AP Psych: Motivation and Emotion

Two-Factor Theory

Schacter & Singer's theory that emotion depends on two factors - physiological arousal and cognitive labeling of that arousal

Anorexia Nervosa

severe weight loss resulting from self-imposed starvation + obsessive fear of obesity, distorted body imaged, need for control of food intake negative health impacts (osteoporosis, enlarged ventricles)

ventromedial hypothalamus

stimulated -- feel full damaged -- never feel full again

lateral hypothalamus

stimulated -- makes you hungry damaged -- never hungry again

tend and befriend model

stress response model proposing that females are biologically predisposed to respond to stress by nurturing + protecting offspring + seeking social support

cataclysmic event

stressful occurances that occur suddenly and generally affect many people simultaneously

James-Lange Theory

subjective experience of emotion results from physiological changes, rather than being their cause ("I feel sad because I'm crying"); in this view, each emotion is physiologically distinct

chronic

ongoing stress

Yerkes-Dodson Law

optimal arousal theory, people are motivated to find an optimal level of arousal for the best performance on any task

Thalamus

relaying sensory information and acting as a center for pain perception

avoidance-avoidance conflict

forced choice between 2 options equally UNDESIRABLE

conflict

forced choice between 2+ incompatible goals or impulses

approach-avoidance conflict

forced choice w/in one option, which has equally desirable + undesirable characteristics

approach-approach conflict

forced to choose between 2 options, both of EQUALLY DESIRABLE characteristics

unconscious motivation

having a desire to engage in an activity but being consciously unaware of the desire

conscious motivation

having the desire to engage in an activity and being aware of the desire

dopamine

high = euphoria, pleasure

serotonin

high = serenity; low = depression

Cerebral cortex

higher functions of the nervous system, including voluntary muscle activity and learning, language, and memory

n ACH

need for achievement = mental state that produces a psychological motive to excel or reach some goal

hierarchy of needs

needs occur in priority order, needs at bottom must be met before upper levels can be met

HPA

(Hpothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis) body's delayed stress response, involving the hypothalamus, pituitary, + adrenal medulla

GAS

(Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome) Selye's 3-stage (alarm, resistance, exhaustion) reaction to chronic stress

SAM

(Sympatho-adreno-medullary system) body's initial, rapid-acting stress response, involving the sympathetic nervous system + the adrenal medulla

Sympathetic nervous system

(in danger) decrease: salivation, digestion, sexual increase: vision, heart rate, breathing, sweat

Masters and Johnson Study

4 phases of sex: Excitement (arousal), Plateau (full arousal), Orgasm, Resolution (post orgasm)

Cannon-Bard Theory

Emotions & physiological changes occur simultaneously ("I'm crying and feeling sad at the same time"); in this view, all emotions are physiologically similar

Alfred Kinsey

Sexuality scale. 0 = heterosexual, 6 = homosexual, 7 = asexual

Hypothalamus

The area of the brain that secretes substances that influence pituitary and other gland function and is involved in the control of body temperature, hunger, thirst, and other processes that regulate body equilibrium

Drive-reduction theory

View that a biological need (an imbalance that threatens survival) produces drive

Emotion

a natural instinctive state of mind deriving from one's circumstances, mood, or relationships with others 4-part process: physiological arousal, cognitive interpretation, behavioral expression, subjective feelings

Fight, Flight, or Freeze

a sequence of internal processes that prepares the organism for struggle or escape

traumatic stressor

a situation that threatens one's physical safety arousing feelings of fear horror, or helplessnesss

emotional intelligence

ability to understand & control emotional responses

instinctual and fast pathway

activating sympathetic nervous system: thalamus, amygdala, prefrontal cortex, hypothalamus

cognitive dissonance

an individual experiences some degree of discomfort resulting from an inconsistency between two cognitions: their views on the world around them, and their own personal feelings and actions

PTSD

anxiety disorder following exposure to a life-threatening or other extreme event that evoked great horror r helplessness, characterized by flashbacks, nightmares, and impaired functioning

Secondary appraisal

asessing one's resources and choosing a coping method

Type B personality

behavior characteristics consistent w/a calm, patient, relaxed attitude

Type A personality

behavior characteristics including intense ambition, competition, exaggerated time urgency, and a cynical, hostile outlook

Instinct theory

biological determinism

Immune system

bodily organs + responses that protect the body from foreign substances + threats

Resilience

coming back

empty love

commitment

Bulimia Nervosa

consumption of large quantities of food (binge) followed by vomiting, extreme exercise and/or laxative use (purge) Weight fluctuations, impulsivity, negative health impacts (damage to throat, cardiac arrhythmias, digestive disorders)

Display Rules

cultural rules about how emotions are expressed

problem-solving coping

dealing directly w/a stressor to decrease or eliminate it

Primary appraisal

deciding if a situation is harmful, threatening, or challenging

parasympathetic nervous system

decrease: hear rate, breathing, sweat increase: salivation, digestion, sexual

Inverted "U"

describes the relationship between arousal & performance; both low + high levels of arousal produce lower performance than does a moderate level of arousal

intrinsic

desire to engage in an activity for its own sake

extrinsic

desire to engage in an activity to achieve an external consequence

achievement motivation

desire to excel, esp. in competition w/others

anhedonia

inability to experience pleasure

polygraph

instrument that measures sympathetic arousal (heart rate, respiration rate, blood pressure, & skin conductivity) to detect emotional arousal, which in tern supposedly reflects lying versus truthfulness

motive

internal mechanism that directs behavior (often used o describe motivations that are learned, rather than biologically based)

liking

intimacy

Companionate love

intimacy + commitment

consummate love

intimacy + passion + commitment

cognitive theory

involve attributions and expectations (cognitive dissonance & cognitive consistency)

Limbic system (amygdala)

limbic system structure linked to the production & regulation of emotions

emotion-focused coping

managing one's emotional reactions to a stressful situation

multiple approach-avoidance conflict

multiple choices, each with positive and negative features

Hunger motivation

multiple systems approach to hunger

infatuation

passion

fatuous love

passion + commitment

romantic love

passion + intimacy

external locus of control

person believes that s/he has no power to act in a situation

internal locus of control

person who believes that power to act lies w/in him/her

Eustress

pleasant, desireable stress

projection

process by which people attribute their own unconscious motives to other people or objects

TAT

projective psychological test, responses reveal underlying motives, concerns, & they way they see the social would through the stories they make up about ambiguous pic of people

Acute

temporary stress

psychic numbness

tendency for individuals or societies to withdraw attention from past experiences that were traumatic, or from future threats that are perceived to have massive consequences but low probability

set point

tendency of the body to maintain a certain level of body fat + body weight

slow and rational pathway

thalamus, cerebral cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus

duchenne smile

the genuine smile

Hippocampus

the limbic system is the area in the brain that is associated with memory, emotions, and motivation. The limbic system is located just above the brain stem and below the cortex. The hippocampus itself is highly involved with our memories.

Lazarus's Cognitive Appraisal theory

theory that indivs decide on an appropriate emotion following the event based on perception of the event

Stressor

trigger or stimulus that prompts a stressful reation

Sternberg's triangular theory of love

types of love can be described on 3 different scales: intamacy, passion and commitment

individualism

view that places a high value on indiv achievement + distinction

collectivism

view that values group loyalty + pride over indiv distinction