AP PSYCH TEST REVIEW

Nerves

"Cables" containing many axons. Part of the PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM! They connect the Central Nervous System with muscles, glands, and sense organs.

Overregularization/Overgeneralization

"I goed to the store" debunks behaviorist views as shows original, not learned, sentence creation

REM

"Paradoxical sleep". You're dreaming! SNS more active. Paralyzed body so you can't act out your dreams.

Social Traps

"People will do what's good for themselves right now rather than do what's good for the group for the future, we see this a lot regarding the environment.

Klein-Levins Syndrome

"Sleeping beauty syndrome" people will sleep up to 22 hours a day going for weeks or months, then go through normal periods. Part of hypersomnia.

REMEMBER THE STEPS IT TAKES IN THE EYE AND EAR

!!!!

Trust vs. Mistrust

Erikson: Stage 1: 0-1: Can a baby trust the world to fulfill needs? Basic Trust.

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

Erikson: Stage 2: 2-3: Toddlers begin to control their bodies (toilet training); the word "no", will they control or doubt?

Initiative vs. Guilt

Erikson: Stage 3: 4-6: NO to WHY. Curiosity

Industry vs. Inferiority

Erikson: Stage 4: 6-puberty: School beings, we are evaluated by others. Do we feel good or inferior about accomplishments?

Identity vs. Confusion

Erikson: Stage 5: Teenagers: Who am I? Where do I fit in?

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Erikson: Stage 6: Early Adulthood: Examining priorities, developing relationships

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Erikson: Stage 7: Middle Adulthood: have I created what I want in life or am I stuck? Mid-life crisis

Integrity vs. Despair

Erikson: Stage 8: Late Adulthood: was my life meaningful? Regrets?

Hidden Observer

Ernest Hilgard thought of this- hypnosis- is in your consciousness, observes and deals with the pain so that your main consciousness doesn't have to.

Idiographic Method

Evaluation of case studies individually

Wording Effect

Even subtle changes in the wording or order of questions can have major effects.

Reconsolidation

Every time we bring up a memory, we replace the original with a slightly modified version

Lawrence Kohlberg

Examines the stages and development of morality

Narcissism

Excessive self love and self-absorption

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Excessive self-admiration, egocentric, sense of grandiose importance

Plateau

Excitement peaks such as breathing, pulse, and blood pressure.

The Hermann Grid

Exists

Anal Stage

2 18 months to 3 years If parents are too harsh during this stage, child becomes anal retentive. Parents too overindulgent, child is anal expulsive

CT (Computer Tomography) Scan

A series of x-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by a computer into a composite representation of a slice through the body; also called a CAT scan. SHOWS STRUCTURE.

Attitude

A set of beliefs and feelings

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

A popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (challenging self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior). Anxiety, depression, OCD

Matching Hypothesis

A prediction that most people will find friends and mates that are perceived to be about their same level of attractiveness.

Schizophrenia

A psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished or inappropriate emotional expression. 1/100 people- 60% men. EXCESS DOPAMINE

Psychosis

A psychological disorder in which a person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions

Somatic Symptom Disorder

A psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause

Self-Serving Bias

A readiness to perceive oneself favorably and "better than average"/take more credit for good outcomes vs. bad

Iris

A ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil opening. Dilates/constricts in response to changing light intensity.

Random Sample

A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion.

Altruism

A selfless good deed. Does one exist? That's a debate.

Basic Trust

A sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers

Cardinal Trait

A single defining personality trait that is dominant in all situations. The number 1 thing you'd say to describe someone

Traumatic Stressors

A situation that threatens yours or others' physical safety and promotes a feeling of helplessness. Human-created catastrophes are always worse.

Acute Stress

A temporary pattern of stressor- activated arousal with distinct onset, and limited duration (short-term stress)

Confirmation Bias

A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

Trait

A tendency toward certain behaviors or emotions, no matter what the situation; these tendencies are stable and predictable over time. Focused on description of behavior rather than explanation.

Aptitude Test

A test designed to predict a person's future performance or capacity to learn

Hypothesis

A testable prediction; the Independent Variable will predict the Dependent Variable.

Insight Therapies

A variety of therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing a person's awareness of underlying motives and defenses

PET (Positron Emission Tomography) Scan

A visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task. SHOWS FUNCTION.

Sensory Memory

Allows us to hold a representation of sensory input briefly; most fades within a second

Skin Senses

Also connected to the somatosensory cortex. Sensitivity to stimulation varies tremendously over the body.

Hallucinogens

Alter perception and create dramatic hallucinations, disrupting transmission of serotonin. LSD, mushrooms, peyote, THC

Learning Disorder

Auditory processing, visual processing, any learning disorder really

Echoic Memory

Auditory sensory memory

Teratogens

Anything that harms an organism before birth- x-rays, mercury, alcohol

Ghrelin

Appetite hormone

Generalization

Apply the findings to more than just those from which you sampled.

Mental Set

Approach a problem in a certain way, usually one that has had previous success

CT and MRI Scans...

Are for STRUCTURE. The rest are for FUNCTION!

Identical Twins

Are identical because their genes are exactly the same. One egg and one sperm splits.

Association Areas

Areas of the Cerebral Cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions. They are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking. Think of Phineas Gage- he survived the rod to the head because his Association Areas were hit, not anything super important. Most intelligent animals have increased AAs of the Cortex.

Functional Fixedness

Believe that objects can only be used in one particular way, have it because of implicit assumptions (we think that there are rules governing how we do things)

Secure Attachment

Believes and trusts that needs will be met. Mother is consistent and sensitive, child becomes secure and happy.

Anti-Anxiety Medication

Benzodiazepines: xanax, ativan, valium depress CNS

Intensity

Brightness. Amount of energy in a wave determined by amplitude. It is related to perceived brightness.

Interneurons

Carry information between other neurons only found in the brain and spinal cord. In-between. Throughout hands, but not all the way up to brain. A bridge!

H.M.

Case study about the hippocampus- he had it removed, couldn't form new memories because of it.

Soma

Cell body

Somatosensory Cortex

Cerebral Cortex: Area at the front of the Parietal Lobes that registers and processes body sensations, sense of touch, temperature, and pain.

Motor Cortex

Cerebral Cortex: Area at the rear of the Frontal Lobes that controls voluntary movements.

Temporal Lobes

Cerebral Cortex: Auditory processing, facial recognition, olfactory cortex.

Deinstitutionalization

Closing institutions in the 1950s was intended to save money as well as benefit patients but many were unable to care for themselves, and led to growth in homelessness

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

Cluster A Odd thinking, bizarre fantasies, peculiar language

Schizoid Personality Disorder

Cluster A Seclusive, indifferent, passive

Paranoid Personality Disorder

Cluster A Suspicious, hypersensitive, secretive

Histrionic Personality Disorder

Cluster B Attention seeker, flamboyant, provocative

Borderline Personality Disorder

Cluster B Impulsive, self-mutilative, manipulative

Antisocial Personality Disorder

Cluster B Rule breaker, aggressive, callous, lack of empathy

Dependent Personality Disorder

Cluster C Clingy, indecisive, submissive

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

Cluster C Perfectionist, passive aggressive. No compulsions

Avoidant Personality Disorder

Cluster C Withdrawn, fears criticism, overly serious

Stimulants

Cocaine and Amphetamines Nicotine, caffeine, MDMA/Ecstasy (damages serotonin production)

Schema

Cognitive framework based on our previous experiences; set of expectations

Interactionist/Functionalist Model

Combination of Skinner and Chomsky- Biological acquisition is triggered/nurtured through social interaction

Parallel Processing

Combination of effortful and automatic.

Eclectic Approach

Combining therapy types

Human Genome

Common human DNA sequence (we all have the same one)

Cross-Sectional Study

Compares one cohort to another--leads to cohort effect. Shorter time period.

Hypnosis: Dissociated State

Completely altered state of consciousness. You use hypnotism to block pain, you have a "hidden observer".

Pica

Compulsive eating of non-food substances

Tulving

Deep processing is better than shallow

DSM 5

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition describes disorders, possible causes, predicts prognosis, and implies appropriate treatment

Polarization

Difference in charge

Agonists

EXCITES Mimics neurotransmitters. Can occupy the same receptor sites as NTs and cause the neurons to act how they would if there were to be an NT on it, sometimes to a higher degree.

Episodic Memory

EXPLICIT/DECLARATIVE, for specific events like an episode in your life

Z-Score

Each value on each standard deviation.

Nurture

Environment

Retrograde Amnesia

Erasing things from before the accident/damage, usually a period of life

Experimentation

Explores cause and effect. It is the backbone of psychological research and IS THE ONLY WAY TO PROVE CAUSATION!!!

Social Leadership

Group-oriented leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support.

Reticular Formation

Hindbrain: Alertness/attention to incoming stimuli. Allows you to attend to threats quickly, and ignore things that are not of immediate survival importance. Damage=coma

Cerebellum

Hindbrain: Balance, voluntary movement, procedural learning (muscle memory).

Medulla

Hindbrain: Brainstem: Basic life functioning and reflexes. Damage=death :(

Pons

Hindbrain: Brainstem: Sleep/wake cycle, coordinating movement.

Thalamus

Hindbrain: Sensory relay station (EXCEPT SMELL)! Doesn't process anything-it's just a sorting station that sends input to wherever it has to go to be processed (i.e. sight-> Occipital Lobe).

Brainstem

Hindbrain: The oldest part of the brain! Begins where the spinal cord swells and enters the skull. It is responsible for automatic survival functions. Made up of also the Medulla and Pons.

Frontal Lobe

Hippocampus memories transferred here for storage

Insulin

Hormone that diminishes blood sugar (secreted by pancreas)

Preconscious

Memories, stored knowledge

Semantic Memory

Memory for information and facts (meaning)

Olfaction is close to....

Memory!

Cognitive Deficits

Memory, attention, planning, decision making

Gender Schema

Mental constructs or generalization associated with males and females

Perceptual Set/Perceptual Expectancy

Mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another due to top down processes such as emotions, context, and motivations.

Intelligence

Mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

Animal Research

Must have a clear purpose, must be treated in a humane way, acquire the animals legally, and have the least amount of suffering possible.

Lock & Key Mechanism

Neurotransmitters bind to the receptors of the receiving neuron in a key-lock mechanism.

Gender Typing

Process of acquiring the traditional roles associated with males and females

Left Hemisphere

Processes reading, writing, speaking, mathematics, and comprehension skills (language!).

Four Sources of Attraction

Proximity, Similarity, Self-Disclosure, Physical Attractiveness.

Behavioral

Reinforcement history, the environment

Behavior Modification

Reinforcing desired behaviors and withholding reinforcement for undesired behaviors. Commonly used with intellectual disability and autism

Genetic Relative

Related by blood. Adopted children tend to be more like their genetic relatives, though parents of any relation tend to affect attitudes, beliefs, manners, religion, and political party.

Method of Loci

Relates to location- take somewhere you're familiar with and create a memory palace, associate things you want to remember with locations in that place

Placebo Effect

Relates to the Self-Fulfilling Prophecy, this is the question of are you getting better because you think you are or because it's actually working?

