the brain, fMRI scans can also show external structures B. MRI scans use X-rays, fMRI scans use gamma rays C. MRI scans measure glucose levels in the brain, fMRI scans measure oxygen levels D. MRI scans show structural details of the brain, fMRI scans show structure and activity levels E. MRI scans measure brain wave activity, fMRI scans use a series of X-ray images to show structural details

D. MRI scans show structural details of the brain, fMRI scans show structure and activity levels

Parents should not take too much blame for their failures in shortcomings of their children because ____ A. Their child rearing mistakes simply reflect that they were not probably raised by their own parents B. children typically fail on purpose in order to establish a healthy independence from their parents C. child-rearing practices have little effect on the children's beliefs and values D. Parental behaviors only one of many factors that influence children's behavior E. The resulting guilt has in even more negative impact on their career and tank skills

D. Parental behaviors only one of many factors that influence children's behavior

Evidence suggests that we consolidate our memories of recent life events through A. dissociation B. neuroadaptation C. hypnagogic sensations D. REM sleep E. parallel processing

D. REM sleep

A teratogen is a(n)... A. Fertilized egg that undergoes rapid cell division B. unborn child with one or more physical defects or abnormalities C.chromosomal abnormality D. substance that can cross the plantitol barrier and harm an unborn child E.zygote that fails to implant in the uterine wall after the conception stage

D. Substance that can cross the placental barrier and harm an unborn child

In an experiment children see a character named Sally leave her ball in a red covered and go away They then observe another character and move the ball to a different location and asking children where Sally will look for the ball upon a return The investigators are testing the children's ___ A. Habituation B. Accomidation C. Moral reason D. theory of mind E. Stranger anxiety

D. Theory of Mind

When asked to describe a picture that showed two boys stealing cookies behind a woman's back, a patient replied, "Mother is away her working her work to get her better, but when she's looking the two boys looking the other part." Which brain region has most likely been damaged? A. Broca's area B. angular gyrus C. corpus callosum D. Wernicke's area E. parietal lobes

D. Wernicke's area

During the course of successful prenatal development a human organism begins as a(n)... A. Embryo and finally develops into a zygote B. zygote and finally develops into an embryo C. embryo finally develops into a fetus D. zygote and finally develops into a fetus E. fetus and finally develops into an embryo

D. Zygote that finally develops into a fetus

The distinctive older term psychopath refers to an individual with ______ A. schizophrenia B. bipolar disorder C. dissociative identity disorder D. anti social personality disorder E. paranoid personality disorder

D. anti social personality disorder

When seeking approval to conduct an experiment using participants from her college psychology course, a student researcher should A. ask her professor B. request permission from the dean of the department C. get consent from students' parents D. apply to the institutional review board at the university E. apply to the IACUC at the university

D. apply to the institutional review board at the university

Researchers are interested in studying the impact of drugs on human fetuses. In this case, why would a correlational study be more appropriate than an experiment? A. because cause and effect can only be determined by a correlational study B. because correlational studies allow you to observe behavior in non-artificial environments C. because researchers using correlational studies may generalize to the population from an atypical case D. because participants could not be ethically assigned to an experimental or control condition E. because correlational studies permit researchers to estimate the reported behaviors of a whole population

D. because participants could not be ethically assigned to an experimental or control condition

Ms. Hughbertowski believes that her son has become a good student because she always praises his learning efforts. Her belief best illustrates a ______ perspective A. biopsychosocial B. biological C. psychodynamic D. behavioral E. structural

D. behavioral

the odeipus complex is a term used by Freud used to describe A. the erogenous zones that are the focus of the latency stage B. the passive dependence of someone who is orally fixated C. the children's efforts to overcome feelings of inferiority D. boys feelings of guilt and fear of punishment over their sexual desire for their mother E. the girls feeling of jealously and superiority caused by their close relationships with their father

D. boys feelings of guilt and fear of punishment over their sexual desire for their mother

Dr. Hughcott hypothesized that students in a classroom seating 30 would get higher course grades than students seated in an auditorium seating 300. In this example, A. Dr. Hughcott has found a cause-effect relationship B. Dr. Hughcott has found a positive correlation between classroom size and course grades C. the independent variable is the measurement of course grades D. classroom size has been operationally defined E. Dr. Hughcott has demonstrated the importance of random sampling

D. classroom size has been operationally defined

After Hughbie dropped a pass in an important football game, he became depressed and vowed to quit the team because of his athletic incompetence. The campus psychologist challenged his illogical reasoning and pointed out that Hughbie's "incompetence" had earned him an athletic scholarship. The psychologist's response was most typical of a _________ therapist. A. behavior B. psychoanalytic C. client-centered D. cognitive E. biomedical

D. cognitive

Studies of latent learning highlight the importance of ____________ A. primary reinforcers B. respondent behavior C. spontaneous recovery D. cognitive processes

D. cognitive processes

Individuals who are normally law-abiding may vandalize and loot when they become part of a mob. This change in behavior is best understood in terms of _______ A. social facilitation B. the bystander effect C. the mere exposure effect D. deindividuation E. ingroup bias

D. deindividuation

A store owner charges African-American customers more than Hispanic customers for the very same merchandise. The owner is most clearly engaging in _______ A. deindividuation B. stereotyping C. group polarization D. discrimination E. ingroup bias

