AP Psych Practice Questions and Vocabulary #9-10

AP 2004 A 14-month old toddler is placed in an unfamiliar situation with the child's mother, who then leaves the room for a time. Then the mother returns, the child squirms and tries to get away from the mother when picked up, but also seems distresses when placed back on the floor. Mary Ainsworth would consider this evidence of which of the following? A. Hyperactivity B. Narcissistic personality type C. A resistant or ambivalent attachment style D. Disorganized behavior E. Avoidance

C. A resistant or ambivalent attachment style

AP 1994 In a famous series of experiments conducted by Harry Harlow, infant monkeys were separated from their mothers at birth. The infants were then given two surrogate mothers (a terry-cloth "mother" and a wire "mother"), each of which alternatively had a nursing bottle that provided food for the infants. The experimental results showed that in frightening situations, the infant monkeys A. were more likely to become aggressive toward the wire mother than toward the terry-cloth mother B. failed to seek out either of the mothers because of their lack of experience in seeking contact comfort C. preferred the wire mother, even when the terry-cloth mother had the nursing bottle D. preferred the terry-cloth mother, even when the wire mother had the nursing bottle E. would run and cling to whichever mother had the nursing bottle

D. preferred the terry-cloth mother, even when the wire mother had the nursing bottle

AP 1994 Which of the following accurately describes a major change in perspective in the field of developmental psychology over the past twenty-five years? a. A shift from an emphasis on childhood and adolescents to an interest in development over the life span b. A shift from a cognitive to a psychoanalytic interpretation of developmental phenomena c. A shift in research focus from cognitive to personality development d. A decrease in interest in the physiological factors affecting growth and development e. A decrease in interest in the study of the cognitive components of intellect

a. A shift from an emphasis on childhood and adolescents to an interest in development over the life span

AP 1994 The change in the curvature of the lens that enables the eye to focus on objects at various distances is called a. Accommodation b. Adaption c. Conduction d. Convergence e. Consonance

a. Accommodation

AP 2007 A child believes that all birds can fly, yet comes to realize that a penguin is a bird. Which of the following terms was used by Jean Piaget to refer to this developmental process of changing one's ways of thinking in order to incorporate new information? a. Accommodation b. Egocentrism c. Formal Operational Thought d. Assimilation e. Concrete Operational Thought

a. Accommodation

AP 2015 Which of the following is more associated with environmental effects than with genetic influence? a. Fetal alcohol syndrome b. Prenatal maturation c. Temperament d. Rooting reflex e. Sequence of motor development

a. Fetal alcohol syndrome

AP 1999 A nine-year old girl first learning about her capabilities on the playground and in the classroom would be in which of Erikson's stages of development? a. Industry v. inferiority b. Identity v. role confusion c. Autonomy v. shame and doubt d. Integrity v. despair e. Trust v mistrust

a. Industry v. inferiority

AP 2015 Which of the following is NOT a method for reducing the dissonance a person might experience after refusing a to contribute money for a gift to a coworker? a. Saying a phrase such as "I am so rude" over and over b. Volunteering to buy a gift for another coworker for a different occasion c. Repeating the thought that the coworker makes a good salary and does not need a gift d. Focusing on the thought that the coworker most likely would not contribute money for a gift for another person e. Making a donation to a charity in the coworker's name

a. Saying a phrase such as "I am so rude" over and over

AP 2014 Mary Ainsworth's research indicates that a toddler with a secure attachment style is most likely to do which of the following when left with a caregiver, such as a babysitter, for the first time? a. Show distress when left, calm down and play, and run to the mother when she returns b. Cry when she left and continue to cry until the mother returns c. Not notice when the mother leaves and not seek attention from the mother when she returns d. Play happily when the mother leaves but exhibit anger and rejection toward the mother when she returns e. Show distress when the mother leaves and not seek attention when the mother returns

a. Show distress when left, calm down and play, and run to the mother when she returns

