AP PSYCH TEST REVIEW
Nerves
"Cables" containing many axons. Part of the PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM! They connect the Central Nervous System with muscles, glands, and sense organs.
Overregularization/Overgeneralization
"I goed to the store" debunks behaviorist views as shows original, not learned, sentence creation
REM
"Paradoxical sleep". You're dreaming! SNS more active. Paralyzed body so you can't act out your dreams.
Social Traps
"People will do what's good for themselves right now rather than do what's good for the group for the future, we see this a lot regarding the environment.
Klein-Levins Syndrome
"Sleeping beauty syndrome" people will sleep up to 22 hours a day going for weeks or months, then go through normal periods. Part of hypersomnia.
REMEMBER THE STEPS IT TAKES IN THE EYE AND EAR
!!!!
Trust vs. Mistrust
Erikson: Stage 1: 0-1: Can a baby trust the world to fulfill needs? Basic Trust.
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Erikson: Stage 2: 2-3: Toddlers begin to control their bodies (toilet training); the word "no", will they control or doubt?
Initiative vs. Guilt
Erikson: Stage 3: 4-6: NO to WHY. Curiosity
Industry vs. Inferiority
Erikson: Stage 4: 6-puberty: School beings, we are evaluated by others. Do we feel good or inferior about accomplishments?
Identity vs. Confusion
Erikson: Stage 5: Teenagers: Who am I? Where do I fit in?
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Erikson: Stage 6: Early Adulthood: Examining priorities, developing relationships
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Erikson: Stage 7: Middle Adulthood: have I created what I want in life or am I stuck? Mid-life crisis
Integrity vs. Despair
Erikson: Stage 8: Late Adulthood: was my life meaningful? Regrets?
Hidden Observer
Ernest Hilgard thought of this- hypnosis- is in your consciousness, observes and deals with the pain so that your main consciousness doesn't have to.
Idiographic Method
Evaluation of case studies individually
Wording Effect
Even subtle changes in the wording or order of questions can have major effects.
Reconsolidation
Every time we bring up a memory, we replace the original with a slightly modified version
Lawrence Kohlberg
Examines the stages and development of morality
Narcissism
Excessive self love and self-absorption
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Excessive self-admiration, egocentric, sense of grandiose importance
Plateau
Excitement peaks such as breathing, pulse, and blood pressure.
The Hermann Grid
Exists
Anal Stage
2 18 months to 3 years If parents are too harsh during this stage, child becomes anal retentive. Parents too overindulgent, child is anal expulsive
CT (Computer Tomography) Scan
A series of x-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by a computer into a composite representation of a slice through the body; also called a CAT scan. SHOWS STRUCTURE.
Attitude
A set of beliefs and feelings
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
A popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (challenging self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior). Anxiety, depression, OCD
Matching Hypothesis
A prediction that most people will find friends and mates that are perceived to be about their same level of attractiveness.
Schizophrenia
A psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished or inappropriate emotional expression. 1/100 people- 60% men. EXCESS DOPAMINE
Psychosis
A psychological disorder in which a person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions
Somatic Symptom Disorder
A psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause
Self-Serving Bias
A readiness to perceive oneself favorably and "better than average"/take more credit for good outcomes vs. bad
Iris
A ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil opening. Dilates/constricts in response to changing light intensity.
Random Sample
A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion.
Altruism
A selfless good deed. Does one exist? That's a debate.
Basic Trust
A sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers
Cardinal Trait
A single defining personality trait that is dominant in all situations. The number 1 thing you'd say to describe someone
Traumatic Stressors
A situation that threatens yours or others' physical safety and promotes a feeling of helplessness. Human-created catastrophes are always worse.
Acute Stress
A temporary pattern of stressor- activated arousal with distinct onset, and limited duration (short-term stress)
Confirmation Bias
A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence
Trait
A tendency toward certain behaviors or emotions, no matter what the situation; these tendencies are stable and predictable over time. Focused on description of behavior rather than explanation.
Aptitude Test
A test designed to predict a person's future performance or capacity to learn
Hypothesis
A testable prediction; the Independent Variable will predict the Dependent Variable.
Insight Therapies
A variety of therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing a person's awareness of underlying motives and defenses
PET (Positron Emission Tomography) Scan
A visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task. SHOWS FUNCTION.
Sensory Memory
Allows us to hold a representation of sensory input briefly; most fades within a second
Skin Senses
Also connected to the somatosensory cortex. Sensitivity to stimulation varies tremendously over the body.