D. discrimination

After recovering from a serious motorcycle accident, Hughbert was afraid to ride a motorcycle but not a bicycle. Hughbert's pattern of fear best illustrates ___________ A. shaping B. conditioned reinforcement C. spontaneous recovery D. discrimination E. negative reinforcement

D. discrimination

Fritz Heider concluded that people tend to attribute others' behavior either to their A. heredity or their environment B. biological motives or their psychological motives C. thoughts or their emotions D. dispositions or their situations E. abilities or their effort

D. dispositions or their situations

Hughbert's family members are quite unhappy with his behavior. There have been instances when he behaves violently and talks in a different voice, saying his name is Super Hughber. However, the next moment he behaves normally, as though nothing happened. Which his family members tell him how he behaved, he denies any awareness of this bad behavior. It is likely that Hughbert is experiencing A. Generalized Anxiety disorder B. schizophrenia C. PTSD D. dissociative identity disorder E. OCD

D. dissociative identity disorder

f Hughton watches a nurse give him a injection, he experiences more pain than if he closes his eyes during the procedure and thinks about his favorite food. This illustrates the value of _____________ for pain control A. sensory adaptation B. perceptual adaptation C. subliminal stimulation D. distraction E. blindsight

D. distraction

Hughbert has just played a long, bruising football game but feels little fatigue or discomfort. His lack of pain is most likely caused by the release of ______ A. glutamate B. dopamine C. acetylcholine D. endorphins E. insulin

D. endorphins

Hughberette is conducting research on attribution theory in the United States, which is considered an individualistic country, and in Indonesia, a more collectivist country. The observation Hughberette will most likely see in her research is more ______ A. evidence of the self-serving bias in Indonesia than in the United States B. immediate external attributions in the United States than in Indonesia C. accurate attributions in the United States than in Indonesia D. evidence of the fundamental attribution error in the United States than in Indonesia E. prevalence of self-fulfilling prophecies in the United States than in Indonesia

D. evidence of the fundamental attribution error in the United States than in Indonesia

Systematic desensitization is a form of ______, which is a type of ________. A. facilitated communication, interpersonal psychotherapy B. stress inoculation training, biomedical therapy C. free association, cognitive therapy D. exposure therapy, behavior therapy E. insight therapy, psychodynamic theory

D. exposure therapy, behavior therapy

Hughberta, a third-grade teacher, frequently suffers from slight dizziness, heart palpitations, muscular tension, and fatigue. She is also continually agitated and unable to relax outside of the classroom, but she cannot pinpoint a reason for her problems. Her behavior is most indicative of a(n) ____________. A. dysthymic disorder B. phobia C. obsessive-compulsive disorder D. generalized anxiety disorder E. dissociative disorder

D. generalized anxiety disorder

The NASA executive who made the final decision to launch the space shuttle Challenger was shielded from information and dissenting views that might have led to a delay of the tragic launch. This best illustrates the dangers of _________ A. social facilitation B. deindividuation C. the mere exposure effect D. groupthink E. the bystander effect

D. groupthink

Which of the following describes a perception process that Gestalt psychologists would have been interested in? A. depth perception and how it allows us to survive in the world B. how we notice the various flavor elements in a dish C. what the smallest units of perception are D. how an organized whole is formed out of its component pieces E. the similarities between shape constancy and size constancy

D. how an organized whole is formed out of its component pieces

How is the hypothalamus involved in sleep? A. cell clusters in the hypothalamus stimulate the production of relatively slow alpha waves, signaling the transition from deep relaxation to sleep B. the hypothalamus triggers the pituitary gland in the endocrine system to produce the hormone thyroxin, which leads you to sleep C. during sleep the hypothalamus stimulates the production of free radicals, molecules that are toxic to neurons, which weakens unused connections D. in response to decreasing light the hypothalamus' suprachiasmatic nucleus causes the pineal gland to increase production of melatonin, leading you to sleep E. the action of the hypothalamus suppresses immune cell production that fights off viral infections and cancer

D. in response to decreasing light the hypothalamus' suprachiasmatic nucleus causes the pineal gland to increase production of melatonin, leading you to sleep

Why is transduction important to sensation? A. it explains our diminishing sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus B. it illustrates how much information processing occurs automatically C. it demonstrates how our experiences and expectations affect whether we perceive a stimuli D. it converts physical stimuli, such as light, into neural messages E. it causes the lens to focus light waves on the retina by changing its curvature

D. it converts physical stimuli, such as light, into neural messages

John B. Watson emphasized that ____________ A. learning depends on how predictably rather than how frequently events are associated B. unlike lower animals, humans learn through a process of cognition C. both humans and lower animals learn to expect that a CS will be followed by a US D. learning should be explained without any reference to mental processes E. cognition plays a role in conditioning through the power of prediction

D. learning should be explained without any reference to mental processes

Compared with rods, cones are _________ A. more sensitive to dim light and more sensitive to fine detail B. less sensitive to dim light and less sensitive to fine detail C. more sensitive to dim light and less sensitive to fine detail D. less sensitive to dim light and more sensitive to fine detail E. more sensitive to any light and less sensitive to fine detail

D. less sensitive to dim light and more sensitive to fine detail

Groups of citizens who identified themselves as politically liberal and groups of citizens who identified themselves as conservative were asked to discuss socially relevant issues such as affirmative action and same-sex unions. After group discussion, the liberal groups expressed increasingly ________ positions and the conservative groups expressed increasingly ________ positions A. liberal; liberal B. moderate; moderate C. conservative; liberal D. liberal; conservative E. conservative; conservative