Psychophysics

Relationship between physical stimuli and our psychological experiences to them

Intensity of Action Potential

Remains the same throughout a length of an axon

Semantic Encoding Error

Remember qualities but not exact information

Retroactive Interference

Remember the new thing but not the old one

Encoding Visually

Remember word location on a page

Lobotomy

Removal of brain area or cutting neural connections

Reliability

Repeatability or consistency of a test

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Repeated pulses of magnetic stimulation to the brain for depression

Assimilation Process

SCHEMA- modified PROCESS- slow and gradual- info over time NEW IDEAS- happen with similar concepts

Accommodation Process

SCHEMA- significantly altered, new one may develop PROCESS- sudden change NEW IDEAS- happen with conflicting ideas

Post Conventional

SMALL % OF ADULTS Social Contract Universal Principles

Erik Erikson

STAGE THEORIST, psychosocial development. Periods of crisis in 8 stages

Cocaine and Amphetamines

STIMULANT Increase dopamine and norepinepherine-elevated mood and energy Long lasting damage to dopamine neurons

Seven Basic Emotions

Sadness, fear, anger, disgust, contempt, happiness, surprise.

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

Seasonal depression- you get depressed when it's cold and rainy

4 Attachment Styles

Secure, avoidant, resistant/ambivalent, disorganized

Molecular Genetics

Seeks to identify how specific genes influence behavior and examine at-risk populations for diseases.

Pessimistic Explanatory Style

Sees bad times as stable and unlikely to change, blames themselves for trauma. Higher depression

Maslow

Self-Actualization

Group Therapy

Self-help groups. Therapeutic benefits from group interaction. Creates an environment where people feel supported by others with similar problems.

Binge-Eating Disorder

Significant binge eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt without the compulsory purging or fasting that marks bulimia nervosa

Biased Sample

Some members of the population are less likely to be included than others in a sample.

Apnea

Stopping of breathing during sleep, can be because of a deviated septum. Main issue is that you keep stopping and starting to breathe constantly, waking you up a lot.

Long Term Potentiation

Strengthening of neural connections from repeated firing- grows more dendritic spines to make more connections and pathways

Social Facilitation

Stronger responses to simple or well learned tasks in the presence of others (better performance).

Epigenetics

Studies molecular mechanism and how the environment triggers genetic expression. Shows how your environment can trigger molecular mechanisms to either turn on or turn off specific genes. You're born with your genes, but not necessarily how they're going to function.

Longitudinal Study

Studies the same group over a long period of time, need to account for drop out rate and allows you to see the effects of changes in individuals over time

Avoidant Attachment

Subconscious belief that needs won't be met. Mother is distant and disengaged, child becomes distant.

Narcolepsy

Sudden, involuntary drop into sleep- enters REM too quickly. Don't get enough of the stage 3 restorative sleep.

Clark Hull

Suggestibility scale, people have different levels of hypnotizability.

Bilingual Advantage

Superior attention due to language switching, increased neural networks

Stepping Reflex

Support a newborn under the arms and it will simulate walking strides- disappears around 2 months

Ventromedial Hypothalamus (VH)

Suppresses hunger

Ventromedial Hypothalamus (VMH)

Suppresses hunger (tells you when you're full)

Descriptive Studies

Surveys, Case Studies, Naturalistic Observation. Don't give causal relationships, allow us to study things that we can't experimentally.

Paraphasia

Switching related words

Positive Symptoms

Symptoms that should not be present (hallucinations, delusions)

Group Matching

Systematically assigning different groups to guarantee balance.

Frequency Distribution

Tables, BAR GRAPHS, HISTOGRAMS.

Theory of Mind

Taking others' perspectives, 4 years

Gustation

Taste: sweet, sour, bitter, salty, umami. Chemical sense!

Cognitive Therapy

Teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions

Wernicke's Area

Temporal Lobe: Interprets and understands language (makes the things you say comprehensible).

High-Reactive Infants

Tend to be apprehensive and react in intense and fearful manner when introduced to new experiences

Overconfidence

Tendency to be more confident than correct

Harry Harlow

Terry cloth and wire money experiment

Slow/High Road

Thalamus to visual cortex, then processed and you become consciously aware, pulling from frontal lobe and memory. You assess "that's a snake" and "I need to get away" LAZARUS AND SCHACHTER

Law of Pragnanz

The Gestalt principle which states that the simplest organization, requiring the least cognitive effort, will emerge as the figure. Olympic symbol- we see 5 circles and not one weird shape

Naturalistic Observation: Beware of....

The Hawthorne Effect!

Null Hypothesis

The Independent Variable will have NO EFFECT on the Dependent Variable--in an experiment, you are trying to reject the null hypothesis.

Self

The center of personality in contemporary psychology

Fovea

The central focal point in the retina, around which they eye's cones cluster. It's the center of your visual field, so whatever you're staring directly at is in your fovea. All cones!

Mental Age

The chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance

Norms of Reciprocity

The expectation is that you will return something in kind- if someone does something nice for you, you will also do something nice for them. Someone gives you something, the expectation is that you give them something back. If you don't, they feel betrayed because they gave you one!

Brain Lesion

The experimental destruction of brain tissue to study animal behaviors after such destruction (i.e. lobotomy). Often we can study this way because of a surgery resulting from a medical condition that required part of the brain to be removed, we can't just do this to people because that's so unethical!

Validity

The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to

Content Validity

The extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest- does it measure the important elements of that behavior?

Cohesiveness

The force that pulls group members together and forms bonds that last.

Neurogenesis

The formation of new neurons which happens occasionally in adulthood from exercise, sleep, non-stressful environment. Larger regeneration from stem cells.

Ames Room

The girls are the same size but we don't see it as that because the floor and ceiling are sloped and there are no right angles.

Backmasking

The hidden messages in songs like that Lady Gaga one

Latent Content

The hidden/underlying meaning that you don't even want to admit to yourself. Says that dreams are so weird because we're trying to hide our desires behind symbols.

Drive-Reduction Theory

The idea that a physiological need creates a state of tension (a drive), motivating an organism to satisfy their needs

Conservation

The idea that the amount of something doesn't change based on arrangement/appearance

Cerebral Cortex

The intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres. It is the body's ultimate control and information processing center.

Inhibitory Neurotransmitter

The key fits in but only STOPS any other keys! Activation of the receptor causes hyperpolarization and depresses action potential generation.

Rehearsal

The key for moving things from STM to LTM

Retina

The light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin processing visual information. This is where transduction occurs!

Independent Variable

The one that is manipulated, whose effect is being studied.

Dependent Variable

The one that may change in response to the IV being changed, in psychology this is usually the behavior or mental process.

Muller-Lyer Illusion

The one with the arrows like this <--------->---------< and the second part looks bigger

Behavior Genetics

The study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior. Examines the role of environment and biology.

Predictive Validity

The success with which a test predicts the behavior that it is designed to predict

Lens

The transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina (like a camera).

Hemispherectomy

The two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers (mainly the corpus callosum) between them.

Convergent Thinking

There is a particular answer- riddles. Set solution, in the end you wind up in one place.

Antipsychotic Drugs

Treat schizophrenia and severe thought disorder

Exposure Therapies

Treats people by exposing them to anxiety-provoking stimuli

Lateral Hypothalamus (LH)

Triggers hunger

Evolutionary Advantage of Heuristic

Trust your gut- fast decision making, good for survival

Dichotic

Two different things playing in your ears. You must focus on one ear, and if asked what was played into your other ear, you don't know.

Astrocytes

Type of Glial Cell for nutrition

Oligodendrocytes

Type of Glial Cell that creates the Myelin Sheath (insulate neurons).

Schwann Cells

Type of Glial Cell that creates the Myelin Sheath (insulate neurons).

Flashbulb Memory

Type of episodic (explicit) memory typically of traumatic things because they are more emotionally charged

Guilty Knowledge Test

Typically used to assess a suspect's responses of details of a crime- get you to say something that you wouldn't know unless you did it

Preconventional

UP TO AGE 10 Egocentric Punishment and Obedience Instrumental Exchange

Rogers

UPR and conditions of worth, real and ideal self

Defense Mechanisms

Unconsciously used by the ego to protect itself form pain and anxiety

Tend-and-Befriend

Under stress, people (especially women) support and bond with others (secondary appraisal)

Deep Structure

Underlying meaning of a sentence SEMANTICS

Freudian

Understand unconscious conflicts, free association. Labelled as psychodynamic.

Object Permanence

Understanding that things out of sight still exist

Prejudice

Undeserved (usually negative) attitude towards a group of people.

Dunning-Kruger Effect, AKA Illusory Superiority

Unskilled individuals overestimate their own abilities and qualities

Money and Happiness

Up to $75,000, money "buys happiness," though we do feel happy when we pay someone to do something for us, since we're buying ourselves free time.

In-Group & In-Group Bias

Us! We favor the in-group over the out-group. We favor those who a part of our in-group.

False Consensus Effect

We assume people agree with us! There are certain things we assume all people do or like (like chocolate).

Implicit Assumptions

We assume that there are rules limiting what we do even when such rules don't exist

Grouping: Closure

We assume that things are enclosed- think of the circles with the cutouts to look like triangles

Barnum Effect

We attribute or find meaning to/in vague statements- astrology.

Situational Attribution

We attribute people's behavior to a situation they might be in, rather than attributing it to their disposition.

Dispositional Attribution

We attribute people's behavior to their disposition rather than attributing it to a situation they might be in.

Just-World Phenomenon

We believe that the world is just and that people get what they deserve. That's why things like victim blaming happen, because we need to feel like the things that people do make sense- bad things happen to bad people, and good things happen to good people.

Infantile Amnesia

We don't remember anything before the age of 3, frontal lobes aren't developed enough to maintain memories.

Memory Consolidation/Information Processing

We dream to solidify our memories and experiences; solve new problems. Dreams are reflective of what's going on in our lives.

Language Acquisition Device (LAD)

We have a natural ability to produce language- innate capability

Availability Heuristic

We judge the probability of an event occurring based on what readily comes to mind- if it comes to mind more quickly it must be more likley

Perceptual Constancy

We know that our world doesn't just change because of a change in light or angle- when we sit down we're not like wow everything just changed shape

Skinner and Language

We learn by hearing and imitating, then we're reinforced or punished

Changing Size of Objects

We perceive motion because of the changing size of objects when they move

Size Constancy

We perceive objects as having a constant size, even when our distance varies (we know a car is car sized even when it's far away)

Parallel Processing

We process different parts of images separately at the same time. We see everything all together, we don't see it move and then see its color, we just process it at the same time.

Testing Effect

We remember best when we test ourselves- flashcards!

Encoding Specificity Principle

We retrieve information best when we can recreate original learning conditions

Statistical Significance

We run a T-Test on our samples and get a P-Value, which has to be less than .05 to be considered statistically significant.

Other-Race Effect

We see more uniformity in other races than in our own. We think that people of other races look more alike than people of our own.

