Ap psych module 27
high score on an exam for which a student studied diligently
All of the following are examples of primary reinforcers except a...
extinction
Paola has been classically conditioned to fear a red light because it has been paired with a loud noise. If the light is repeatedly presented without the loud noise she will eventually stop being afraid of the light. In this instance,_____________ has occurred.
variable ratio
Shea bought 10 tickets for the raffle for free homecoming entry, but she did not win. Months later she also buys 10 tickets for the senior prom raffle hoping this will be the time she wins. Which schedule of reinforcement is best used to explain this scenario?
the accidental timing of rewards
Superstitious behavior can be produced by...
cause a behavior to continue
The purpose of reinforcement is to...
Law of effect
Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely to be repeated is known as what?
law of effect
Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
Charles smokes because his anxiety is reduced when he does so
Which of the following best describes negative reinforcement?
give the children a small reward each day that they eat their dinner
Which of the following is the best advice to give parents whose young children refuse to eat their dinner?
reinforcement schedule
a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced
variable-ratio schedule
a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
variable-interval schedule
a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
fixed-ratio schedule
a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses
fixed-interval schedule
a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed
discriminative stimulus
a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement
conditioned reinforcer
a stimulus that gains its reinforcing through its association with a primary reinforcer
positive punishment
administer an aversive stimulus
primary reinforcer
an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need
reinforcement
any event that strengthens the behavior it follows
positive reinforcement
increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers
negative reinforcement
increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing aversive stimuli (not a punishment)
operant conditioning
learning in which behavior becomes more likely to recur if followed by a reinforcer or less likely if followed by a punisher
superstitious behavior
produced by the accidental timing of rewards
partial reinforcement schedule
reinforcing a response only part of the time
continuous reinforcement schedule
reinforcing desired response every time
spontaneous recovery
the reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished response is called...
shaping
when reinforcers guide behavior to closer approximations of the desired behavior
negative punishment
withdraw a rewarding stimulus