AP 2013 According to the fundamental attribution error, which of the following is most likely to be a student's explanation for a classmate's failing grade? a. The classmate was too lazy to study hard b. There were too many picky questions on the exam c. The classmate was not well d. The classmate missed class too often e. The classmate had no quiet place to study

a. The classmate was too lazy to study hard

AP 2013 In the experiments of Solomon Asch, the tendency of group members to conform was reduced most by which of the following factors? a. The presence of a single dissenter b. Frequent interaction among the group members c. The appointment of a democratic leader d. A decentralized communication network e. The threat of punishment

a. The presence of a single dissenter

AP 2017 When Julie's boyfriend bought her a nice present, she thought "He buys me presents because he's such a nice person." This kind of explanation is referred to as a. an attribution b. a belief in a just world c. mutual independence d. a stereotype e. social facilitation

a. an attribution

AP 2007 Maturation differs from learning in that developmental changes due to maturation a. are relatively independent of environmental factors b. follow no predictable pattern c. can take place only in an enriched environment d. cease after early childhood e. require practice

a. are relatively independent of environmental factors

AP 2017 Little Andrea has just learned that robins are birds. She now sees a sparrow, points to it, and calls out "Bird!" According to Jean Piaget, Andrea is showing the cognitive process of a. assimilation b. accommodation c. equilibration d. habituation e. object permanence

a. assimilation

AP 2007 Tension from an inconsistency between an individual's attitudes and behavior is a. cognitive dissonance b. altruism c. deindividuation d. information propinquity e. constancy

a. cognitive dissonance

AP 2012 "It belongs to human nature to hate those you have injured". This belief is best explained by a. cognitive-dissonance theory b. the two-factor theory of emotion c. evolutionary psychology d. the availability heuristic e. drive-reduction theory

a. cognitive-dissonance theory

AP 2014 The results of Harry Harlow's experiments with infant monkeys and surrogate mothers show that a. contact comfort was the primary basis of attachment for the infant monkeys b. female infant monkeys are more independent than male infant monkeys c. female infant monkeys are more obedient than male infant monkeys d. food outranked all other factors in the development of infant monkeys' attachment to their mother e. infant monkeys mimic the surrogate mothers' behavior

a. contact comfort was the primary basis of attachment for the infant monkeys

AP 2017 Konrad Lorenz found that shortly after a gosling is born, it tends to follow the first large moving object it sees. This is an example of a. imprinting b. object permanence c. observational learning d. accommodation e. a secure attachment

a. imprinting

AP 2008 When parents set few controls on their children's television viewing, allowing the children freedom to set individual limits, make few demands and do not punish for improper television viewing, the parents exemplify a parenting style referred to as a. permissive b. authoritative c. authoritarian d. reject-neglecting e. pessimistic

a. permissive

AP 2012 When a newborn infant is touched on the cheek, the infant will turn its head toward the source of stimulation. This behavior is known as a. rooting b. suckling c. the patellar reflex d. the Moro reflex e. the Babinski reflex

a. rooting

AP 2004 According to the theory of fundamental attribution error, when explaining the failures of others we usually underestimate the significance of a. situational factors b. dispositional factors c. motivational factors d. support systems e. inherited traits

a. situational factors

AP 2017 Katie is trying to explain to her parents why they should allow her to attend State University. She presents them with information on tuition, graduation and retention rates, financial aid and enrollment. Katie is using a. the central route to persuasion b. groupthink c. the door-in-the-face technique d. the self-serving bias e. an algorithm

a. the central route to persuasion

AP 2015 Morgan made the fundamental attribution error in explaining her students' poor performance on their geography examination when she said which of the following? a. "I thought it was too cold in the room on test day. Maybe that's why the students did poorly." b. "The students just do not care enough about their grades." c. "The class meets at such an early time. Perhaps that's why the class performed poorly." d. "I will have to present the material to them another way and retest." e. "Maybe I am just not a good teacher."

b. "The students just do not care enough about their grades."