Descriptive Grammar

We speak incorrectly but people still know what we mean because it has enough descriptive grammar

Grouping: Continuity

We tend to see things as continuous rather than broken into pieces (the squiggle with the straight line through it)

Fundamental Attribution Error

We tend to view people's actions as based on their disposition (think of when a driver cuts you off), and not to a situation that they might be in (what if they're sick and rushing to the hospital and they're not a jerk??).

Halo Effect (Hottie Factor)

We think that attractive people are healthier, happier, more honest, and more successful than their less-attractive counterparts.

Social Impairment/Inhibition

Weaker responses to tasks you don't know how to do very well in the presence of others (worse performance).

Curse of Knowledge

Whatever they know, you know- can be vague because they assume you know what they mean

Approach-Avoidance Conflict

When ONE event or goal has both attractive and unattractive features

Change Blindness

You miss something that has changed in your visual field- failure to notice the difference between what is there now and what was just there a moment ago

Multiple Approach-Avoidance Conflict

You must choose between two or more things, each of which has both desirable and undesirable features

Fast/Low Road

You see a snake- this goes from eyes to thalamus to amygdala. You have no conscious awareness of this happening- this is so that your body can emotionally react before you even realize it's happening. ZAJONC AND LE DOUX

Spacing Effect

You should space out your studying, good for long-term retention

Door in the Face

You start with a big request, knowing that they will say no, because you actually want something smaller in comparison, and it won't look as bad after that.

Self-Disclosure

You tell them about yourself! More of this, and that increases the feeling of liking someone.

Ethnocentrism

You think your ethnicity is the best.

Sleep Paralysis

You wake up but can't move- you have semi-hallucinations (commonly: demon on chest, man in room, alien abduction)

Genetic Predisposition

You're genetically more likely to have something (more prone to it, like alcoholism)

Big Five does...

good job describing dimensions and can be predictive

Opponent Process Theory

i.e. Afterimages. Hering proposed that we process four primary colors combined in pairs of red-green, blue-yellow, and black-white. He says that we still have the three cones but we also do this.

Authoritarian

Little warmth, high demandingness

Manifest Content

The storyline of your dreams

Internal Locus of Control

Those who believe they can control their own lives

External Locus of Control

Those who think there's little they can do to influence what happens to them

Conscious

Thoughts, perceptions

Chromosomes

Threadlike structures made of coiled chain of DNA molecules that contain genes-23 pairs.

Microsleeps

Tiny, second-long sleeps that help us "get through" when we haven't had enough sleep

Descriptive Research: Purpose

To describe what is in reality.

Achievement Test

To determine what a person has learned: AP Test

Weber's Law

To perceive as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage. Light intensity- 8% Weight- 2% Tone frequency- 0.3%

Hypersomnia

Too much sleep! Opposite of insomnia.

Deductive Reasoning

Top-down logic; Starts out with a general statement (all green plants need sunlight) and reducing the generality (this rosebush is a green plant) and then draw a conclusion (this rosebush needs sunlight)

Rooting Reflex

Touch a newborn baby on the cheek, they will turn and root for food source

PPY Increase

(Digestive tract) decreases hunger

Leptin Increase

(Fat cells) decreases hunger

Gestalt

(Form or whole)- The whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Necker Cube

Orexin Increase

(Hypothalamus) Increases hunger

-->Insulin Increase

(Pancreas) Increases hunger

-->Ghrelin Increase

(Stomach) Increases hunger

Contributions to the "Fattening World"

-Highly palatable food -Supersized portions -More variety leads us to eat more -Snacking -Gigantic plates -Sedentary lifestyles -Social influence

Hubel and Weisel

/ | \ Show that cells are responding to the first rectangle but not the other two because the cell responds to things at a certain angle (the shape is the same!)

Oral Stage

1 Birth to 18 months, pleasure from mouth. Smoking, eating, drinking

Informational Processing Model

1- Encoding (input) 2- Storage 3- Retrieval (output)

Motivation...

1- connects observable behavior to internal states 2- accounts for variability in behavior 3- creates perseverance despite adversity 4- relates biology to behavior

How the Senses Are Different

1- extract different information and send it to different parts of the brain 2- all different forms of stimulus needed

How the Senses Are Similar

1- transduce stimulus energy into neural impulses 2- more sensitive to change than to constant stimulation (Sensory Adaptation) 3- provide us with information about the environment we are in

Flow of Depolarization

1. At rest 2. Sodium ions start to come in and make it depolarized 3. Moves on and depolarizes next section 4. Then they're kicked out

Age: Antisocial PD

10

Neuron

100 billion in the human brain! They are messengers.

Terman's Study

1500 kids who were smart lived longer

Emerging Adulthood

18-mid-20's. We see an increase in the age of marriage and establishing independent homes

Age: Alcoholism, OCD, bipolar, schizophrenia

20

Age: Major depressive disorder

25

Phallic Stage

3 3-6 years Pleasure from genital stimulation. Child identifies with their same sex parent.

Hans Eysenck

3 essential personality components- PEN Psychoticism, Extroversion, Neuroticism

Latency Period

4 Middle of childhood to adolescence Sexual energy submerged and hidden, channeled into socially acceptable activities

Emotion

4 part process- physiological arousal, cognitive interpretation, subjective feelings, behavioral expression

Genital Stage

5, final Mature adult sexuailty

Central Traits

5-10 significant characteristics that form our core personaltiy

Normal Distribution

68-95-99

Age: Phobias

8

Sleep cycles are...

90 minutes

: )

:o)

Insecure Attachment=

=High reactive baby, because mother doesn't want to or can't deal with it

Electroconvulsive Therapy

A biomedical therapy for severely depressed people in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient

Unconditional Positive Regard

A caring, accepting, non-judgmental attitude that would help clients develop self-awareness and self-acceptance

Farsightedness

A condition in which far away objects are seen more clearly than near objects

Nearsightedness

A condition in which nearby objects are seen more clearly than distant objects

Chronic Stress

A continuous state of stressful arousal, persisting over time (long-term stress)

Achievement Motivation

A desire for significant accomplishment. For mastery of things, people, or ideas for attaining a higher standard. People like to be good at things that look hard but they know they will succeed in.

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

A disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, anxiety, numbness, and/or insomnia that lingers after traumatic experience

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

A disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and actions (compulsions)

Conversion Disorder

A disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found- may lose sensation in a way neurology can't explain (paralysis, blindness) Symptoms more severe than SSD.

Illness Anxiety Disorder

A disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease- continues to move between doctors looking for an answer and attention

Synapse

A junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. The tiny gap is called the Synaptic Junction or Cleft.

Negative Symptoms

A lack of characteristics that should be present (reduced speech, lack of emotional and facial expression, social withdrawal)

Glutamate

A major EXCITATORY neurotransmitter; involved in memory EXCESS: ALS, migraines, seizures

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)

A major INHIBITORY neurotransmitter that does a lot UNDERSUPPLY: Huntington's Disease, anxiety, epilepsy, insomnia

Perception

A mental process that elaborates and assigns meaning to the incoming sensory patterns. Perception creates an interpretation of sensation.

Intelligence Test

A method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores

Prototype

A model, or best example of a thing/natural concept

Cyclothymic Disorder

A more mild version of bipolar

The Need to Belong

A motivation to form and maintain enduring, close personal relationships.

Action Potential

A neural impulse. A brief electrical charge that travels down an axon caused by the movement of positively charged sodium ions in and out of channels in the axon's membrane.

Bipolar Disorder

A person alternates with depressive and manic states. Manic- quick, nonsensical talking

Panic Disorder

A person experiences sudden episodes of intense dread

Phobias

A person is intensely and irrationally afraid of any object or situation

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

A person views an ambiguous picture and makes up a story about it. The story is a projection of their own feelings.

Sexual Orientation

A person's preference for emotional and sexual relationships with individuals of the same sex, other sex, and/or either sex.

Factor Analysis

A statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person's total score

Stressor

A stressful stimulus or situation demanding adaptation. Hypothalamus and pituitary

Psychological Disorder

A syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation or behavior (must be MALADAPTIVE and CAUSE DISTRESS)

Memory

A system that encodes, stores, and retrieves information.

Intellectual Disability

ADHD has a lot of controversy. Adderall common medication.

Moro Reflex

AKA Startle Reflex- an unexpected stimulus will elicit a response where child throws arms in the air, legs out, then pulls them back into body. Followed by shaking. This is the reason for swaddling

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy

ALBERT ELLIS!!! Confrontational therapy that forces people to challenge irrational, illogical, self-defeating attitudes and beliefs

Fluid Intelligence

Ability to reason speedily and abstractly- tends to decrease in late adulthood

Encoding Acoustically

According to a rhythm or rhyme

Semantic Encoding

According to meaning- mnemonic device

Crystallized Intelligence

Accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; increases with age

How a Neurotransmitter Works

Action Potential comes through and tells the neurotransmitters to release into the synaptic gap, then bond to receiving sites on the dendrite of the receiving neuron. The neurotransmitters bind to specific receptor sites on the receiving neuron, and will either make it start another action potential or not.

Prescriptive Grammar

Actual rules of grammar

Conformity

Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.

Accommodation

Adjusting schemas or behaviors to incorporate new information (i.e. learning animals)

Environmental Relative

Adoptive relative, husband or wife, step parent. Share the same environment but no genes.

Serotonin

Affects mood, hunger, sleep, sensory perception, and mood MOOD AND FOOD EXCESS: anxiety, limits dreaming UNDERSUPPLY: depression, can be raised by Prozac

Refractory Period

After a neuron fires an action potential, it pauses for a short period to recharge itself to fire again.

Subliminal Persuasion

After seeing things used in TV shows (Steve was drinking a coke in Stranger Things) we think after the show "I want a coke"

Cohort

Age groups

Autism risk increases with...

Age of parents Other prenatal complications Premature babies

Happiness is Not Related to...

Age, gender, education levels, parenthood, physical attractiveness

Insight

Aha moment

Tertiary Prevention

Aim to keep people's mental health issues from becoming more severe such as working with those with diagnosed disorders and keeping them from developing

Universal Grammar

All languages have certain grammatical aspects

Peripheral Nervous System

All nerves running throughout body. Connect Central Nervous System to rest of body.

Motivation

All of the processes involved in starting, directing, and maintaining physical and psychological activities.

Population

All the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study.

Pituitary Gland

An Endocrine Gland- Controlled by hypothalamus. Secretes hormones which control the output of hormones by other endocrine glands. Monitors hormone levels to prevent imbalances. HGH- growth Oxytocin- bonding Norepinephrine is also a hormone released by adrenal glands.

Discrimination

An action!!!! based on prejudice.

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

An amplified recording of the electrical waves sweeping across the brain's surface, measured by electrodes placed on the scalp. Gives us a broad picture of brain activity, used for sleep research. Very non-invasive.

Anorexia Nervosa

An eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly (15% or more) underweight

Bulimia Nervosa

An eating disorder in which a person alternates between eating (usually high calorie food) with purging (by vomiting or laxative use), excessive exercise, or fasting

Cannon-Bard Theory

An emotion-triggering stimulus and the body's arousal take place simultaneously

Personality

An enduring pattern of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that make each of us unique. Themes include nature vs. nurture, and stability across situations and over time.