D. liberal; conservative

In the mid- 1900's, Dr. Freeman treated patients by inserting a medical instrument through his patients' eye sockets as part of a treatment known as _____________. A. stress inoculation training B. eye movement desensitization and reprocessing C. the double-blind procedure D. lobotomy E. tardive dyskinesia

D. lobotomy

In terms of neurotransmitter levels, depression is associated with ________. A. high dopamine levels and low serotonin levels B. low norepinephrine levels and and high dopamine levels C. high norepinephrine levels and high serotonin levels D. low norepinephrine levels and low serotonin levels E. high dopamine levels and high serotonin levels

D. low norepinephrine levels and low serotonin levels

Hughbertaki wants to earn an "A" in his biology course but finds it difficult to stay motivated to study every night. His teacher recommends that he surround himself with peers who study regularly to increase his studying behavior. Hughbertaki's teacher made her recommendation based on the learning concept of ________ A. acquisition B. generalization C. discrimination D. modeling E. classical conditioning

D. modeling

Efforts to discover whether the intelligence of children is more heavily influenced by their biology or by their home environments are most directly relevant to the debate regarding A. structuralism versus functionalism B. evolution versus natural selection C. observation versus introspection D. nature versus nurture E. humansim versus behaviorism

D. nature versus nurture

People can simultaneously process many aspects of sensory information such as color, shape, and size. This best illustrates the functioning of multiple A. ACh agonists B. dendrites C. endorphins D. neural networks E. ACh antagonists

D. neural networks

In the hypothesis "Students who study a list of terms in the morning, just after waking up, will recall more terms than students who study the list just before falling asleep," what is the dependent variable? A. list of terms B. memorization C. time of day D. number of terms remembered E. students

D. number of terms remembered

After watching her sisters fearful response to the sight of a spider, hughbertha because intensely fearful of spiders. This best illustrates that a specific phobia can be learned through _____. A reinforcement B. classical conditioning C. linkage analysis D. observational learning E. genetic predispositions

D. observational learning

Freud's Theory of personality because it A. underestimates the importance of biological contributions to personality development B. is contradicted by recent research demonstrating the human capacity for destructive behavior C. is overly reliant upon observations derived from Freud's use of projective tests D. offers very few testable hypotheses that allow one to determine its validity E. relies on overly simplistic explanations of behaviors and conditioning

D. offers very few testable hypotheses that allow one to determine its validity

Research indicates that memories retrieved during hypnosis are ________ A. forgotten again as soon as the person awakens from the hypnotic state B. accurate recollections of information previously learned C. experienced as being inaccurate even when they are true D. often a combination of fact and fiction E. often accurate indicators of childhood sexual abuse

D. often a combination of fact and fiction

The sense of smell is known as ________ A. subliminal stimulation B. the vestibular sense C. transduction D. olfaction E. the gustatory sense

D. olfaction

If professor Hughbertson doesn't drink caffeinated sodas daily, he experiences severe headaches. Dr. Hughbertson is most clearly showing signs of A. tolerance B. physical dependence C. a hypnagogic state D. psychological dependence E. dissociation

D. physical dependence

At the age of 22, Mrs. Hughbertowski was less than 4 feet tall. Her short stature was probably influenced by the lack of a growth hormone produced by the A. pancreas B. thyroid C. adrenal gland D. pituitary gland E. myelin

D. pituitary gland

Resting potential is to action potential as ________ is to ________. A. adrenal gland; pituitary gland B. sensory neuron; motor neuron C. temporal lobe; occipital lobe D. polarization; depolarization E. dendrite; axon

D. polarization; depolarization

Dr. McHughbertson follows the structuralist school of thought. Her techniques would most likely include A. presenting a participant with an ambiguous stimuli, such as a picture of an older woman looking over the shoulder of a younger woman, and then asking the participant to make up a story about what is going on in the picture B. asking a participant to describe whatever thoughts come to mind, without censorship C. rewarding a student with a sticker for every day that the student does not talk in class and with an extra ten minutes of recess after the student accumulates ten stickers D. presenting a participant with an object, such as a can of soda, and having the subject report his or her perceptions or experience of the can E. encouraging a client to reevaluate distorted or unhelpful thoughts and work on coping startegies

D. presenting a participant with an object, such as a can of soda, and having the subject report his or her perceptions or experience of the can

Spontaneous recovery refers to the ____________ A. expression of learning that had occurred earlier but had not been expressed because of lack of incentive B. organism's tendency to respond spontaneously to stimuli similar to the CS as though they were the CS C. return of a response after punishment has been terminated D. reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response E. tendency of organisms to generalize conditioned responses

D. reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

In one experiment, White Americans read a newspaper article about a foreign terrorist threat against all Americans. They subsequently expressed ______ A. an increased sense of deindividuation B. reduced confidence in their personal religious beliefs C. lowered approval of the president's job performance D. reduced prejudice against African-Americans E. increased self-esteem and aggressive impulses

D. reduced prejudice against African-Americans

Hughberta is so fearful of taking tests for her AP courses that she experiences mild anxiety when registering for an AP course, intense anxiety when studying for a test, and extreme anxiety when answering actual test questions. Her greatest fear however is experienced while waiting for a teacher to hand out tests. During the process of systematically desensitizing her test anxiety, the therapist is likely to ask hughberta first to imagine ____________. A. answering questions on a test B. waiting for a teacher to hand out a test C. studying for a test D. registering for an AP course E. receiving an A on a test