AP 2014 Which parenting style is characterized by high demands for obedience and low warmth? a. Permissive b. Authoritarian c. Authoritative d. Neglectful e. Indulgent

b. Authoritarian

AP 2017 While shopping in the grocery store, Shelby stopped and was blocking the aisle. Another shopper asked Shelby to step aside so that she could move down the aisle. Shelby moved out of the way to let the shopper pass. Which of the following phenomena accurately describes Shelby's actions? a. Informed consent b. Compliance c. Social facilitation d. Social impairment e. Social loafing

b. Compliance

AP 2015 Because the most popular students in the high school tend to wear a particular brand of athletic shoe, a new student buys a pair of shoes of the same brand. Such behavior demonstrates which of the following social psychological concepts? a. Obedience b. Conformity c. Cognitive dissonance d. Groupthink e. Compliance

b. Conformity

AP 2013 According to Erik Erikson, in late adulthood the individual reaches the eighth and final stage of the life span in which one reviews and evaluates one's life and the choices one has made. Erikson labeled this stage a. initiative versus guilt b. integrity versus despair c. generativity versus stagnation d. identity versus role confusion e. intimacy versus isolation

b. integrity versus despair

AP 2017 According to Erik Erikson, individuals in early adulthood often seek a life partner with whom they will share their most closely held secrets and hopes. Erikson called tis psychological stage of development a. generativity versus stagnation b. intimacy versus isolation c. industry versus inferiority d. identity versus role confusion e. initiative versus guilt

b. intimacy versus isolation

AP 2013 A disadvantage of longitudinal studies is that a. differences observed among participants of different ages are usually due to differences in the environment in which they were reared b. participants who drop out during the course of the study may be different in important ways from ones who do not drop out c. unfamiliarity with testing situations can put older participants at a disadvantage d. personality traits do not remain constant across the life span e. men and women confront different developmental crises in the course of their lives because of their different social roles

b. participants who drop out during the course of the study may be different in important ways from ones who do not drop out

AP 1994 Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning is best described by which of the following? a. personal conscience is innate and all human beings develop it at the same rate b. By adulthood, all people judge moral issues in terms of self- chosen principles c. Ethical principles are defined by ideas of reciprocity and human equality in individualistic societies, but by ideas of law and order in collective societies d. Children grow up with morals similar to those of their parents e. Children progress from a morality based on punishment and reward to one defined by convention, and ultimately to one defined by abstract ethical principles

e. Children progress from a morality based on punishment and reward to one defined by convention, and ultimately to one defined by abstract ethical principles

AP 2013 When a person experiences two thoughts that are incompatible, psychological tension may be produced, leading to an attempt to reconcile the discrepant thoughts. Which of the following concepts best characterizes this response? a. Approach-Avoidance conflict b. Drive Reduction c. Self-Actualization d. Opponent Process e. Cognitive Dissonance

e. Cognitive Dissonance

AP 1999 According to the graph to the right, the greatest degree of attitude change is likely to be produced by which of the following forms of advertising? a. Radio only b. Newspaper only c. Television only d. Easy messages in the newspapers and difficult messages on television e. Easy messages on television and difficult messages in the newspaper

e. Easy messages on television and difficult messages in the newspaper

AP 2014 Hypothetical and deductive thinking are characteristic of which of Jean Piaget's stages of cognitive development? a. Preoperational b. Operational c. Conservation d. Concrete Operational e. Formal Operational

e. Formal Operational

AP 2015 Tina's mother often entertains Tina by bouncing a bunny puppet back and forth along the side of Tina's crib. Initially, Tina pays close attention to the puppet but after a while, she begins to ignore it and continues doing what she was doing before the puppet appeared. Which of the following psychological concepts best explains Tina's change in behavior? a. Attachment b. Discrimination c. Maturation d. Accommodation e. Habituation

e. Habituation

AP 1994 Which of the following was true of Solomon Asch's experiments on conformity? a. People conformed if they knew and respected the authority figure present b. An increase from 7 to 12 confederates increased conformity by experimental subjects c. Experimental subjects conformed less frequently when their judgments were made known to the group d. About 99% of the judgments made by the experimental subjects were wrong e. If the confederates' judgments were not unanimous, the degree of conformity by experimental subjects decreased

e. If the confederates' judgments were not unanimous, the degree of conformity by experimental subjects decreased