Social Responsibility Norm

An expectation that people will help those needing help.

Aphasia

An impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage to either Broca's Area (impaired speaking) or Wernicke's Area (impaired understanding. The person sounds like they know what they're talking about but make no sense.).

Nerve Deafness

An inability to hear, linked to a deficit in the body's ability to transmit impulses from the cochlea to the brain. Usually relating to damaged hair cells.

Conduction Deafness

An inability to hear, resulting from damage to the structures of the middle ear or inner ear blockage.

Bottom-Up Processing

Analysis of the stimulus begins with the sense receptors and works up the the level of brain and mind.

Spillover Effect

Arousal spills over from one event to another

Sympathetic Nervous System

Arousing- fight or flight. Activated when you're in danger or scared. Evolution-reaction to predators. Pupils dilate, heart beats faster, stop digesting, glucose for energy, relaxes bladder, sweat. ANXIETY

Critical Period

As we age, our ability to learn language decreases

Random Assignment

Assigning subjects to experimental and control conditions by chance, MAKES IT A TRUE EXPERIMENT.

Aversive Conditioning

Associates unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior

Nomothetic Method

Assume that all people pretty much share the same basic traits to different degrees; compare individuals to each other- similar to a norm

Management Theory X

Assumes that workers are basically lazy, error-prone, and extrinsically motivated by money-- workers should be directed from above

Management Theory Y

Assumes that, given challenge and freedom, workers are motivated to achieve self esteem and to demonstrate their competence and creativity.

Face Validity

At a quick glance, does the assessment test what it is meant to?

Pervasive Depressive Disorder

At least 2 symptoms but over 2 years; longer period but less intense

Moon Illusion

At that particular point on the horizon we think that the moon looks bigger because it throws off our depth cues, using the horizon as a comparison

Mary Ainsworth

Attachment styles

Primary Prevention

Attempt to reduce the incidence of societal problems such as joblessness and homelessness that can give rise to mental health issues

Myers Briggs

Attempted to sort people according to Jung personality types, used in counseling and career placement, doesn't predict

Assimilation

Attempting to fit a new experience into cognitive framework (schemas) that one already possesses

Self-Serving Bias

Attribute your success to personal characteristics, your failures to other things that aren't you

Bar Graph vs. Histogram

BAR GRAPHS HAVE GAPS, CATEGORIES ON X. HISTOGRAMS DON'T HAVE GAPS, NUMBER RANGES ON X.

Baby Math

Babies know if the number of things changes

Baby Physics

Babies look longer at unexpected things

Habituation

Babies will look at a new stimulus but they will stop looking at something once it's been present for a while. Drawn to new things, stop looking at unchanging stimuli

Reciprocal Determinism

Bandura Interacting influences of behavior, cognitions and environment.

Trichromatic Theory

Based on behavioral experiments, Helmholtz suggested that the retina should contain three receptors that are sensitive to red, blue, and green colors.

Superego

Based on morality; the "mother's voice" or conscience; guilt. The angel on your shoulder.

Id

Based on the pleasure principle; primitive drives. You know what you want and you want it now. The devil on your shoulder.

Ego

Based on the reality principle; balance. Wants to justify id

Phoneme

Basic sounds of any language- pronunciation

Francis Galton

Began modern intelligence movement through surveying and using applied statistics

Gender Role

Behaviors considered appropriate for males and females in a given social setting

Natural Selection

Biological fears faced by ancestors

Sex

Biologically determined

Glucose

Blood sugar- major source of energy. When levels are low, it signals to your brain that you need to eat.

Inductive Reasoning

Bottom-up logic; Begins with specific pieces of information or observations, concludes with a not usually reliable generalization.

Central Nervous System

Brain and spinal cord

Frequency Theory

Brain identifies pitch of sounds according to how rapidly nerve impulses fire. High pitch is a faster firing neuron. A neuron can only go one speed, so here's the Volley Principle

Sleep Deprivation

Brain slows down: -Lack imagination -Creativity -and logical conclusions -Stutter -Talk in cliches

Continuity Theories

Development is gradual and difficult to notice changes

Tolerance

Builds with repeated use, requires increased amount of substance.

Sleep Spindle

Burst of brain activity- nREM 2

Client Centered Therapy

CARL ROGERS!!! Looked at as clients, not patients, to try to achieve a common ground. Active listening, unconditional positive regard, empathy.

Correlation

CORRELATION DOES NOT IMPLY CAUSATION!!! EXPERIMENTATION IS THE ONLY WAY TO PROVE CAUSATION!!!

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Calming- rest and digest.

fMRI (Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

Can reveal brain functioning and structure by examining changes in blood flow based on different activities. SHOWS STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION. (Shows function overlaid on structure).

Descriptive Research: Disadvantages

Can't help you predict, can't give you cause and effect.

Anterograde Amnesia

Can't make new memories (HM)

Insomnia

Can't sleep! Increases in ghrelin (hunger) and cortisol (stress), decreased immune functioning.

Egocentric

Can't take others' perspectives

Archetypes

Carl Jung Sense of femaleness in males (ANIMA) Sense of maleness in females (ANIMUS)

Frontal Lobes

Cerebral Cortex: Decision making, planning, movement. Front part of Frontal Lobe is the Prefrontal Cortex, involved in critical thinking, which is the last thing to develop. Back part of Frontal Lobe is voluntary movement.

Parietal Lobes

Cerebral Cortex: Include the sensory cortex & processes somatic information. Top of head!

Occipital Lobes

Cerebral Cortex: Include the visual areas, which receive visual information from the opposite visual field.

Descriptive Research: Advantages

Certain Descriptive Research methods can be quick, you can generalize your findings with some.

Hierarchy of Needs

Certain needs have priority over others. Physiological needs like breathing, thirst, and hunger come before psychological needs such as achievement, self esteem, and the need for recognition. KNOW THE ORDER!!!

Pheromones

Chemically produced odor that sends messages to other species members.

Neurotransmitters

Chemicals released from the sending neuron travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing it to generate an action potential. This is how neurons communicate! Live on the axon tip.

Ambivalent Attachment

Child cannot rely on needs to be met. Mother is inconsistent- sensitive & neglectful. Child becomes anxious, insecure, angry.

Chunking

Chunk the letters into more memorable things like FBI CIA SIA

Representative Sample

Closely parallels the population on relevant characteristics. WE WANT THIS, so that we can generalize our findings!!!

Monocular Depth Cues: Relative Size

Closer objects are larger

Biological Psychology

Concerned with the links between biology and behavior.

Corpus Callosum

Connects the two hemispheres. Allows them to communicate with each other- sends messages from the left to the right and vice versa.

Deep Processing

Consciously adding meaning and making connections. Adds meaning to something through elaborative rehearsal

Contact Theory

Contact between hostile groups will reduce animosity if they are made work towards an overarching goal.

Orgasm

Contractions all over the body, increase in breathing, pulse, and blood pressure, sexual release.

Test-Retest Reliabilty

Correlation between a person's score on one administration of the test with the same person's score on a subsequent administration of the test

Equivalent Form Reliabilty

Correlation between performance on the different forms of the test

Inter-Rater Reliabilty

Correlation in scoring between DIFFERENT scorers

Intra-Rater Reliabilty

Correlation in scoring when the same scorer scores the same test more than once

Myelin Sheath

Covers the axon of some neurons and helps speed up neural impulses. Covered with a fatty substance.

Restored Vision

Critical period for vision! We need to have sensory input during this period or else the brain will never be able to interpret that signal in the future, because your brain will do it's neuroplasticity thing and the areas will no longer be accessible. As you age you can go much longer without, say, being able to see because the connections have already been established.

Carol Gilligan

Criticized Kohlberg, since he only looked at males- boys more absolute girls more situational morally, moral reasoning vs. moral behavior

Gender

Culturally acquired behavior and attitudes associated with one's biological sex

Social Script

Culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations. Music, TV, movies, video games.

Down's, Turner's, William's, PKU

D, T, W: intellectual disabilities PKU: ability to digest phenylalanine which can build up in the brain and cause mental retardation

Thorazine and Haldol

Dampened responsiveness to irrelevant stimuli. Molecules are antagonists and occupy dopamine receptor sites to block its activity. Powerful side effects- slugishness, tremors, twitches

Thanatos

Death drive- accounts for some of our aggressive, self-destructive thoughts and behaviors.

Resolution

Engorged genital release blood. Male goes through refractory phase, women resolve slower.

Standardization

Defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of pretested group

State Dependent Memory

Dependent on physical state- tired, hungry, under influence

Context Dependent Memory

Depends on physical environment

Nontasters vs. Supertasters

Depends on the amount of taste buds and sesnsitivity

Opiates

Depressant Suppress pain, induce sleep, induce state of euphoria. Agonists for endorphins and are highly addictive. Leads brain to stop producing own endorphins. Opium Morphine Heroin Oxycodone

Depressive Cycle

Depressed behavior fuels ostracism and increases feelings of rejection

Depressants

Depresses CNS- slows you down, slows nervous system Alcohol (stimulates GABA) Barbiturates (tranquilizers) Benzodiazepines (anti-anxiety) Opiates

Goals of Psychology

Describe, explain, predict, control

Normative Social Influence

Desire to conform to social norms to fit in or gain approval- fashion trends- because of the mere exposure effect, the more we see it, the more we like it.

Shape Constancy

Despite different angles we view things as they are the same shape. You don't suddenly think a door transformed into a different shape when it opens, you understand it's at a different angle.

Agonists

Enhance effect of neurotransmitter

Temperaments

Difficult, slow to warm up, easy

Sensory Adaptation

Diminished physical sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation (cold pool). The sensory stimulators aren't firing anymore because the stimulus is unchanging. Physically can't change this

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

Distinct facial features, behavioral impairments, and in some cases, mental retardation occurs

Stranger Anxiety

Distress upon encountering new, unfamiliar faces, peaking at 13-15 months old

Separation Anxiety

Distress when separated from parent/caregiver

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

Divide between what a child knows and can do on their own and what they have the "potential" to do with a supportive environment: A developmentally appropriate task is in the zone. What I can do with help.

Stability /Change

Do our early personality traits persist throughout life, or do we become different people as we age?

Minnesota Twins Study

Done by Bouchard at the University of Minnesota. Located 74 pairs of identical twins and continued to find similarities.

The Limbic System

Donut-shaped system of neural structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebrum, associated with emotions such as fear, aggression, and drives for food and sex. It includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus.

Depressant vs. Stimulant

Downer vs. Upper

Working Memory

Draws on STM and LTM and allows for stored info to be brought to conscious awareness while also juggling new material that is entering STM. When we bring an LTM into working, you make it vulnerable

Activation-Synthesis

Dreams have no meaning- we have random neural firing and our brains are trying to make sense of it, so our dreams become disjointed since the firings are so unconnected.