D. registering for an AP course

When people's symptoms of psychological distress are at their worst, whatever they do to try to alleviate the condition is likely to be followed by improvement rather than further deterioration. This is best explained in terms of A. systematic desensitization B. therapeutic alliance C. counterconditioning D. regression towards the mean E. the placebo effect

D. regression towards the mean

If a ringing bell causes a dog to salivate because the bell has been regularly associated with food in the mouth, the UR is the _____ A. ringing bell B. salivation to the ringing bell C. food in the mouth D. salivation to the food in the mouth E. dog's hunger

D. salivation to the food in the mouth

Following 9/11, some outraged people lashed out at innocent Arab Americans. This venting of hostility can best be explained in terms of A. the mere exposure effect B. the just-world phenomenon C. the bystander effect D. scapegoat theory E. social facilitation

D. scapegoat theory

Because she was listening to the news on the radio, Mrs. Hughbertino didn't perceive a word her husband was saying. Her experience best illustrates __________ A. gate-control B. choice blindness C. gestalt D. selective attention E. opponent-process theory

D. selective attention

Athletes often attribute their losses to bad officiating. This best illustrates A. an Electra complex B. learned helplessness C. the spotlight effect D. self-serving bias E. the Barnum effect

D. self-serving bias

he McGurk Effect best illustrates __________ A. phantom limb sensations B. the rubber-hand illusion C. tinnitus D. sensory interaction E. color constancy

D. sensory interaction

lthough textbooks frequently cast a trapezoidal image on the retina, students typically perceive the books as rectangular objects. This illustrates the importance of _________ A. interposition B. size constancy C. linear perspective D. shape constancy E. binocular cues

D. shape constancy

Hughla had an infection that led to deafness in her left ear. Which of the following will be the most likely impact of losing her hearing in her left ear? A. she will not be able to hear high pitches B. she will not be able to detect harmony in music C. she will show less activity in her left temporal lobe D. she will have trouble locating the source of sounds E. her hearing overall will improve

D. she will have trouble locating the source of sounds

Hughbertha was raised in a collectivist culture, while Hughbette was raised in an individualistic culture. Based on their upbringings, it is most safe to conclude that compared to hughbette, Hughbertha is more likely to A. speak up in a meeting to make sure her ideas are heard B. try to run faster on the treadmill at the gym than the person on the treadmill next to her C. tell her boss that her coworker did not contribute to a project so that she could get full credit for the work D. skip a concert so she can have dinner with her family E. Keep a journal in which she highlights the ways she is special and unique

D. skip a concert so she can have dinner with her family

Homeostasis, which is the goal of drive reduction, is defined as A. a desire to perform behavior in return for rewards B. a rigidly patterned behavior characteristic of an entire species C. an aroused or activated state that is often triggered by a psychological need D. the bodys tendency to maintain a constant internal state E. a physical need that usually triggers motivational arousal

D. the bodys tendency to maintain a constant internal state

Mrs. Hughbertson fell on a busy city sidewalk and broke her leg. Although hundreds of pedestrians saw her lying on the ground, most failed to recognize that she was in need of medical assistance. Their oversight best illustrates one of the dynamics involved in A. the fundamental attribution error B. social loafing C. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon D. the bystander effect E. the mere exposure effect

D. the bystander effect

Humans experience the longest visible electromagnetic waves as ________ A. the color blue-violet and the shortest visible waves as red B. the color red and the shortest visible waves as green C. the color blue and the shortest visible waves as yellow D. the color red and the shortest visible waves as blue-violet E. the color black and the shortest visible waves as white

D. the color red and the shortest visible waves as blue-violet

What do methamphetamine, caffeine, and cocaine have in common? A. they slow body functions and calm neural activity B. they depress neural functioning and reduce pain C. they distort perceptions and evoke sensations without sensory input D. they excite neural activity and arouse body functions E. they relax the body, lead to disinhibition, and produce euphoria

D. they excite neural activity and arouse body functions

Our experiences, assumptions, and expectations may give us a perceptual set that influences what we perceive. This is an example of _________ A. bottom-up processing B. accommodation C. sensory adaptation D. top-down processing E. psychophysics

D. top-down processing

A therapist that takes an electric approach is one who ______. A. prescribes the use of drugs as part of psychotherapy B. empasizes that active listening is the major technique in all effective therapies C. prefers to engage in therapy in group settings D. uses a variety of psychological theories and therapeutic approaches E. uses both a token economy and behavior therapies

D. uses a variety of psychological theories and therapeutic approaches

A conversion disorder is most likely to be characterized by A. Alternations between extreme hopelessness and unrealistic optimism B. A continuous state of tensions, apprehension, and autonomic nervous system arousal C. offensive and unwanted thoughts and persistently preoccupy a person D. very extreme physical symptoms that have no apparent physiological basis E. instinctual, obsessive, and harmful

D. very extreme physical symptoms that have no apparent physiological basis

The hormone most associated with the fight or flight response is A. oxytocin B. testosterone C. estrogen D. dopamine E. epinephrine

E. epinephrine

Hughberette, who has been diagnosed with schizophrenia, remains motionless for hours despite her family's attempts to interact with her. What symptom is hughberettte demonstrating? A. alogia B. Hallucinations C. flat affect D. delusions E. Catatonia