Hallucinogens
Alter perception and create dramatic hallucinations, disrupting transmission of serotonin. LSD, mushrooms, peyote, THC
Learning Disorder
Auditory processing, visual processing, any learning disorder really
Echoic Memory
Auditory sensory memory
Teratogens
Anything that harms an organism before birth- x-rays, mercury, alcohol
Ghrelin
Appetite hormone
Generalization
Apply the findings to more than just those from which you sampled.
Mental Set
Approach a problem in a certain way, usually one that has had previous success
CT and MRI Scans...
Are for STRUCTURE. The rest are for FUNCTION!
Identical Twins
Are identical because their genes are exactly the same. One egg and one sperm splits.
Association Areas
Areas of the Cerebral Cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions. They are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking. Think of Phineas Gage- he survived the rod to the head because his Association Areas were hit, not anything super important. Most intelligent animals have increased AAs of the Cortex.
Functional Fixedness
Believe that objects can only be used in one particular way, have it because of implicit assumptions (we think that there are rules governing how we do things)
Secure Attachment
Believes and trusts that needs will be met. Mother is consistent and sensitive, child becomes secure and happy.
Anti-Anxiety Medication
Benzodiazepines: xanax, ativan, valium depress CNS
Intensity
Brightness. Amount of energy in a wave determined by amplitude. It is related to perceived brightness.
Interneurons
Carry information between other neurons only found in the brain and spinal cord. In-between. Throughout hands, but not all the way up to brain. A bridge!
H.M.
Case study about the hippocampus- he had it removed, couldn't form new memories because of it.
Soma
Cell body
Somatosensory Cortex
Cerebral Cortex: Area at the front of the Parietal Lobes that registers and processes body sensations, sense of touch, temperature, and pain.
Motor Cortex
Cerebral Cortex: Area at the rear of the Frontal Lobes that controls voluntary movements.
Temporal Lobes
Cerebral Cortex: Auditory processing, facial recognition, olfactory cortex.
Deinstitutionalization
Closing institutions in the 1950s was intended to save money as well as benefit patients but many were unable to care for themselves, and led to growth in homelessness
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
Cluster A Odd thinking, bizarre fantasies, peculiar language
Schizoid Personality Disorder
Cluster A Seclusive, indifferent, passive
Paranoid Personality Disorder
Cluster A Suspicious, hypersensitive, secretive
Histrionic Personality Disorder
Cluster B Attention seeker, flamboyant, provocative
Borderline Personality Disorder
Cluster B Impulsive, self-mutilative, manipulative
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Cluster B Rule breaker, aggressive, callous, lack of empathy
Dependent Personality Disorder
Cluster C Clingy, indecisive, submissive
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
Cluster C Perfectionist, passive aggressive. No compulsions
Avoidant Personality Disorder
Cluster C Withdrawn, fears criticism, overly serious
Stimulants
Cocaine and Amphetamines Nicotine, caffeine, MDMA/Ecstasy (damages serotonin production)
Schema
Cognitive framework based on our previous experiences; set of expectations
Interactionist/Functionalist Model
Combination of Skinner and Chomsky- Biological acquisition is triggered/nurtured through social interaction
Parallel Processing
Combination of effortful and automatic.
Eclectic Approach
Combining therapy types
Human Genome
Common human DNA sequence (we all have the same one)
Cross-Sectional Study
Compares one cohort to another--leads to cohort effect. Shorter time period.
Hypnosis: Dissociated State
Completely altered state of consciousness. You use hypnotism to block pain, you have a "hidden observer".
Pica
Compulsive eating of non-food substances
Tulving
Deep processing is better than shallow
DSM 5
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition describes disorders, possible causes, predicts prognosis, and implies appropriate treatment
Polarization
Difference in charge
Agonists
EXCITES Mimics neurotransmitters. Can occupy the same receptor sites as NTs and cause the neurons to act how they would if there were to be an NT on it, sometimes to a higher degree.
Episodic Memory
EXPLICIT/DECLARATIVE, for specific events like an episode in your life
Z-Score
Each value on each standard deviation.
Nurture
Environment
Retrograde Amnesia
Erasing things from before the accident/damage, usually a period of life
Experimentation
Explores cause and effect. It is the backbone of psychological research and IS THE ONLY WAY TO PROVE CAUSATION!!!
Social Leadership
Group-oriented leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support.
Reticular Formation
Hindbrain: Alertness/attention to incoming stimuli. Allows you to attend to threats quickly, and ignore things that are not of immediate survival importance. Damage=coma
Cerebellum
Hindbrain: Balance, voluntary movement, procedural learning (muscle memory).