Sociocultural

Dysfunctional society

Acetylcholine (ACh)

EXCITATORY Enables muscle action, learning, and memory. UNDERSUPPLY: Alzheimer's, paralysis

Norepinephrine

EXCITATORY Noradrenaline; helps control alertness and arousal. Is also a hormone! UNDERSUPPLY: depressed mood

Dopamine

EXCITATORY AND INHIBITORY Influences movement, alertness, and PLEASURE EXCESS: schizophrenia UNDERSUPPLY: Parkinson's Disease

Lewis Terman

Edited Binet's test and created Stanford-Binet test to identify innate intelligence

Repression

Ego pushes unacceptable impulses out of awareness, back into unconscious mind. You have no knowledge of it ever happening.

Robert Plutchik

Eight primary emotions and eight secondary emotions, the emotion wheel

Neural Impulse

Electrical signal travelling down the axon

Neuroticism

Emotional Stability

Amygdala

Emotional memories (flashbulb)

Active Listening

Empathetic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies

Incentive Theory

Extrinsic Motivation: a desire to perform the behavior because of promised reward or threat of punishments Intrinsic Motivation: a desire to perform a behavior for its own sake and to be effective.

Physiology of Sex

FOUR PHASES IN ORDER: 1- Excitement 2- Plateau 3- Orgasm 4- Resolution

Mimicking

Facial expressions, can imitate many expressions by 12 days old- mirror neurons

Humanistic

Failure to strive toward one's potential or being out of touch with one's feelings

Evolution

Favors genetic variations that produce adaptive behavior.

Agoraphobia

Fear of crowded places, open spaces, leaving one's home, dying somewhere. Fear that you'll be somewhere and something bad will happen to you and you won't be able to get back home to safety. Oftentimes starts with a crowded place, has a panic attack, and they're afraid of that happening again

Unconscious

Fears, violent motives, immoral urges, selfish needs, irrational wishes, unacceptable sexual desires, shameful experiences

FAS

Fetal alcohol syndrome- growth, FAS face, brain severe

Recall

Fill in the blank or free response- come up with info without a cue

Mirror Neurons

Fire when you're engaging in an activity AND when you're watching someone do it. Whether you do it or watch someone else do it, it's the same firing.

Excitatory Neurotransmitter

Fits and OPENS the receiving neuron. Activation of the receptor causes depolarization of the membrane and promotes an action potential in the receiving neuron.

George Sperling Experiment

Flashing the group of letters and then the tone and what letters did you see

Medical Model

Focuses on physical causes and hospital treatment

Habituation

Focuses on the cognitive/perceptual level (heater). You can bring your attention back to the stimulus.

Biopsychosocial Approach

Focuses on the combination of factors that leads to psychological disorders

International Review Board

For ethical issues surrounding humans and animals in experiments.

Forgetting Curve

Forget most in the first day

Terminal Branches/Buttons

Form junctions with other cells

Natural Concept

Formed from everyday experience; no formal rules, but typical characteristics (home)

Penis Envy

Freud thinks that girls want penises and boys envy each other's. he's weird

Psychoanalysis

Freud's therapeutic technique- release previously repressed feelings between id, superego, and ego. Free association, resistance, interpretation, transference

Broca's Area

Frontal Lobe: Controls ability to speak (creating words)

General Adaptation Syndrome

GAS- A pattern of general physical responses that take essentially the same form in responding to any serious chronic stressor - ARE (Alarm reaction, Resistance, Exhaustion)

Vision

Gathers and focuses light, converts it to a neural signal, and sends them on for further processing

Positively Skewed

Graph points to the left.

Negatively Skewed

Graph points to the right.

Psychoticism

General level of caring/empathy

Schema

General understanding of a concept and related concepts

Cohort Effect

Generational difference can skew your data (tech generation)

William's

Genes are missing from chromosome , retardation, spatial weakness, tend to be highly sociable and gravitate towards people and kindness - inability to be prejudice

Color Blindness

Genetic disorder in which people are blind to green or red colors. This supports the trichromatic theory. (Ishihara Test with the numbers)

Nature

Genetics/biology

Excitement

Genitals become engorged with blood, vagina expands, secretes lubricant, penis enlarges

Aaron Beck

Gentle approach! Wanted clients to find negative themes and reverse catastrophizing beliefs about themselves and their future. Gentle questioning and COGNITIVE TRIAD

The Gestalt Theory

Gestalt Psychologists argue that the brain forms a perceptual whole that is more than the mere sum of its sensory parts.

Alfred Binet

Goal was to find children in France who needed special classes, he and Simon developed IQ test for mental age

Instrumental Aggression

Goal-focused

Task Leadership

Goal-oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals.

Posthypnotic Suggestion

Goes with suggestibility theory. Found mixed results in treating addiction, more useful for obesity. Doesn't support research for age regression or discovery of buried memories.

Hormones

Growth of bodily structures like muscles and bones, differences between males and females, metabolism, energy levels, preparing the body for stressful situations, mood.

Clinical Observation

Have shed light on a number of brain disorders. Alterations in brain morphology due to neurological and psychiatric diseases are now being cataloged.

Fraternal Twins

Have the same genetic relationship as any other sibling pair., they're just born at the same time.

Rosenhan Study

He had confederates go into mental institutions who were admitted as schizophrenic and then didn't show any symptoms after being admitted, they were kept for 3.5 weeks because everything they did afterward was viewed as schizophrenic activity

Factors That Reduce Sexual Activity in Teens

High intelligence, religiosity, father presence, learning programs.

Authoritative

High responsiveness, warmth, and demandingness

Happy People Tend to...

High self esteem, optimistic, agreeable, close friendships, work and leisure to engage skills, meaningful religious faith, sleep well, exercise

Surface Structure

How a sentence is written (word order) SYNTAX

Nature/Nurture

How do genetic inheritance (our nature) and experience (the nurture) influence our behavior?

Self Concept

How one thinks of oneself

Cognition

How people learn, structure, store, and use knowledge. Memory, thought, language.

Secondary Appraisal

How we can cope with the stressor

Construct Validity

How well a test measures what it claims to measure and not any similar things- JUST DEPRESSION

Criterion Validity

How well the results correlate with other measures designed to assess similar things- SAT vs. ACT scores

Operational Definition

How you are measuring your DEPENDENT VARIABLE.

Wavelength

Hue (color) is determined by the dimension of color determined by the wavelength of the light. Distance from the peak of one wave to the peak of the next. SHORT=BLUE LONG=RED

Arousal Theory

Human motivation aims to seek optimum levels of arousal, not to eliminate it. Young monkeys and children are known to explore the environment in the absence of a need-based drive.

Contact Comfort

Humans do need physical touch and nurturance

Self-Determination Theory

Humans have "inherent growth tendencies" and do most things out of intrinsic motivation

Thyroid Gland

Hypothyroidism- too little thyroxine Hyperthyroidism- too much thyroxine Thyroid cancer Goiter- swelling of the neck

Hindsight Bias

I knew it all along phenomenon. Once you find out the answer, you feel as if you had always known it, but this is just because now you're connecting it.

Procedural Memory

IMPLICIT/NONDECLARATIVE, specific actions, not consciously processing like riding a bike, tying a shoe, driving

Konrad Lorenz

IMPRINTING with the ducks-- humans don't imprint

Endorphins

INHIBITORY Alleviate pain, very similar to opioids (opium, morphine, heroin) UNDERSUPPLY: chronic pain disorders

Antagonists

INHIBITS They don't mimic, they just block. Not similar enough to stimulate the receptor.

Sensory (AFFERENT) Neurons

INPUT from sensory organs to the brain and spinal cord. When you touch something, the feeling goes up your hands, arm, spine, and brain. BOTTOM UP-BODY SENDS MESSAGE TO BRAIN.

Intellectually Disabled

IQ 70 or below. Those with these IQ scores can live more independently than before (Flynn Effect)

Flynn Effect

IQ scores have been improving since 1920!

Phrenology

Idea that bumps on the head represent mental abilities. If the brain worked like a muscle, it would get bigger in the spots one used most. It was wrong, but showed us that different parts of the brain serve different functions.

Concepts

Ideas that we group together because they share some properties or characteristics Superordinate- fruit Basic- apple Subordinate- macintosh

EQ

Identify emotion in oneself and others, awareness of how emotions shape thinking and decision making, understand and analyze emotions they are experiencing, self-control to regulate emotions

Stigmatizing

If other people know you were diagnosed, you might be treated differently

Persuasive Communicators

If someone attractive or famous is the one advertising it, it will affect our likelihood of changing our actions and beliefs.

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

If someone goes into something expecting a certain outcome, they may unknowingly cause it because they expected it to happen in the first place.

Heritability

Intelligence is 50% heritable, the difference in intelligence between individuals is due to genetics

Self-Serving Bias

If we do something well, we say that it's obviously dispositional because that's how we are! We naturally succeed! But, if we don't do something well, you blame it on other things because that wasn't your fault, right?

Afterimages

If we view colored stimuli for an extended period of time, we will see an afterimage in a complementary color (NOT explained by trichromatic theory). If you're staring at one of the colors for a long time it exhausts the receptor in that cell and then it becomes the opposite.

Anchor Bias

If you base your response based on a number given to you in the question, you use it as your reference point.

Self Referencing

If you can relate a concept to yourself, you will remember it more.

Foot in the Door

If you get someone to comply with a small request, you are more likely to get them to comply with a larger request later on.

Babinski Reflex

If you stroke the bottom of a newborn's foot, the toes fan out then curl back in

Good Samaritan Laws

If you're scared because you're afraid of the consequences of helping someone (will they get hurt? Will you get in trouble?), you won't help. Good Samaritan Laws protect you, so you're not responsible for what happens when you're helping.

Binocular Depth Cues: Retinal Disparity

Images from the two eyes differ. 2 vs 1 eye finger touching experiment!

Diffusion of Responsibility

In a group, the responsibility falls on everyone instead of just you. If it's just you, then the responsibility falls on your shoulders, but if you're in a group, then it's on the whole group.

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

In hypothalamus, controls 24-hour clock sending messages through endocrine system telling the Pineal Gland to secrete melatonin

Systematic Desensitization

JOSEPH WOLPE!!! Begins with relaxed state, paired with gradually increasing, anxiety-triggering stimuli

Social Context

Includes the real, imagined, or symbolic presence of other people; the activities and interactions that take place among people; the settings in which behavior occurs; and the expectations and social norms governing behavior in a given setting.

Misinformation Effect

Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event

Lateral Hypothalamus

Increases hunger (tells you when you're hungry)

An experiment is testing the effect of the _____________ on the _____________.

Independent Variable / Dependent Variable

Lazarus and Folkman

Individual's cognitive appraisal of the situation is the key to responding to stress

Alfred Adler

Inferiority Complex

Informational Social Influence

Influencing from one's willingness to accept other's opinions about reality- mostly when you're not sure about something.

Top-Down Processing

Information processing guided by higher-level mental processes as we construct perceptions, drawing on our experience and expectations. Interpretation of the sensation. BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE AND EXPERIENCE

Antagonists

Inhibit the effect of neurotransmitters

Grasping Reflex

Innate reflex babies are born with

Sucking Reflex

Innate reflex babies are born with

Peg Word

Instead of Method of Loci, use a set rhyme.