E. Catatonia

3-year-old Hughbitha mistakenly believes that her mother would like to receive a toy doll as a Christmas present this best illustrates Piagets theory of... A. Accommodation B. attachment C. object permanence D. conservation E. egocentrism

E. Egocentrism

Which research design, using twenty participants, would most effectively determine how well a drug treats depression? A. Evaluate how much anxiousness the participants feel without cause. Then assign ten participants to a group that receives the drug and then ten participants to a placebo group. After ten weeks of treatment, evaluate how much anxiousness they experience after the treatment. B. Randomly assign ten participants to a group that receives the drug and then ten participants that receives a placebo. After ten weeks of treatment, evaluate the participants level of depression. C. Evaluate how much worry the participants feel without cause. Then assign the first ten participants to a group that receives the drug and the last ten participants to a placebo group. After ten weeks of treatment, assess the participants degree of worrying without cause D. Evaluate how much distorted negative thinking the participants are experiencing. Then assign the first ten participants to a group that receives the drug and the last ten participants to a placebo group. After ten weeks of treatment, assess the participants degree of distorted negative thinking. E. Evaluate how much negative thinking the participants are experiencing. Then assign ten participants to a group that receives the drug and ten participants to a placebo group. After ten weeks of treatment, evaluate how many negative thoughts they are experiencing again.

E. Evaluate how much negative thinking the participants are experiencing. Then assign ten participants to a group that receives the drug and ten participants to a placebo group. After ten weeks of treatment, evaluate how many negative thoughts they are experiencing again.

Which of the following is the best example of social learning? A. Hughla is a passenger in her friend's car every day on the way to work. One day her friend is sick so HUghla has to drive herself. She is able to navigate with no problem B. Hughbertowski was mildly shocked when he tried to remove his smoke detector batteries, so he now flinches whenever he has to change the smoke detector batteries C. Hughbert gives his dog a treat every time his dog does not jump on guests, and eventually the dog stops jumping on guests even without a treat D. HUghbeth was scratched by a cat, so now she is afraid of cats E. Hughberette starts using the same word choices and vocal inflections as members of the popular group at her school

E. Hughberette starts using the same word choices and vocal inflections as members of the popular group at her school

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates Jean PJ's theory of cognitive development? A. Hughbette a toddler is struggling between feelings of autonomy and self-doubt B. Hughbie a 3-year-old tells his mother he wants to marry her when he grows up C. Hughbertha a 6th grader who learns a new math concept with the help of a more advanced math student ' D. Hubertina a 7th grader is learning because her teacher models and activity and then steps back providing assistance as needed E. Hughbertaki and infant is learning about the world by exploring with his hands and his mouth

E. Hughbertaki and infant is learning about the world by exploring with his hands and his mouth

Hughquim wants to determine whether cognitive therapy is effective in treating depression. He measures the depression levels of 40 participants using a pretest, making several practical behavior-change recommendations to implement, and then measuring depression levels in a posttest. Hughquim concludes that cognitive therapy was effective in treating depression. Why was this conclusion invalid? A. Hughquim should have had the participants only change one behavior at a time B. Hughquim should have used more participants C. Hughquim should have studied other types of therapy as well D. Hughquim should have operationally defined depression better E. Hughquim should have used a control group

E. Hughquim should have used a control group

According to Erikson trust is to ___ as identity is to ____ A. infancy; childhood B. childhood; adolescence C. adult; childhood D. adolescents; adulthood E. infancy; adolescence

E. Infancy; adolescence

Which psychologist was the first woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology after Harvard University declined to give Mary Calkins the Ph.D.? A. Jean Piaget B. Francis Bacon C. Rosalie Rayner D. Mary Calkins E. Margaret Washburn

E. Margaret Washburn

obsessions are _______. A. persistent, irrational fears of specific objects or situations B. hyperactive, wildly optimistic states of emotion C. false beliefs of persecution or grandeur D. periodic episodes of intense dread accompanied by frightening physical sensations E. Offensive and unwanted thoughts that persistently preoccupy a person

E. Offensive and unwanted thoughts that persistently preoccupy a person

Hughbie's bag of marbles is twice as heavy as Hughbertha's. If it takes 5 extra marbles to make Hughbertha's bag feel heavier, it will take 10 extra marbles to make Hughbie's bag feel heavier. This best illustrates ___________ A. the opponent-process theory B. accommodation C. the McGurk effect D. sensory adaptation E. Weber's law

E. Weber's law

Mr. Hughbertowski, a fifth grade teacher, give a blue plastic star to each student who achieves a high score on a math or spelling test. At the end of the semester, students can exchange their stars for prizes. Mr. Hughbertowski's classroom strategy illustrates an application of _________. A. the placebo effect B. transference C. counterconditioning D. systematic desensitization E. a token economy

E. a token economy

The brains of patients with Parkinson's disease have little dopamine. Drugs used to treat such patients bind to dopamine receptors, thereby stimulating those receptors. These drugs would be considered A. antagonists B. sympathetic C. selectively permeable D. endorphins E. agonists

E. agonists

Hughson has not had a decent night of sleep in over a week. If this sleep deprivation continues, he will become increasingly susceptible to A. viral infections B. obesity C. cancer D. cardiovascular disease E. all of the above

