Ap psych module 27

high score on an exam for which a student studied diligently

All of the following are examples of primary reinforcers except a...

extinction

Paola has been classically conditioned to fear a red light because it has been paired with a loud noise. If the light is repeatedly presented without the loud noise she will eventually stop being afraid of the light. In this instance,_____________ has occurred.

variable ratio

Shea bought 10 tickets for the raffle for free homecoming entry, but she did not win. Months later she also buys 10 tickets for the senior prom raffle hoping this will be the time she wins. Which schedule of reinforcement is best used to explain this scenario?

the accidental timing of rewards

Superstitious behavior can be produced by...

cause a behavior to continue

The purpose of reinforcement is to...

Law of effect

Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely to be repeated is known as what?

law of effect

Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

Charles smokes because his anxiety is reduced when he does so

Which of the following best describes negative reinforcement?

give the children a small reward each day that they eat their dinner

Which of the following is the best advice to give parents whose young children refuse to eat their dinner?

reinforcement schedule

a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced

variable-ratio schedule

a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

variable-interval schedule

a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

fixed-ratio schedule

a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

fixed-interval schedule

a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

discriminative stimulus

a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement

conditioned reinforcer

a stimulus that gains its reinforcing through its association with a primary reinforcer

positive punishment

administer an aversive stimulus

primary reinforcer

an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need

reinforcement

any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

positive reinforcement

increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers

negative reinforcement

increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing aversive stimuli (not a punishment)

operant conditioning

learning in which behavior becomes more likely to recur if followed by a reinforcer or less likely if followed by a punisher

superstitious behavior

produced by the accidental timing of rewards

partial reinforcement schedule

reinforcing a response only part of the time

continuous reinforcement schedule

reinforcing desired response every time

spontaneous recovery

the reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished response is called...

shaping

when reinforcers guide behavior to closer approximations of the desired behavior

negative punishment

withdraw a rewarding stimulus