Eros

Instinctual life drive that is directed by sexual energy called libido. Powered by sex and relationships and love

Glial Cells

Insulate and support neurons. Creates the Myelin Sheath and removes waste products, provides nourishment, and prevent harmful substances from entering the brain.

Physical Dependence

Intense cravings and physiological need

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

Intense preoccupation over one's features and a distorted view of them.

Neural Networks

Interconnected neural cells. With experience, networks can learn, as feedback strengthens or inhibits connections that produce certain results. The brain learns by modifying certain connections in response to feedback.

Circadian Rhythm

Internal biological clock that governs sleep and wake cycle. Fluctuations in body temperature

Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic

Internal, unconscious conflict

8 Different Intelligences

Interpersonal, intrapersonal, bodily-kinesthetic, spatial, musical, logical-mathematical, linguistic, naturalistic.

Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love

Intimacy, Commitment, Passion.

Consummate Love vs. Companionate Love

Intimacy, passion, and commitment vs. intimacy and commitment.

Split-Half Reliability

Involves randomly dividing a test into two different sections and correlating people's performance on the two halves.

Secondary Prevention

Involves working with people at risk for developing specific problems such as working with those who have experienced loss of a loved one to avoid depression

Cognitive

Irrational, dysfunctional thoughts or ways of thinking

Continuity/Stages

Is a developmental a gradual, continuous process or a sequence of separate stages?

Belief Perseverance

It is hard to change someone's beliefs despite evidence to the contrary

Representative Heuristic

Judge the probability of an event based on how well it matches some prototype or schema in our mind (poetry loving truck driver)

Environment does not begin at birth!!!

Just know that!!! You still have an environment in the womb

Maintenance Rehearsal

Just reading over your notes, not thinking about it like when you read 5 pages of a book and you're like what did I just read

Kinesthetic Sense

Keeps track of body parts, relative to each other. Kinesthesis provides constant sensory feedback about what the muscles in your body are doing. Receptors found in joints, muscles, tendons, usuallly automatic unless the person is learning a new skill.

Employee Engagement

Know expectations, feel need to work, feel fulfilled, opportunities to do best, part of significant, can learn and develop

Social Contract

Kohlberg: Morality: What is just under these circumstances? Punishment protects future victims. Interest in justice for others.

Instrumental Exchange

Kohlberg: Morality: What's in it for me? Eye for an eye

Punishment and Obedience

Kohlberg: Morality: how do I avoid punishment?

Law and Order

Kohlberg: Morality: laws must be upheld for the greater social order, "what if everyone did that?"

Universal Principles

Kohlberg: Morality: set of rights that apply to everyone, value principles more than life, what is justice for all?

Interpersonal Conformity

Kohlberg: Morality: what is socially acceptable? "Good boy, nice girl", good behavior is what pleases others

REM Sleep Behavior Disorder

Lack of REM paralysis, people physically act out their dreams. This can be extremely dangerous.

Group Test

Large number of people at once- less expensive, more objective

Speed Test

Large number of questions in a short time

LGN

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (in thalamus). LGN Neurons synapse onto primary visual cortex

REM Deprivation

Leads to REM Rebound (takes less time to fall into REM sleep)

Social Learning Theory

Learn gender behavior by observing, imitating, and receiving rewards/punishments

Steven Pinker

Learning new words helps thinking

Depressed Brain

Left frontal lobe (reward) less active, too little norepinephrine (too much in mania)

Phi Phenomenon

Lighted signs appear to move as one light jumping from bulb to bulb but each is just turning on or off

Counterconditioning

Like extinction, but sometimes you get rid of the behavior and want to replace it with another

Stroboscopic Movement

Like flip books or animated movies! They're just a bunch of picture being switched between really fast. 24 FRAMES PER SECOND

Group Polarization

Like minded groups tend to enhance beliefs after discussion within the group.

Amygdala

Limbic System: Consists of two almond-shaped neural clusters linked to the emotions of fear and aggression.

Reward Center

Limbic System: Dopamine affects the LS leading to addiction with opioid drugs.

Hypothalamus

Limbic System: Lies below the thalamus. Controls the 4 F's (FIGHT, FLIGHT, FOOD, FORNICATION). Also body temperature and circadian rhythms. Helps govern the endocrine system via the Pituitary Gland.

Hippocampus

Limbic System: Structure that contributes to the formation of memories. When people drink too much it messes with their hippocampus temporarily (causing memory loss!) Damage=memory loss associated with Alzheimer's

Short Term Memory

Limited capacity of less than 20 seconds, 7+-2 unrelated items, can be expanded through chunking

Long Term Memory

Limitless capacity!

Monocular Depth Cues: Linear Perspective

Lines converge in the distance

Nonfluent Aphasia

Long hesitation between words and you can understand others. Hard to name everyday objects.

Twin Studies

Look at identical twins raised apart and together to see if similarities can be attributed to nature or to nurture. Find that identical twins are more behaviorally similar than fraternal.

Brightness Constancy

Look at surrounding context and objects to assess the color of things.

Central Route Persuasion

Looks at facts and information

Cross-Sectional Correlational Study

Looks at many groups at one time period (many ages, but over a few months). Large sample size, short time.

Longitudinal Correlational Study

Looks at one group over a long period of time (years!). Small sample size, long time.

Oppositional Defiant Disorder

Losing temper, arguing, see more in kids in juvenile detention centers. Defiant for literally no reason.

Anosmia

Loss of smell

Permissive

Low control and demandingness, high warmth

Uninvolved

Low control, demandingness, warmth, responsiveness

Conventional

MOST TEENAGERS AND ADULTS Society and others Interpersonal Conformity Law and Order

Inferiority Complex

Made to feel not good enough

Womb Envy

Males jealous of female ability to have children

Freudian Psychoanalytic/Wish Fulfillment

Manifest vs. Latent content- We dream to fulfill wishes that we can't in life, because they're unacceptable. We can't just flat out dream it, though, so we hide it behind symbols.

Positive Psychology

Martin Seligman! Self Determination Theory. Feel Good Do Good.

Central Tendency

Mean, median, mode, skewed distributions.

Stanford Binet Test

Mental/Chronological Age x 100 Avg is 100, standard deviation is 15

Immigrant Paradox

Mexican-Americans born in the US are at a great risk of mental disorder than their Mexican-born parents

Drugs

Mimic neurotransmitters, increasing the number of synapses firing. Release NT from neurons with or without a signal!

Absolute Threshold

Minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time. The point when you just notice something

Experimental Method Disadvantages

Money, ethics, time consuming, might be difficult to make it feel natural--you lose authenticity.

Individualist Culture

More about you as a person and you put yourself first, more prominent in the western areas.

Optimistic Explanatory Style

More likely to tell someone bad times are temporary. Boosted immune systems, longer life

Monocular Depth Cues: Texture Gradient

More texture when closer

Encoding Failure

Most of the time this is why we forget- we need to pay attention, rehearse, repeat

Trial and Error

Most problem solving done this way

Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

Most widely used intelligence test that contains a verbal and nonverbal scale

Rorschach Inkblot Test

Most widely used, 10 inkblots that seek to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots

Recognition

Multiple choice

Human Research

Must be voluntary, have informed consent, have anonymity, no significant risk, and must be debriefed after the experiment.

Mirror-Image Perceptions

Mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive. Turns into a vicious cycle of hostility.

Night Terrors

NOT NIGHTMARES! Awakening in high physical arousal with little to no memory of it. Screaming and freaking out, usually worse for the people witnessing it.

Free Association

Name the first thing that comes to your mind

Sexual Behavior Motives

Necessary for the survival of a species, lower animals motivated by female hormonal changes, higher species motivated by learning and environmental influences

Major Depressive Disorder

Need at least 5 signs of depression lasting 2 weeks or more- problems: regulating appetite, sleep, low energy, difficulty concentrating & making decisions, hopelessness.

Cognitive Triad

Negative thoughts about self -> negative thoughts about future -> negative thoughts about the world

Feature Detectors

Nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features

Volley Principle

Neural cells alternate firing and by firing in rapid succession, they can achieve a combined frequency above 1000. They volley the pitch back and forth between them, so that combined, they can go fast enough to reach higher pitches.

ND/AE

Neurobehavioral Disorder/Alc Exposed- brain moderate

Binocular Depth Cues: Convergence

Neuromuscular cues. When two eyes move inward (toward the nose) to see near objects and outward (away from the nose) to see far away objects. Helps in establishing depth when things are coming at you or moving away.

Resting Potential/State

Neuron is not transmitting information-it's resting and not firing. There are more negative ions inside the neuron.

Restorative Theory

Neurons need time to repair during sleep, and it supports growth.

Bipolar Cells

Neurons that connect rods and cones to the ganglion cells

Ganglion Cells

Neurons that connect to the bipolar cells, their axons form the optic nerve

Reuptake

Neurotransmitters in the synapse are reabsorbed into the sending neurons through the process of reuptake! Applies the brakes on the neurotransmitter action. The unattach from the dendrite and go back to the vesicles in the sending neuron's axon tips where they came from. Part of the refractory period is because we need to wait for the neurotransmitters to go back inside the vesicle to be used again.

Automatic Processing

No conscious effort. IMPLICIT/NONDECLARATIVE MEMORIES

Hostile Aggression

No particular aim

Nativist Theory

Noam Chomsky- language is nature

Right Hemisphere

Non-verbal, spatial reasoning, patterns, emotional understanding. Controls rhythm and emotions, tone of speech.

Stress

Not a situation- a response. A physical and mental response to a challenging or threatening situation.

Hypnosis: Suggestible State

Not another state of consciousness, you're just really relaxed and open to suggestion. Think of Clark Hull.

Shallow Processing

Not looking at the meaning- surface level

Big Five

OCEAN Openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

Motor (EFFERENT) Neurons

OUTPUT from the brain and spinal cord, to the muscles and glands. When you're walking around the room, something in the brain is telling you to and it goes down spine into legs. TOP DOWN-BRAIN SENDS MESSAGE TO BODY.

Milgram's Study

Obedience- the shocking. People did it.

Monocular Depth Cues: Relative Motion/Motion Parallax

Objects near you appear to move more quickly than objects far away

Bandura's Modeling- Bobo Doll

Observational learning seen- the children repeated what they saw the adults doing with the dolls.

Eye: Transduction

Occurs in retina

Secondary Traits

Often are present in the person but are not as defining, in varying degrees based on the situation.

Proactive Interference

Old memories inhibit new memories

Individual Test

One on one testing, can be more subjective

Symbolic Thinking

One thing represents something else

Self Esteem

One's feelings of high or low worth

Whorfian Hypothesis/Linguistic Relativity Theory

One's language determines how they think, debatable hypothesis because that's how we create words!

Self Efficacy

One's sense of competence and effectiveness

Semi/Selectively Permeable Membrane

Only certain things can pass through

Epigenetic Marker

Organic methyl which, if attached to DNA, stop proteins from being encoded.