AP 1994 In which of the following types of research are the same children tested periodically at different points in their development? a. Clinic case study b. Between subjects c. Cross-sectional d. Ethnographic e. Longitudinal

e. Longitudinal

AP 2015 Which developmental milestone must be reached before an infant experiences separation anxiety? a. Imprinting b. Theory of mind c. Conservation d. Egocentrism e. Object permanence

e. Object permanence

AP 2013 Psychologists characterize parents who consistently demand their children's compliance without discussion as a. indifferent b. permissive c. indulgent d. authoritative e. authoritarian

e. authoritarian

AP 2012 Carol Gilligan's critique of Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development focuses primarily on a. the order in which stages of moral development occur b. the key events that mark the transitions between stages of moral development c. the number of stages in moral development d. how the course of moral development might be altered within certain cultures e. differences between males and females in the course of moral development

e. differences between males and females in the course of moral development

AP 1999 Carol Gilligan's criticism of Lawrence Kohlberg's developmental theory is based on the argument that Kohlberg's a. work has been invalidated by changes in the structure of families in the United States b. stages are too limited in their critical-period parameters c. theory underestimates the capabilities of infants and children d. stages to not apply equally well to all racial and ethnic groups e. theory fails to account sufficiently for differences between males and females

e. theory fails to account sufficiently for differences between males and females

AP 2008 Carol Gilligan, in her criticism of Lawrence Kohlberg, proposed that the moral reasoning of males is primarily based on a. male repression of females, whereas the moral reasoning of females is based on economics b. rational abstract principles, whereas the moral reasoning of females is based on relationships and the social context c. legalistic ideas, whereas the moral reasoning of females is based on more humanistic ideas d. observational learning, whereas the moral reasoning of females is genetically determined for the most part e. physical strength, whereas males start developing morally later than females but surpass them soon afterwards

b. rational abstract principles, whereas the moral reasoning of females is based on relationships and the social context

AP 2007 Jessie and a friend are driving in rush-hour highway traffic when a car suddenly cuts in front of them in order to reach an unmarked exit ramp. Jessie's passenger points out that the circumstances may have required the other driver to do so, while Jessie loudly criticizes the personal qualities of the other driver. Jessie's response is best explained by a. cognitive dissonance theory b. the fundamental attribution error c. a self-fulfilling prophecy d. the mere exposure effect e. social inhibition theory

b. the fundamental attribution error

AP 1994 Which of the following is most useful in understanding an employer's interpretation of an employee's poor performance? a. Cannon's theory b. Reinforcement theory c. Attribution theory d. Arousal theory e. Cognitive dissonance

c. Attribution theory

AP 1994 The most well-adjusted and socially competent children tend to come from homes where parents employ which of the following parental styles? a. Minimal supervision b. Authoritarian c. Authoritative d. Indulgent e. Permissive

c. Authoritative

AP 2004 Which Piagetian stage of cognitive development is characterized by mastery of conservation tasks? a. Sensorimotor b. Preoperational c. Concrete Operational d. Formal Operational e. Tertiary circular reactions

c. Concrete Operational

AP 2012 Which of the following is the best interpretation of Solomon Asch's findings, pictured to the right, concerning conformity in perceptual judgments? a. The larger the group, the greater the conformity of group members b. The smaller the group, the greater the conformity of group members c. Conformity increases as group size increases to about four persons. d. Conformity decreases as group size decreases to about four persons e. There is no relationship between group size and conformity

c. Conformity increases as group size increases to about four persons.