E. all of the above

The fact that human aggression varies widely from culture to culture most strongly suggests that it is NOT _________ A. a reaction to frustration B. influenced by social norms C. a result of group polarization D. a product of deindividuation E. an unlearned instinct

E. an unlearned instinct

Hughbertina's doctor prescribes medication that blocks the activity of dopamine in her nervous system. Evidently, Hughbertina is being treated with a(n) ___________ drug. A. mood stabilizing B. anti convulsive C.antidepressant D. anti-anxiety E. antipsychotic

E. antipsychotic

Hughbert happens to wear a red shirt when he takes a test he expects to fail. Surprisingly, he does well on the test, so he wears his red shirt every time he takes a test. Which of the following explains Hughberts superstitious behavior? A. learning sometimes becomes apparent when there is some incentive to demonstrate it B. reinforcement for a task already enjoyed can backfire, reducing intrinsic motivation C. a continuous reinforcement schedule will lead to the most rapid learning D. conditioned reinforcers get their power through learned association with primary reinforcers E. any behavior that is reinforced, even accidentally, is more likely to be repeated

E. any behavior that is reinforced, even accidentally, is more likely to be repeated

A researcher would test the foot-in-the-door phenomenon by randomly _______ A. assigning 60 people to 2 groups. the researcher would then ask one group to place a large "drive carefully" sign in their windows, and then later ask them to place a smaller sign in their yard. the researcher would ask the second group to place a small sign in their yards without asking them to place the large sign in their windows first B. selecting 60 people from a population. the researcher would then ask the participants to place a small "drive carefully" sign in their windows and later ask them to place a large sign in their yard C. selecting 60 people from a population. the researcher would then ask the participants to place a large sign "drive carefully" sign in their windows and later ask them to place a small sign in their yard D. selecting 100 people from a population. the researcher would then ask the 100 participants to place a large "drive carefully" sign in their windows and later ask them to place a small sign in their yards E. assigning people to 2 groups. the researcher would then ask one group to place a small "drive carefully" sign in their windows, and would later ask the participants to place a large sign in their yards. the researcher would ask the second group to place a large sign in their yard without asking them to place the smaller sign in their windows first

E. assigning people to 2 groups. the researcher would then ask one group to place a small "drive carefully" sign in their windows, and would later ask the participants to place a large sign in their yards. the researcher would ask the second group to place a large sign in their yard without asking them to place the smaller sign in their windows first

The most extensive regions of a human's cerebral cortex, which enable learning and memory, are called the A. reticular formation B. medulla C. sensory areas D. cerebellum E. association areas

E. association areas

A Skinner Box is a(n) _________________ A. soundproofed cubicle in which organisms are classically conditioned in the absence of distracting noise B. aversive or punishing event that decreases the occurrence of certain undesirable behaviors C. "slot machine" used to study the effects of partial reinforcement on human gambling practices D. television projection device designed for use in laboratory studies of observational learning E. chamber containing a lever or lighted disk that an animal can manipulate to obtain a reward

E. chamber containing a lever or lighted disk that an animal can manipulate to obtain a reward

Solomon Asch asked people to identify which of three comparison lines was identical to a standard line. His research was designed to study ________ A. the mere exposure effect B. the fundamental attribution error C. social facilitation D. deindividuation E. conformity

E. conformity

Which of the following describes sexual orientation A. identifying as specific gender B. developing an over-centered generalization about a group of individuals based on their gender C. feeling genders consistent through the lifespan D. learning a set of expectations that one feels appropriate for various genders E. developing an inherent attraction or romantic relationship with a given gender or genders

E. developing an inherent attraction or romantic relationship with a given gender or genders

Which of the following is the correct sequence of structures that sound waves pass through on the way to the auditory nerve? A. cochlea, hammer, anvil, stirrup, eardrum B. hammer, eardrum, basilar membrane, cochlea C. hammer, anvil, stirrup, eardrum, cochlea D. inner ear, middle ear, cochlea, eardrum E. eardrum, hammer, anvil, stirrup, cochlea

E. eardrum, hammer, anvil, stirrup, cochlea

Glancing at the television in the next room in hopes of seeing the beginning of the evening news is likely to be reinforced on a ________ schedule A. intermittent-variable B. fixed-ratio C. variable-interval D. variable-ratio E. fixed-interval

E. fixed-interval

Seeing one-eyed monsters would be a(n) ________. Believing that you are Christopher Columbus would be a ________. A. delusion-compulsion B. obsession-delusion C. hallucination-compulsion D. obsession-compulsion E. hallucination-delusion

E. hallucination-delusion

Using rewards to bribe people to engage in an activity they already enjoy is most likely to inhibit ______ A. respondent behavior B. continuous reinforcement C. latent learning D. spontaneous recovery E. intrinsic motivation

E. intrinsic motivation

Bullying younger children earns Hughbert the attention and respect of many classmates. As a result, his bullying behavior increases. This most clearly suggests that his aggression is a(n) ___ A. reaction to frustration B. instinctive behavior C. biologically triggered behavior D. product of deindividuation E. learned response

E. learned response

Seven members of a Girl Scout troop report the following individual earnings from their sale of candy: $4, $1, $7, $6, $8, $2, and $7. In this distribution of individual earnings, the mean is A. equal to the mode and equal to the median B. less than the mode and equal to the median C. equal to the mode and greater than the median D. greater than the mode and greater than the median E. less than the mode and less than the median