Biomedical

Organic problems, biochemical imbalances, genetic predispositions

Confounding Variables

Other variables that may alter the outcome of the experiment or survey, etc. that you didn't think of.

Primary Appraisal

Our evaluation of whether an event is stressful to us

Personal Constructs

Our own explanation of how the world around us works based on experiences and observations

Two Factor Theory (Schachter Two Factor!)

Our physiology and cognitions create emotions- arousal and the cognitive label

Out-Group Homogeneity Effect

Out-group members are interchangeable and they are all the same. We assume that other out-groups are more similar in personality and in terms of being, not just looks- because we think they look similar, the must BE more similar. We think our group is more diverse. This leads to stereotypes!

Cornea

Outer covering of the eye

Extroversion

Outgoing, friendly, social

Spotlight Effect

Overestimating how often others notice and evaluate our appearance, performance, and mistakes

Stereotype

Overgeneralized idea about a group of people.

Atkinson Shiffrin Model

Overlaps with information processing but differentiates storage mechanisms- says that we don't have one storage level, we have multiple. Sensory, STM, LTM

Substance P

P is for PAIN! Responsible for sending pain messages throughout the body.

Withdrawal

Painful side effects from stopping after long term usage

Cataplexy

Paralysis and falling to the floor, usually combined with narcolepsy so you fall asleep and become paralyzed.

Autonomic

Part of PERIPHERAL. Involuntary actions, self-regulated actions of internal organs and glands. More automatic.

Somatic

Part of PERIPHERAL. Voluntary actions, voluntary movement of skeletal muscles.

Brain

Part of the Central Nervous System that plays important roles in sensation, movement, and information processing

PFAS

Partial FAS- FAS face, brain severe

Axon

Passes messages away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands.

Effortful Processing

Paying attention! EXPLICIT/DECLARATIVE MEMORIES- facts and experiences we consciously know.

Feel-Good-Do-Good Phenomenon

People do nice things when they are happy and they become happy from doing nice things

Reward Deficiency Syndrome

People genetically predisposed to crave whatever provides that missing pleasure or relieves negative feelings.

Deindividuation

People get swept up in a group and lose sense of self. They feel anonymous and aroused! When you lose your individuality, you're more likely to engage in negative behavior. When people feel like they wouldn't be connected and think that people won't know it's them!

Volunteer Bias

People respond based on volunteering- this is difficult and often skewed because we don't know how many people responded, and those that did may have just used it as an outlet to complain.

Overconfidence

People think they're better or more right than they actually are. In reality, most of us are average.

Cognitive Dissonance

People want to have consistent attitudes and behaviors, and when they don't, they experience dissonance (unpleasant tension). Usually, they will change their attitude or belief to fit their past behavior rather than preventing the behavior in the future.

Blindsight

People's Reticular Formations detect motion and objects and can alert to stimuli without visual input, unconsciously.

Stanford Prison Experiment

Performed by Philip Zimbardo. Showed how we deindividuate and become the roles we are given. It ended in 6 days rather than two weeks!

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

Person is unexplainably and continually tense and uneasy

Social Anxiety Disorder

Phobia: fear social interaction and social situations with large or small groups. Wouldn't like public speaking, meet and greets, dinner with people they don't know, new people, and interacting.

Emotion vs. Motivation

Physical & mental arousal vs. arousal becoming action

James-Lange Theory

Physiological activity before emotional experience-- sad because you're crying, etc.

Lying Tells

Physiological responses and body language

Formal Operational

Piaget: 11+ years Abstract, hypothetical thinking Consider future and imaginary scenarios

Preoperational

Piaget: 2-7 years Pretend play, language development, curse of knowledge, animism, egocentric, develop theory of mind

Concrete Operational

Piaget: 7-11 years Logical thinking Conservation

Sensorimotor

Piaget: Birth-2 Exploring, learning about environment through senses and motor abilities Object Permanence 4-8 months

Spinal Cord

Plays a role in the body reflexes and in communication between the brain and the Peripheral Nervous System. Makes the decision in reflexes-if you touch something hot, you actually move before you're conscious of moving or of the pain.

Optic Chiasm

Point in the brain where the optic nerves from each eye meet and partly cross over to opposite sides of the brain. The switch over when things from the right go to the left, vice versa.

Genes

Positive correlation between identical twins with anxiety disorders- 17 genes with typical anxiety disorder symptoms

Conduct Disorder

Precursor to antisoicial personalities

Temperament

Precursor to personality. Heritable, you are born with a temperament.

Signal Detection Theory (SDT)

Predicts how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background noise (other stimulation). SDT assumes that there is no single absolute threshold and detection depends on: Person's experience, expectation, motivation, level of fatigue

Androgyny

Presence of both male and female behaviors and characteristics in the same person

Flooding

Presenting high level of anxiety stimuli at once

Basal Ganglia

Procedural memory

Cerebellum

Procedural memory

Implicit Memory

Procedural memory like remembering how to brush teeth

Anxiety Disorders

Psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

Social Psychology

Psychology that studies the effects of social variables and cognitions on individual behavior and social interactions.

Schizoaffective Disorder

Psychotic illness with mood disorder (can look like schizophrenia/bipolar combination)

Drug Therapies

Psychpharmacology- uses double blind procedure to find effectiveness of drugs

Trichotillomania

Pulling out hair, more common in girls. When they're anxious

Sodium-Potassium Pump

Pumps positive ions out from the inside of the neuron, making them ready for another action potential.

Saturation

Purity. Adding monochromatic light.

Variance

Range, standard deviation, normal distribution.

Anxiety Hierarchy

Ranked list of anxiety-provoking stimuli

Optimal Arousal

Rather than reducing a physiological need or tension state, some motivated behaviors increase arousal

Dendrite

Receives messages from other cells and is attached to the cell body.

Maturation

Refers to development that largely unfolds on its own, as according to a biological program in a reasonably supportive environment. Gives evidence of critical periods

Framing

Refers to the general wording of the question.

Socialization

Refers to the impact of social environment on development. It is an ongoing process in which culturally desirable skills, attitudes, and behaviors are shaped by society-- i.e. manners

Effector Cells

Respond to stimulus at the terminal end of neuron

nREM 3

Restorative period when the brain clears out junk and we gain restfulness from body.

Here is an order for things in the eye

Rods & Cones --> Bipolar --> Ganglion

Rods & Cones

Rods dim light Cones good in light and very color & detail sensitive, higher acuity

Humanistic Theory

Rogers and Maslow

Classical and Operant Conditioning

Role of stimulus generalization and reinforcement in maintaining fears/phobias/compulsions

Norms

Rules of conduct

Sensory vs. Motor Neurons

SAME: Sensory : Afferent Motor : Efferent

Gender Identity

Sense of being a girl or a boy

Gender Constancy

Sense that one is a boy or a girl and will remain so

A-S Model Levels

Sensory- everything comes here STM- what you're paying attention to. Limited in capacity and time LTM- through rehearsal

John Bowlby

Separation anxiety. 6-9 mo.

Collective Unsconscious

Set of common themes (archetypes) inherited from the wealth of human experience and shared by all people

Disorganized Attachment

Severely confused with no strategy to have needs met. Mother is extreme, passive, frightened, frightening. Child becomes depressed, angry, passive, and non-responsive.

Heuristics

Shortcuts in problem solving- rule of thumb

Cocktail Party Effect

Shows Selective Attention. In a crowded and busy room, we are able to focus on the one conversation we're having and tune everyone else out, and also can recognize our name being said in the crowd.

Correlational Research

Shows a relationship between two variables. If you know how they're related, you can PREDICT outcomes.

The Homunculus

Shows what our body would look like if our body size mirrored the size of the parts of the brain associated with the different parts of our body. Horribly disproportionate!

Minimally Shared Environment

Siblings have this- they grow up in the same place, but they aren't necessarily treated the same and have different experiences.

Gambler's Fallacy

Since we try to make sense of the world, we try to perceive order in random patterns. Our brains always want to find relationships.

Spearman's General Intelligence (g)

Single factor for intelligence Verbal, mechanical, spatial, numerical

Excoriation

Skin picking

Adaptive/Evolutionary Theory

Sleep protects us by keeping us out of harm. This is the time our predators are out, our eyes are bad at seeing in the dark. Why we need blankets, otherwise we would feel vulnerable.

Somniloquy

Sleep talking

Somnabmbulism

Sleep walking

Genes

Small segments of DNA molecules that code for proteins. Can be either "turned on" or "turned off".

Morpheme

Smallest linguistic unit that carries meaning

Olfaction

Smell. Chemical sense as opposed to a physical wave

Low-Reactive Infants

Sociable and calm

Holmes and Rahe

Social Readjustment Rating Scale to measure Life Changing Units- high scores on the SRRS are more likely to have a stress-related disease

Social Exchange Theory

Social behavior is an exchange process to maximize benefits and minimize costs.

Lev Vygotsky

Social interaction/context rather than biological maturation Zone of Proximal Development

Depolarization

Sodium ions flow in and then are pumped out of the neuron.

Repolarizing

Sodium ions kicked out of the neuron.

Savant Syndrome

Someone who excels in one element but has obvious deficiencies in others, most are males with autism

Monocular Depth Cues: Interposition

Something in front is closer

Male Strongsuit

Spatial and complex math

Formal Concept

Specific rules that define it

SE/AE

Static Encepalopathy/Alc Exposed- brain severe

Autokinetic Effect

Stationary beam of light is projected on a wall in an otherwise dark room. If you stare at the light long enough the light appears to move.

Inferential Statistics

Statistical significance, through t-test and p-values. You are trying to reach conclusions that extend beyond just describing the data. They allow us to apply the research data to the entire population, not just the sample.

Algorithm

Step by step method that guarantees a solution as long as each step is properly executed

Triarchic Theory

Sternberg Analytic, creative, practical

Pupil

The adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters. Lets light in, opening to your eye.

Depth Perception: Visual Cliff

The babies were afraid of falling showing that they have some idea of depth and the danger!!! Therefore depth perception is kinda innate-ish.

Exhaustion

The body depletes its resources

Alarm Reaction

The body mobilizes its resources to cope with a stressor

Resistance

The body seems to adapt to the presence of the stressor

Endocrine System

The body's SLOW (chemical) communication system. Communication is carried out by hormones in your blood that is synthesized by a set of glands.

Plasticity

The brain's ability to modify itself after some type of injury or illness.

Denial

The ego refuses to acknowledge anxiety-producing realities

Rationalization

The ego replaces a less acceptable motive with a more acceptable one. You justify something so you feel like it isn't your fault.

Sublimation

The ego replaces an unacceptable impulse with a socially acceptable one. Think of Jack in this is us doing construction instead of drinking

Regression

The ego seeks the security of an earlier developmental stage in the face of stress.

Displacement

The ego shifts feelings toward an unacceptable object to another, more acceptable object.

Reaction Formation

The ego transforms an unacceptable motive into its opposite. Act the opposite of how you feel

Just Noticeable Difference (basically Difference Thresholds)

The minimal amount of change in the signal that is still recognizable

Groupthink

The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic view of alternatives. The want to agree is more desirable than actually assessing all sides of the argument.