AP 2004 A researcher asks elementary, junior high, senior high and college students to define the term "cheating" and analyzes differences in their definitions across age groups. This is an example of which type of study? a. Longitudinal b. Sequential c. Cross-sectional d. Case study e. Observational

c. Cross-sectional

AP 2004 Which of the following is a definition of discrimination that most directly applies to social psychology? a. Prototype matching to organize information into categories b. Maintaining information in memory through repetition c. Differential treatment, usually negative, based on group membership d. Recognizing an object as distinct from its surroundings e. Learning to respond differently to similar stimuli

c. Differential treatment, usually negative, based on group membership

AP 2013 The component of intelligence described by Raymond Cattell as involving the ability to understand logical relationships, reason abstractly, and learn quickly is related to which of the following? a. Mental age b. Intelligence quotient c. Fluid intelligence d. Emotional intelligence e. Crystalized intelligence

c. Fluid intelligence

AP 2007 A mother gives her child an orange for the first time. The child rolls it across the table and says, "ball". Which of the following Piagetian processes would account for this behavior? a. Seriation b. Accommodation c. Reversal d. Assimilation e. Conservation

d. Assimilation

AP 2015 Daren's father dictated who Darien's friends should be and what classes he should take, and he set en extremely early curfew. If Darien went against his father's wishes, the repercussions were harsh and swift. What type of parenting did Darien experience? a. Permissive b. Reject-neglecting c. Authoritative d. Authoritarian e. Self-regulation

d. Authoritarian

AP 1994 According to Jean Piaget, what is the earliest stage at which a child is capable of using simple logic to think about objects and events? a. Sensorimotor b. Preoperational c. Symbolic d. Concrete Operational e. Formal Operational

d. Concrete Operational

AP 2008 Of the following cognitive milestones, which ability tends to be acquired last? a. Telegraphic speech b. Use of schemas c. Object permanence d. Hypothetical thinking e. Assimilation

d. Hypothetical thinking

AP 2008 The fundamental attribution error occurs when individuals do which of the following? a. Mold their interpretations of the past to fit how events actually turned out b. Incorrectly assume that virtually all behavior is determined by genetic factors c. Underestimate the influence of unconscious motivation when trying to explain their own behavior d. Overestimate the influence of personal qualities relative to situational factors when trying to explain the behavior of others e. Assume that very attractive people tend to be more intelligent and more competent than people who are somewhat less attractive

d. Overestimate the influence of personal qualities relative to situational factors when trying to explain the behavior of others

AP 2004 Which type of psychologist would be interested primarily in studying whether people behave differently in groups than they do when alone? a. Experimental b. Cognitive c. Developmental d. Social e. Clinical

d. Social

AP 2012 Harry Harlow's experiments with rhesus monkeys suggest which of the following as most important for infants when establishing an attachment to their mothers? a. The amount of time spent with the mother b. The mother's ability to protect the infant from physical harm c. The mother's ability to provide nourishment to the infant d. The tactile characteristics of the mother e. The particular vocalizations of the mother

d. The tactile characteristics of the mother

AP 2013 The fact that imprinting is most certain to occur if the opportunity for imprinting is presented to the organism at a very specific age indicates the existence of a. a schema b. a reflex c. an archetype d. a critical period e. an unconscious inference

d. a critical period

AP 1999 Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation paradigm is typically used to test young children's a. ego strength b. intelligence c. reaction time d. attachment e. incidental learning

d. attachment

AP 2012 A young child shown a nine-inch round bowl and a six-inch round bowl containing equal amounts of popcorn says he is certain the smaller bowl has more popcorn than the larger bowl. This child has yet to acquire what Jean Piaget called a. object permanence b. equilibrium c. functional fixedness d. conservation e. circular reactions

d. conservation

AP 1999 The debate over whether development occurs gradually, without discernible shifts, or through a series of distinct stages is termed a. nature v. nurture b. developmental v. cognitive c. cross-sectional v. longitudinal d. continuity v. discontinuity e. maturation v. learning

d. continuity v. discontinuity

AP 1999 A normally functioning 65-year old who cannot solve abstract logic puzzles as quickly as he did when he was younger is experiencing a a. phenomenon that is uncommon for people of his age b. phenomenon predicted by Erik Erikson as part of the eight stages of psycho-social development c. decrease in his crystalized intelligence d. decrease in his fluid intelligence e. difficulty with concrete operational thinking