E. less than the mode and less than the median

Ancel Keys and his colleagues observed that men on a semistarvation diet A. became apathetic and lost interest in food B. remained interested in food but avoided talking or thinking about it C. shifted cognitive focus away from food toward more accessible goals D. became increasingly preoccupied with political and religious issues E. lost interest in sex and social activities

E. lost interest in sex and social activities

If psychologists discovered that wealthy people are less satisfied with their marriages than poor people are, this would indicate that wealth and marital satisfaction are A. casually related B. negatively correlated C. independent variables D. dependent variables E. positively correlated

E. negative correlated

The last time you came home after your curfew, your parents grounded you for the next two weekends. Ever since then you have been careful to come home on time. The change in your behavior is best explained by ___________ A. positive reinforcement B. negative reinforcement C. extinction D. positive punishment E. negative punishment

E. negative punishment

Clients' perceptions of the effectiveness of psychotherapy are often misleading because clients A. totally underestimate how much they have improved as a result of therapy B. tend to focus on their behavioral changes rather than on changes on their attitudes and emotions C. usually experience delusions about the true nature of their therapists and therapy D. are often angry about the time-consuming nature of therapy E. often need to convince themselves that they didn't waste their money on therapy

E. often need to convince themselves that they didn't waste their money on therapy

When provided with the unscrambled solution to anagrams, people underestimate the difficulty of solving the anagrams by themselves. This best illustrates A. illusory correlation B. regression toward the mean C. the placebo effect D. wording effects E. overconfidence

E. overconfidence

The King James Version of the Bible was completed when William Shakespeare was 46 years old. In Psalm 46 of this translation, the forty-sixth word is "shake", and the forty-sixth word from the end is "spear". Before concluding that the biblical translators were trying to be humourous with these specific word placements, you would be best advised to recognize the danger of A. considering these facts as statistically significant B. randomly sampling biblical passages C. generalizing from extreme examples D. assuming that most people share your opinions E. perceiving order in coincidental events

E. perceiving order in coincidental events

Although he was wearing a pair of glasses that shifted the apparent location of objects 20 degrees to his right, Lars was still able to play tennis very effectively. This best illustrates the value of _______ A. retinal disparity B. perceptual set C. shape constancy D. binocular cues E. perceptual adaptation

E. perceptual adaptation

Hughberette did not recognize her English teacher when she saw him while traveling in Paris, even though she knew him well back in the classroom. The fact that Hughberette can recognize her teacher back home more easily than in Paris best demonstrates what concept? A. change blindness B. functional fixedness C. extrasensory perception D. synesthesia E. perceptual set

E. perceptual set

Motor neurons are to the ___________ nervous system as inter-neurons are to the _____________ nervous system A. sympathetic; parasympathetic B. central; peripheral C. automatic; somatic D. parasympathetic; sympathetic E. peripheral; central

E. peripheral; central

The volley principle is most directly relevant to our perception of A. temperature B. color C. brightness D. pain E. pitch

E. pitch

After a small section of his basilar membrane was damaged, Jason experienced a noticeable loss of hearing for high-pitched sounds only. Jason's hearing loss is best explained by the ________ theory A. gate-control B. frequency C. Young-Helmholtz D. opponent-process E. place

E. place

After Hughbertha's serious motorcycle accident, doctors detected damage to her cerebellum. Hughbertha is most likely to have difficulty _______ A. experiencing printed words B. reading printed words C. understanding what others are saying D. tasting the flavors of foods E. playing the guitar

E. playing the guitar

In order to learn about the political attitudes of all students enrolled at Arizona State University, Professor Marlow randomly selected 800 of these students to complete a questionnaire. In this instance, all the students enrolled at Arizona State University are considered to be a(n) A. independent variable B. representative sample C. control D. dependent variable E. population

E. population

Accommodation refers to the _________ A. diminishing sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus B. system for sensing the position and movement of muscles, tendons, and joints C. quivering eye movements that enable the retina to detect continuous stimulation D. process by which stimulus energies are changed into neural messages E. process by which the lens changes shape to focus images on the retina

E. process by which the lens changes shape to focus images on the retina

To study the effects of noise on worker productivity, researchers have one group of subjects work in a noisy room and a second group work in a quiet room. To ensure that any differences in the productivity of the two groups actually result from the different noise levels to which the groups are exposed, the researchers would use A. the case study B. correlational measurement C. naturalistic observation D. replication E. random assignment

E. random assignment

To access reactions to a proposed tuition hike at her college, Hughbertha sent a questionnaire to every fifteenth person in the college registrar's alphabetical listing of all currently enrolled students. Hughbertha employed the technique of A. random assignment B. naturalistic observation C. replication D. correlation E. random sampling

E. random sampling ?

After the Hughbertowski family accepted their neighbor's invitation to Thanksgiving dinner, Mrs. Hughbertowski felt obligated to invite the neighbors to Christmas dinner. Mrs. Hughbertowski's sense of obligation most likely resulted from the ________ A. ingroup bias B. foot-in-the-door phenomenon C. mere exposure effect D. fundamental attribution error E. reciprocity norm

E. reciprocity norm

As she looks down the hallway, Hughbertina is not tricked into thinking that the friend who is closer to her looks larger than the friend who is farther down the hall. Which monocular cue helps her with this understanding? A. interposition B. linear perspective C. relative clarity D. convergence E. relative size

