AP Psych: Motivation and Emotion
Two-Factor Theory
Schacter & Singer's theory that emotion depends on two factors - physiological arousal and cognitive labeling of that arousal
Anorexia Nervosa
severe weight loss resulting from self-imposed starvation + obsessive fear of obesity, distorted body imaged, need for control of food intake negative health impacts (osteoporosis, enlarged ventricles)
ventromedial hypothalamus
stimulated -- feel full damaged -- never feel full again
lateral hypothalamus
stimulated -- makes you hungry damaged -- never hungry again
tend and befriend model
stress response model proposing that females are biologically predisposed to respond to stress by nurturing + protecting offspring + seeking social support
cataclysmic event
stressful occurances that occur suddenly and generally affect many people simultaneously
James-Lange Theory
subjective experience of emotion results from physiological changes, rather than being their cause ("I feel sad because I'm crying"); in this view, each emotion is physiologically distinct
chronic
ongoing stress
Yerkes-Dodson Law
optimal arousal theory, people are motivated to find an optimal level of arousal for the best performance on any task
Thalamus
relaying sensory information and acting as a center for pain perception
avoidance-avoidance conflict
forced choice between 2 options equally UNDESIRABLE
conflict
forced choice between 2+ incompatible goals or impulses
approach-avoidance conflict
forced choice w/in one option, which has equally desirable + undesirable characteristics
approach-approach conflict
forced to choose between 2 options, both of EQUALLY DESIRABLE characteristics
unconscious motivation
having a desire to engage in an activity but being consciously unaware of the desire
conscious motivation
having the desire to engage in an activity and being aware of the desire
dopamine
high = euphoria, pleasure
serotonin
high = serenity; low = depression
Cerebral cortex
higher functions of the nervous system, including voluntary muscle activity and learning, language, and memory
n ACH
need for achievement = mental state that produces a psychological motive to excel or reach some goal
hierarchy of needs
needs occur in priority order, needs at bottom must be met before upper levels can be met
HPA
(Hpothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis) body's delayed stress response, involving the hypothalamus, pituitary, + adrenal medulla
GAS
(Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome) Selye's 3-stage (alarm, resistance, exhaustion) reaction to chronic stress
SAM
(Sympatho-adreno-medullary system) body's initial, rapid-acting stress response, involving the sympathetic nervous system + the adrenal medulla
Sympathetic nervous system
(in danger) decrease: salivation, digestion, sexual increase: vision, heart rate, breathing, sweat
Masters and Johnson Study
4 phases of sex: Excitement (arousal), Plateau (full arousal), Orgasm, Resolution (post orgasm)
Cannon-Bard Theory
Emotions & physiological changes occur simultaneously ("I'm crying and feeling sad at the same time"); in this view, all emotions are physiologically similar
Alfred Kinsey
Sexuality scale. 0 = heterosexual, 6 = homosexual, 7 = asexual
Hypothalamus
The area of the brain that secretes substances that influence pituitary and other gland function and is involved in the control of body temperature, hunger, thirst, and other processes that regulate body equilibrium
Drive-reduction theory
View that a biological need (an imbalance that threatens survival) produces drive
Emotion
a natural instinctive state of mind deriving from one's circumstances, mood, or relationships with others 4-part process: physiological arousal, cognitive interpretation, behavioral expression, subjective feelings
Fight, Flight, or Freeze
a sequence of internal processes that prepares the organism for struggle or escape
traumatic stressor
a situation that threatens one's physical safety arousing feelings of fear horror, or helplessnesss
emotional intelligence
ability to understand & control emotional responses
instinctual and fast pathway
activating sympathetic nervous system: thalamus, amygdala, prefrontal cortex, hypothalamus
cognitive dissonance
an individual experiences some degree of discomfort resulting from an inconsistency between two cognitions: their views on the world around them, and their own personal feelings and actions
PTSD
anxiety disorder following exposure to a life-threatening or other extreme event that evoked great horror r helplessness, characterized by flashbacks, nightmares, and impaired functioning
Secondary appraisal
asessing one's resources and choosing a coping method
Type B personality
behavior characteristics consistent w/a calm, patient, relaxed attitude
Type A personality
behavior characteristics including intense ambition, competition, exaggerated time urgency, and a cynical, hostile outlook
Instinct theory
biological determinism
Immune system
bodily organs + responses that protect the body from foreign substances + threats
Resilience
coming back
empty love
commitment
Bulimia Nervosa
consumption of large quantities of food (binge) followed by vomiting, extreme exercise and/or laxative use (purge) Weight fluctuations, impulsivity, negative health impacts (damage to throat, cardiac arrhythmias, digestive disorders)
Display Rules
cultural rules about how emotions are expressed
problem-solving coping
dealing directly w/a stressor to decrease or eliminate it
Primary appraisal
deciding if a situation is harmful, threatening, or challenging
parasympathetic nervous system
decrease: hear rate, breathing, sweat increase: salivation, digestion, sexual
Inverted "U"
describes the relationship between arousal & performance; both low + high levels of arousal produce lower performance than does a moderate level of arousal
intrinsic
desire to engage in an activity for its own sake
extrinsic
desire to engage in an activity to achieve an external consequence
achievement motivation
desire to excel, esp. in competition w/others
anhedonia
inability to experience pleasure
polygraph
instrument that measures sympathetic arousal (heart rate, respiration rate, blood pressure, & skin conductivity) to detect emotional arousal, which in tern supposedly reflects lying versus truthfulness
motive
internal mechanism that directs behavior (often used o describe motivations that are learned, rather than biologically based)
liking
intimacy
Companionate love
intimacy + commitment
consummate love
intimacy + passion + commitment
cognitive theory
involve attributions and expectations (cognitive dissonance & cognitive consistency)
Limbic system (amygdala)
limbic system structure linked to the production & regulation of emotions
emotion-focused coping
managing one's emotional reactions to a stressful situation
multiple approach-avoidance conflict
multiple choices, each with positive and negative features
Hunger motivation
multiple systems approach to hunger
infatuation
passion
fatuous love
passion + commitment
romantic love
passion + intimacy
external locus of control
person believes that s/he has no power to act in a situation
internal locus of control
person who believes that power to act lies w/in him/her
Eustress
pleasant, desireable stress
projection
process by which people attribute their own unconscious motives to other people or objects
TAT
projective psychological test, responses reveal underlying motives, concerns, & they way they see the social would through the stories they make up about ambiguous pic of people
Acute
temporary stress
psychic numbness
tendency for individuals or societies to withdraw attention from past experiences that were traumatic, or from future threats that are perceived to have massive consequences but low probability
set point
tendency of the body to maintain a certain level of body fat + body weight
slow and rational pathway
thalamus, cerebral cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus
duchenne smile
the genuine smile
Hippocampus
the limbic system is the area in the brain that is associated with memory, emotions, and motivation. The limbic system is located just above the brain stem and below the cortex. The hippocampus itself is highly involved with our memories.
Lazarus's Cognitive Appraisal theory
theory that indivs decide on an appropriate emotion following the event based on perception of the event
Stressor
trigger or stimulus that prompts a stressful reation
Sternberg's triangular theory of love
types of love can be described on 3 different scales: intamacy, passion and commitment
individualism
view that places a high value on indiv achievement + distinction
collectivism
view that values group loyalty + pride over indiv distinction