d. decrease in his fluid intelligence

AP 2007 A fifty-two year old women notices a decrease in her ability to solve unfamiliar problems quickly and to form new concepts, although she still feels confident in recalling and using familiar information. This is most likely due to a decline in a. mental age b. concrete operational thought c. crystallized intelligence d. fluid intelligence e. preoperational thought

d. fluid intelligence

AP 2008 Ralph is aware that smoking is harmful to his health, but he continues to smoke. According to cognitive dissonance theory, it is most likely that Ralph will a. gather information on the dangers of smoking b. start smoking more frequently c. argue that his friends should stop smoking d. focus on the social advantages to smoking e. experience no tension

d. focus on the social advantages to smoking

AP 2012 Understanding that things continue to exist even when they are not within view is called a. mental representation b. deep structure c. a schema d. object permanence e. assimilation

d. object permanence

AP 2014 When ten-month-old Frances throws her toy out of sight, she looks to see where it falls. Developmental psychologists would say that Frances' behavior indicates that she has developed a. centration b. conservation c. egocentrism d. object permanence e. accommodation

d. object permanence

AP 1999 According to cognitive dissonance theory, human beings are motivated to a. respond to an inborn need to pass their genes to the next generation b. maintain an optimal level of arousal c. satisfy basic needs such as hunger before proceeding to higher needs such as self-actualization d. reduce tensions produced by inconsistent thoughts e. satisfy needs resulting from tissue deficits

d. reduce tensions produced by inconsistent thoughts

AP 2007 According to Erik Erikson's theory of development, the key concern of early adulthood is a. establishing a career b. leaving the parents' world c. raising children d. sharing intimacy with another e. building an identity

d. sharing intimacy with another

AP 2015 In Philip Zimbardo's Stanford prison experiment, young men were assigned roles as either guards or prisoners. The results showed that a. leadership styles can differently influence behavior b. groupthink can be dangerous c. groups that are hostile toward each other may be united by a common goal d. situations can exert powerful effects on morality and identity e. socialization can have an impact on bystander apathy

d. situations can exert powerful effects on morality and identity

AP 2007 According to Lawrence Kohlberg, children at the first level of moral reasoning make judgments about right and wrong on the basis of a. cultural norms b. social conventions c. religious beliefs d. the likelihood of punishment e. the approval of siblings and same-sex peers

d. the likelihood of punishment

AP 2013 In Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, which of the following best exemplifies the concept of accommodation? a. A newborn touched lightly on the right cheek turns his head to the right b. An infant reaches out toward the moon as if to grasp it c. An infant stops reaching for a toy as soon as it is covered by a cloth d. An infant acquires a fear of heights after learning to crawl e. An infant trying unsuccessfully to suck her fist opens her mouth wider and is successful

e. An infant trying unsuccessfully to suck her fist opens her mouth wider and is successful

AP 1999 According to attribution theory, Pablo is most likely to attribute his high score on a difficult exam to a. good luck b. his intelligence c. his instructor's teaching ability d. the low level of difficulty of the exam e. his classmates' inadequate preparation for the exam

b. his intelligence

AP 1999 Which of the following research methods is being used if the same subjects are tested at two, four, and six years of age? a. Cross-cultural b. Longitudinal c. Cross-sectional d. Correlational e. Projective

b. Longitudinal

AP 2013 A conscientious objector refuses to engage in combat because he cannot support the taking of human life. His reasoning best illustrates which stage in Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development? a. Authoritative b. Postconventional c. Concrete operational d. Conventional e. Egocentric

b. Postconventional

AP 2008 According to Jean Piaget, children cease to exhibit egocentrism during which of the following stages? a. Sensorimotor b. Preoperational c. Concrete operational d. Post-conventional e. Pre-conventional

b. Preoperational

AP 2012 Egocentrism, animism and artificialism are characteristics of which of Jean Piaget's stages of cognitive development? a. Sensorimotor b. Preoperational c. Postformal d. Concrete operations e. Formal operations

b. Preoperational

AP 2017 A healthy, seventy-year-old editor of a print magazine is likely to experience the greatest decline in which of the following cognitive tasks? a. Remembering who was the president of the United States in 1960 b. Quickly learning the process of editing and publishing an Internet-based magazine c. Recalling the name and author of a favorite book d. Remembering the names of grandchildren e. Explaining the process of magazine publishing before computers and the internet

b. Quickly learning the process of editing and publishing an Internet-based magazine