Bystander Effect

The more people that are watching something, the less likely any one person is to help.

Mere Exposure Effect

The more you interact with something/someone and the more exposure you get, the more you like it. Familiarity breeds liking!

Long Term Potentiation

The more you use a neural pathway, the stronger it becomes, and the closer the neurons move together.

MMPI

The most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to find emotional disorders

"Rape Myth"

The myth(!!!) that women want to be raped stemming from violent pornography.

Optic Nerve

The nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain. The Nerve leaves the eye and goes to the brain because the information has to get to the brain somehow!

Frequency

The number of cycles completed by a wave in a given amount of time- DETERMINES PITCH (COLOR HUE)

SDT Matrix

The observer decides whether she hears the tone or not, based on the signal being present or not. This translates into four outcomes.

Percentile Rank

The percentage of scores that fall below a particular score.

Illusory Correlation

The perception of a relationship where no relationship actually exists, because we notice and recall instances that confirm our belief.

Critical Period

The period of one's life that certain skills must be taught, so long as the person is exposed to them-- i.e. speaking for language.

Amplitude

The physical strength of a wave- the volume of the sound. This is like the intensity of color/brightness.

Set-Point Theory

The point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.

Blind Spot

The point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a "blind" spot because no receptor cells are located there

Sensation

The process by which a stimulated receptor (eyes, ears...) creates a pattern of neural messages that represent the stimulus in the brain, giving rise to our initial experience of the stimulus. You take something in the outside world and create a neural message that the brain can interpret

Accommodation

The process by which the eye's lens changes shape to help focus near or far objects on the retina. FAR AWAY=STRETCH OUT CLOSE=FOCUSES IN

Heritability

The proportion of variability among individuals that can be attributed to genes- How different you are from someone else and what that difference has to do with your genes.

Vestibular Sense

The sense of body orientation with respect to gravity. Receptors for this information are tiny hairs in the semicircular canal of the inner ear

Transduction

The sensory process that converts energy, such as sound or light waves, into the form of neural messages. Changes physical stimulation into neural impulses.

Acuity

The sharpness of vision (20/20 is great). Most acuity is in the center of your visual field

Difference Thresholds

The smallest amount by which a stimulus can be changed and the difference be detected, half of the time

Social Loafing

The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts towards attaining a common goal than when individually accountable. They are less accountable, laziness is contagious, contribution is not as important.

Social Desirability Effect

The tendency of subjects to give socially acceptable answers so that people have a favorable opinion about them.

Experimenter Bias

The tendency to see what we want to see or what we expect to see.

Instinct Theory

The theory that all behaviors will be determined by innate factors and biologically-based behaviors that generally lead to survival

Place Theory

The theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated. Works well with high pitched sounds.

Reward Theory of Attraction

The theory that says we like those who give us maximum rewards or benefits at minimum costs. Basically social exchange theory.

Gate-Control Theory

The theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on the brain. The "gate" is opened by activity of pain signals traveling up a small nerve fiber and is closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain.

Priming

The unconscious activation of certain associations (the tiger picture in the ppt)

Standard Deviation

The variation of scores around the mean. The higher the variance or SD, the more spread out the distribution is. You want a small deviation because they're more consistent, making them more accurate.

Hearing

The vibrational energy of vibrating objects, such as guitar strings, transfer the surrounding medium (air) as the vibrating objects push the molecules of the medium back and forth.

Social Identity

The we or us aspect of our self concept; the part of our answer to "who am I?" that comes from our group membership

Fissure

The wrinkles in our brains that create more surface area for interconnected neurons.

Out-Group

Them

Psychodynamic Approach

Therapy derived from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences and that seeks to enhance self-insight

Discontinuity Theories

There are stages and changes occur dramatically and obviously- stages are unchanging and universal.

Yerkes-Dodson Law

There is an optimal level of arousal for the best performance of every task; the more complex the task, the lower the level of arousal that can be tolerated before performance deteriorates. Easy task=can handle high arousal Best performance=moderate level of arousal

Hoarding

They don't throw anything away because they think they might need it

Tourette's

They have tics. Autory or motor tics- can be a noise or an actual word. Doesn't go away and is diagnosed in childhood.

Secondary Sex Characteristic

Things that develop at puberty- female breasts

Primary Sex Characteristic

Things that you are born with- female ovaries

Divergent Thinking

Think creatively and come up with lots of answers. Multiple solutions, there could be infinite!

Figure-Ground

Think of the firemen and the arrows

Elaborative Rehearsal

Thinking about examples, times you've seen it in your life. Connect it to yourself.

Metacognition

Thinking about thinking- reflecting on our own thoughts and methods

Jean Piaget

Thinking and development- ERRORS, STAGE THEORIST. Got the general sequence of cognitive milestones correct but underestimated abilities at certain points.

Natural Selection

Those individuals best adapted to the environment are more likely to flourish and reproduce; those that are poorly adapted will tend to leave fewer progeny, and their line may even die out.

Mood Stabilizing Medication

Used for bipolar. Lithium

Polygraph

Used in attempts to detect lies, measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion- perspiration, heart rate, blood pressure, breathing changes

Antidepressant Drugs

Used to treat depression, anxiety, PTSD, OCD. MAO inhibitors. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor. Agonists that increase norepinephrine and serotonin in synapse- Prozac, zoloft, paxil

Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy

Uses electronic simulations rather than real life exposures

Power Test

Uses increasing difficulty levels to find difficulty level one can solve

MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

Uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of brain tissue. SHOWS STRUCTURE.

Counterbalancing

Using the same group as experimental and control.

Psychoactive Drugs

Usually influence dopamine pleasure centers (Lymbic System)

Survey

Usually questions a random (each person has equal chance of being a part of it), representative (mirrors population) sample of people.

Collectivist Culture

Valuing the group more, seen in Asia.

Hypothalamic Centers

Ventromedial Hypothalamus and Lateral Hypothalamus

Female Strongsuit

Verbal and emotional tasks, locating objects, more sensitive to touch, taste, color

Family Therapy

Views that family as a system and individuals unwanted behaviors and embedded in the family system

Specific Absolute Thresholds

Vision- Candle flame 30 miles Hearing- Watch tick 20 feet Touch- Bee's wing from 1 cm (.4 in) Smell- 1 drop perfume 3 room apartment Taste- 1 tsp sugar 2 gal water

Iconic Memory

Visual sensory memory

Social Belongingness/Affiliation Need

Wanting to belong, social acceptance, maintaining relationships, ostracism, fortifying health

Sixteen Personality Factors

Warmth, intellect, emotional stability, aggressiveness, liveliness, dutifulness, social assertiveness, sensitivity, paranoia, abstractness, introversion, anxiety, open-mindedness, independence, perfectionism, tension

Light Characteristics

Wavelength (hue/color) Intensity (brightness) Saturation (purity)

Inferiority Complex

We all have a drive to be competent, but as children we develop a sense of inferiority that we try to compensate for throughout life

Basic Anxiety

We all have feelings of unease in a dangerous world

Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis

We are aggressive because of frustration. We are angry when someone is stopping us from doing what we want, leading to frustration and aggression.

Equity

When each partner feels like they're equal in the relationship.

Facial Feedback Effect

When people mimic expressions of emotion, they experience those emotions

Stereotype Threat

When reminded of a negative stereotype, people did worse on IQ tests

Hawthorne Effect

When someone's watching you, you tend to act differently.

Scapegoat Theory

When something bad happens, we'll probably blame the out-group. You're blaming someone who didn't do it, typically you blame someone who is not the source of the problem and usually it's a minority group. When you scapegoat, you want the out-group to seem the least like you as possible.

Subliminal Threshold

When stimuli are below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness. Anything below your absolute threshold

Demand Characteristics

When subjects pick up cues during an experiment and modify their behavior, thereby possibly affecting and altering the results of the study.

Split-Brain Patients

When the corpus callosum is severed, objects presented in the right visual field (go to left brain-language) can be named, and objects in the left cannot (go to right-though they can be drawn!)

All-or-None-Response

When the depolarizing current exceeds the firing/absolute threshold, a neuron will fire. If the depolarizing current fails to exceed the threshold, a neuron won't fire.

Basal Metabolic Rate

When we are semi-starved, this drops. When we overeat, we can raise our set point.

Pluralistic Ignorance

When we aren't sure how to act, we use other people to gauge our response. If everybody else isn't acting, then neither do we.

Feel-Good-Do-Good Phenomenon

When we do good things, we feel good. When we feel good, we do good things.

Imagination Inflation

When you imagine something happening, you sometimes can't remember if it actually happened or not

Approach-Approach Conflict

When you must choose between two desirable outcomes

Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict

When you must choose between two unattractive outcomes (lesser of two evils)

Overlearning

When you think you're done studying, do it one more time. You won't start to forget it if you keep doing it.

Peripheral Route Persuasion

When you're influenced by incidental cues- attractiveness, colors, coolness of it, and not necessarily the facts of it.

Mood Congruent Memory

When you're upset, you can only remember other times you've been upset

Identity Crisis

Who are you? You don't feel like you fit in

Karen Horney

Womb Envy Basic Anxiety

Gender, Emotion, Nonverbal Behavior

Women are better at discerning nonverbal emotions than men

Positive Correlation

X and Y go UP.

Negative Correlation

X goes UP, Y goes DOWN.

Turner's

X0 do not have functioning ovaries or secondary sex characteristics.

Benzodiazepines

Xanax, valium

Perceptual Adaptation

You adapt when you wear the displacement goggles!

Syesthesia

You also know what this is. Experiencing one sense in terms of another. See music, hear colors, Grapheme-Color Synesthesia.

Conditions of Worth

You are just useful to someone, can hurt self concept.

Behaviorist Theory

You aren't born with traits, they are conditioned. Nurture. Watson and Skinner.

Productive Language

You can produce it

Fluent Aphasia

You can say things but anything you say doesn't make any sense and lacks meaning.

Experimental Method Advantages

You can study causation-causal findings-cause and effect, isolate variables, control confounding variables. You can't do this in other methods because you aren't controlling in them.

Receptive Language

You can understand it/comprehension

Leveling

You don't remember the details, you remember generalities.

Inattentional Blindness

You don't see something obvious in your visual field because you are paying attention to something else

Hypnagogic Hallucination

You feel like you're falling. Your muscles are starting to relax and your brain misinterprets that sensation as falling and you jerk to try to grab onto something.

Repression

You hide something in unconscious to not remember it

Visual Cliff

You know

Source Amnesia

You know information but you don't know where you got the information from

Blindsight

You know that already

Phantom Limb Pain

You know what that is

RANDOMIZATION HELPS TO AVOID...

false results and confounding variables!

Stages of Sleep

nREM 1: light sleep nREM 2: sleep spindles- largest % of total sleep nREM 3: deep sleep- delta (slow) waves REM: Rapid Eye Movement/Dreaming

Correlation Coefficient

r, ranges from -1 to 1, and closer to either means a stronger relationship. A positive r value is a positive correlation, and a negative is a negative.