E. relative size

It is springtime and the pollen from the flowers causes you to sneeze. Soon you are sneezing at the mere sight of a flower...real or fake. In this instance, the conditioned response is ________ A. pollen from real flowers B. seeing a real flower C. seeing a fake flower D. sneezing at the pollen from a real flower E. sneezing at the sight of a flower...real or fake

E. sneezing at the sight of a flower...real or fake

Hughbertina donated money to a religious charity in order to boost her own feelings of self-esteem. Hughberette failed to contribute to the same charity because she was fearful of running out of money. Differences in their behavior are best explained in terms of ________ A. the two=factor theory of emotion B. the reciprocity norm C. the social responsibility norm D. attribution theory E. social exchange theory

E. social exchange theory

After receiving a painful shot from a female nurse in a white uniform, 3-year-old Hughberette experiences fear of any woman wearing a white dress. Hughberette's reaction best illustrates ____________ A. shaping B. extinction C. latent learning D. spontaneous recovery E. stimulus generalization

E. stimulus generalization

To "brainwash" captured American soldiers during the Korean War, Chinese communists made effective use of _______ A. the just-world phenomenon B. the bystander effect C. the frustration-aggression principle D. the fundamental attribution error E. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon

E. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon

When Hughbertaki first heard the hit song "Watermelon Sugar", he wasn't at all sure he liked it. The more often he heard it played, however, the more he enjoyed it. Hughbertaki's reaction illustrates ____________ A. the bystander effect B. social facilitation C. companionate love D. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon E. the mere exposure effect

E. the mere exposure effect

The fact that people who are colorblind to red and green may still see yellow is most easily explained by ______ A. the Young-Helmholtz theory B. the gate-control theory C. place theory D. frequency theory E. the opponent-process theory

E. the opponent-process theory

Hughlina regularly donates blood to an international blood bank simply because she believes she ought to help anyone with a medical need for a blood transfusion. Hughlina's decision to help best illustrates the impact of _____ A. the reciprocity norm B. the bystander effect C. the ingroup bias D. the mere exposure effect E. the social-responsibility norm

E. the social-responsibility norm

Waiting for a sunny day to go to the beach will be reinforced on a __________ schedule of reinforcement A. continuous B. fixed ratio C. variable ratio D. fixed interval E. variable interval

E. variable interval

How does our explanation of strangers' behavior differ from that of our own behavior? A. we explain strangers' behavior in terms of informational influence and our own behavior in terms of normative influence B. we explain strangers' behavior in terms of situational constraints and our own behavior in terms of personality traits C. we explain strangers' behavior in terms of environmental influences and our own behavior in terms of hereditary influences D. we explain strangers' behavior in terms of normative influence and our own behavior in terms of informational influence E. we explain strangers' behavior in terms of personality traits and our own behavior in terms of situational constraints

E. we explain strangers' behavior in terms of personality traits and our own behavior in terms of situational constraints

A majority of respondents in a national survey agreed that "classroom prayer should not be allowed in public schools." Only 33 percent of respondents in a similar survey agreed that "classroom prayer in public schools should be banned." These divergent findings best illustrate the importance of A. operational definition B. the hindsight bias C. overconfidence D. random assignment E. wording effects

E. wording effects

In English, adjectives precede nouns. This is a rule of syntax, which is the ____ a. orderly arrangement of words into grammatically sensible sentences b. derivation of meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences c. impact of words in context and their relationship to one another d. logical, comparative relationship between subjects and action verbs e. systematic description of nouns, as modified by verbs or adjectives

a. orderly arrangement of words into grammatically sensible sentences

The use of heuristics rather than algorithms is most likely to ____ a. save time in arriving at solutions to problems b. yield more accurate solutions to problems c. minimize the overconfidence phenomenon d. involve greater reliance on language skills e. avoid the issue of fixation

a. save time in arriving at solutions to problems

In a complete sexual response cycle ______ a. the plateau phase immediately precedes orgasm b. orgasm immediately precedes the excitement phase c. the excitement phase immediately precedes orgasm d. the excitement phase immediately precedes the resolution e. the plateau phase immediately precedes the excitement phase

a. the plateau phase immediately precedes orgasm

Hughbelle performs better on foreign language vocabulary tests if she studies the material 15 minutes every day for 8 days than if she crams for 2 hours the night before the test. This illustrates what is known as ______ a. the spacing effect b. the serial position effect c. mood-congruent memory d. chuncking e. automatic processing

a. the spacing effect

your unconsciously activated but limited-capacity memory is called ____ memory a. working b. implicit c. long term d. explicit e. automatic

a. working

After hearing stories of things they both had and had not actually experienced with "Mr. Science," preschool children spontaneously recalled him doing things that were only mentioned in the stories. This best illustrates a. the self-reference b. source amnesia c. proactive interference d. implicit memory e. mood-congruent memory

b. source amnesia

chunking refers to a. getting information into memory through the use of viral imagery b. the organization of information into meaningful units c. the unconscious encoding of incidental informatioin d. the tendency to recall best the first time in a list e. the combined use of automatic and effortful processing to ensure the retention of unfamiliar information

b. the organization of information into meaningful units

Athletes often attribute their losses to bad officiating. This best illustrates_______ a. an electra complex b. learned helplessness c. the spotlight effect d. self-serving bias e. the Barnum effect

d. self-serving bias