AP 2004 A schema can be described as a. an outer layer of the eye b. a mental construct c. a fissure between lobes of the brain d. an optical illusion e. a fixed response to a particular stimuli

b. a mental construct

AP 2004 Solomon Asch's findings on conformity might best be used to explain why a. members of a family all like the taste of bananas b. adolescents follow fads in dress and hairstyle c. people are less likely to accept blame for their failures than to accept credit for their successes d. bystander intervention is more likely to occur when few, rather than many, bystanders are present e. performance is enhanced in the presence of others

b. adolescents follow fads in dress and hairstyle

AP 2017 Five-year-old Mary watches while her teacher pours equal amounts of water into two similar glasses. The liquid from one of the glasses is then poured into a tall, thin container, and Mary is asked which contains more - the original glass or the tall, thin container. She says the tall, thin container contains more liquid. According to Jean Piaget, this example illustrates a lack of a. egocentrism b. conservation c. object permanence d. preconventional thought e. basic trust

b. conservation

AP 2017 Genie was a girl who endured abusive and neglectful conditions and was deprived of language exposure until she was rescued at age 13. Despite remediation, Genie was unable to learn to speak fluently. Historically, this case study was used to demonstrate the effect of a. temperament b. critical periods c. linguistic determinism d. self-fulfilling prophecies e. cognitive dissonance

b. critical periods

AP 2015 In Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation experiment, infants who were classified as securely attached were more likely to a. have a tantrum when the mother left the room b. express happiness when the mother returned to the room c. prevent the mother from leaving the room d. try to play with the stranger when the mother left the room e. not notice when the mother left the room

b. express happiness when the mother returned to the room

AP 1999 Cognitive theorists emphasize the a. powerful unconscious impulses that motivate behavior b. formation and modification of schemas c. impact of rewards and punishments d. individual's desire to become self-actualized e. social norms that determine expected behavior

b. formation and modification of schemas

AP 2017 The researchers who conducted the Stanford prison simulation believed that the participants designated as guards acted harshly toward those designated as prisoners because the a. guards were all male b. guards responded to situational factors c. guards had negative personality factors d. prisoners had negative personality factors e. prisoners were young

b. guards responded to situational factors

AP 2017 Infants are repeatedly shown an object dropping onto a platform. Eventually, the infants spend less time looking at the object, and their heart rates and respiration decrease. This is an example of a. sensory adaption b. habituation c. dishabituation d. generalization e. transference

b. habituation

AP 2015 To study differences in the cognitive processing of younger and older adults, Genevieve assessed a group of 30 year olds and a group of 60 year olds using the same cognitive task. She found no significant difference in cognitive processing between the two groups. Which of the following is a true statement that best explains her findings? a. Researchers have not documented changes in cognitive ability over the human life span. b. Genevieve's participants were most likely women, who do not decline cognitively as they age c. Genevieve's task involved semantic memory, which does not typically show decline among people of the ages she tested d. Most decline in cognitive ability is associated with dementia, which would not yet have occurred in the participants at age 60. e. Genevieve's older participants were most likely taking memory medications that prolong the ability to be proficient in cognitive tasks

c. Genevieve's task involved semantic memory, which does not typically show decline among people of the ages she tested

AP 2008 Which psychologist reported that infant attachment to another goes beyond the satisfaction of the need for nourishment? a. Albert Bandura b. Jean Piaget c. Harry Harlow d. Erik Erikson e. Konrad Lorenz

c. Harry Harlow

AP 2008 Researcher Renee Baillargeon found that four-month-old infants will look longer at a ball if it appears to roll through a solid barrier, demonstrating that babies seem to grasp basic physical laws intuitively. Which of the following theories does this finding challenge? a. Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development b. Lev Vygotsky's social cognition learning model c. Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development d. Mary Ainsworth's findings from the Strange Situation e. Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development

c. Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development

AP 1994 In their discussions of the process of development, the advocates of nature in the nature-nurture controversy emphasize which of the following? a. Socialization b. Cognition c. Maturation d. Experience e. Information Processing

c. Maturation

AP 2004 A researcher dabs color on a 16-month-old child's face and places the child in front of a mirror. Which of the following developmental milestones has been reached if the child realizes that there is something wrong with its face? a. Visual discrimination b. Recognition of a human form c. Recognition of self d. Identification of the gender of the image e. Perception of the image as a playmate

c. Recognition of self

AP 1999 Which of the following is typically cited as a characteristic of autistic children? a. Minor developmental delays in academic achievement b. Above-average performance on tests of creativity c. Severely impaired interpersonal communication d. Tendency to seek younger playmates e. Paranoia comparable with that experienced in schizophrenics

c. Severely impaired interpersonal communication

AP 2012 Developmental research on the formation of attachment indicates that a child's secure attachment to its mother during infancy is predictive of which of the following during its toddler years? a. Social rejection b. Impulsive behavior c. Social competence d. Divergent thinking e. Shyness

c. Social competence

AP 2012 Which of the following behaviors is most closely associated with the foot-in-the-door phenomenon? a. Beth continues to participate in class because she is positively reinforced b. Adam is sleeping while the rest of his classmates are working on their group project c. Susan asks his father for $5, and when he agrees, Susan asks him for $15 more. d. James feels pressure to go to the movies with his friends even though he prefers to go bowling e. Diana feels guilty because she did not help her family clear the table after dinner

c. Susan asks his father for $5, and when he agrees, Susan asks him for $15 more.

AP 2008 Which of the following studies demonstrates a cross-sectional research design? a. Testing the first graders, and then testing them again when they are in the third grade b. Testing first graders at the end of the school year c. Testing first, third, and fifth graders at the beginning of the school year d. Observing first graders as they test in two different subject areas e. Observing first graders as they interact with either third graders or fifth graders

c. Testing first, third, and fifth graders at the beginning of the school year

AP 2015 Which of the following is the best example of fluid intelligence? a. Reciting names of all the continents in the world without looking at a map. b. Identifying the author of a very famous novel c. Using cubes to figure out the solution to a previously unseen puzzle. d. Giving an adequate definition of a difficult word. e. Recognizing a piece of classical music.

c. Using cubes to figure out the solution to a previously unseen puzzle.

AP 2007 A group of students perceived a stationary point of light in a dark room as a moving object. When asked later how far the light had moved, their responses increased in similarity as they heard each other's' estimates. This outcome was a demonstration of a. obedience b. social facilitation c. conformity d. visual masking e. motion parallax

c. conformity

AP 2014 Individuals are most likely to obey when demands are made by a a. close friend b. physically attractive individual c. legitimate authority d. subordinate e. colleague of similar rank

c. legitimate authority

AP 2004 Keisha was able to roll over at two months, crawl at five months, and walk at ten months. This sequence of development is most likely due to a. egocentrism b. social context c. maturation d. attachment e. assimilation

c. maturation

AP 1999 A baby looks under the sofa for a ball that has just rolled underneath it. According to Jean Piaget, the baby's action shows development of a. conservation of mass b. reversibility c. object permanence d. logical thinking e. metacognition

c. object permanence

AP 2015 People were asked to sign a petition in support of a political candidate. Later, those who signed the petition were asked to donate money to the candidate, and many of them did. This phenomenon is best characterized as a. social facilitation b. the self-serving bias c. the foot-in-the-door technique d. the door-in-the-face technique e. the lowball technique

c. the foot-in-the-door technique

AP 2012 The tendency to believe that another person's behavior is caused by dispositional factors rather than by environmental factors is called a. situational attribution b. impression management c. the fundamental attribution error d. an implicit personality theory e. identification

c. the fundamental attribution error