Medulla
Hindbrain: Brainstem: Basic life functioning and reflexes. Damage=death :(
Pons
Hindbrain: Brainstem: Sleep/wake cycle, coordinating movement.
Thalamus
Hindbrain: Sensory relay station (EXCEPT SMELL)! Doesn't process anything-it's just a sorting station that sends input to wherever it has to go to be processed (i.e. sight-> Occipital Lobe).
Brainstem
Hindbrain: The oldest part of the brain! Begins where the spinal cord swells and enters the skull. It is responsible for automatic survival functions. Made up of also the Medulla and Pons.
Frontal Lobe
Hippocampus memories transferred here for storage
Insulin
Hormone that diminishes blood sugar (secreted by pancreas)
Preconscious
Memories, stored knowledge
Semantic Memory
Memory for information and facts (meaning)
Olfaction is close to....
Memory!
Cognitive Deficits
Memory, attention, planning, decision making
Gender Schema
Mental constructs or generalization associated with males and females
Perceptual Set/Perceptual Expectancy
Mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another due to top down processes such as emotions, context, and motivations.
Intelligence
Mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
Animal Research
Must have a clear purpose, must be treated in a humane way, acquire the animals legally, and have the least amount of suffering possible.
Lock & Key Mechanism
Neurotransmitters bind to the receptors of the receiving neuron in a key-lock mechanism.
Gender Typing
Process of acquiring the traditional roles associated with males and females
Left Hemisphere
Processes reading, writing, speaking, mathematics, and comprehension skills (language!).
Four Sources of Attraction
Proximity, Similarity, Self-Disclosure, Physical Attractiveness.
Behavioral
Reinforcement history, the environment
Behavior Modification
Reinforcing desired behaviors and withholding reinforcement for undesired behaviors. Commonly used with intellectual disability and autism
Genetic Relative
Related by blood. Adopted children tend to be more like their genetic relatives, though parents of any relation tend to affect attitudes, beliefs, manners, religion, and political party.
Method of Loci
Relates to location- take somewhere you're familiar with and create a memory palace, associate things you want to remember with locations in that place
Placebo Effect
Relates to the Self-Fulfilling Prophecy, this is the question of are you getting better because you think you are or because it's actually working?
Psychophysics
Relationship between physical stimuli and our psychological experiences to them
Intensity of Action Potential
Remains the same throughout a length of an axon
Semantic Encoding Error
Remember qualities but not exact information
Retroactive Interference
Remember the new thing but not the old one
Encoding Visually
Remember word location on a page
Lobotomy
Removal of brain area or cutting neural connections
Reliability
Repeatability or consistency of a test
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Repeated pulses of magnetic stimulation to the brain for depression
Assimilation Process
SCHEMA- modified PROCESS- slow and gradual- info over time NEW IDEAS- happen with similar concepts
Accommodation Process
SCHEMA- significantly altered, new one may develop PROCESS- sudden change NEW IDEAS- happen with conflicting ideas
Post Conventional
SMALL % OF ADULTS Social Contract Universal Principles
Erik Erikson
STAGE THEORIST, psychosocial development. Periods of crisis in 8 stages
Cocaine and Amphetamines
STIMULANT Increase dopamine and norepinepherine-elevated mood and energy Long lasting damage to dopamine neurons
Seven Basic Emotions
Sadness, fear, anger, disgust, contempt, happiness, surprise.
Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)
Seasonal depression- you get depressed when it's cold and rainy
4 Attachment Styles
Secure, avoidant, resistant/ambivalent, disorganized
Molecular Genetics
Seeks to identify how specific genes influence behavior and examine at-risk populations for diseases.
Pessimistic Explanatory Style
Sees bad times as stable and unlikely to change, blames themselves for trauma. Higher depression
Maslow
Self-Actualization
Group Therapy
Self-help groups. Therapeutic benefits from group interaction. Creates an environment where people feel supported by others with similar problems.
Binge-Eating Disorder
Significant binge eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt without the compulsory purging or fasting that marks bulimia nervosa
Biased Sample
Some members of the population are less likely to be included than others in a sample.
Apnea
Stopping of breathing during sleep, can be because of a deviated septum. Main issue is that you keep stopping and starting to breathe constantly, waking you up a lot.
Long Term Potentiation
Strengthening of neural connections from repeated firing- grows more dendritic spines to make more connections and pathways
Social Facilitation
Stronger responses to simple or well learned tasks in the presence of others (better performance).
Epigenetics
Studies molecular mechanism and how the environment triggers genetic expression. Shows how your environment can trigger molecular mechanisms to either turn on or turn off specific genes. You're born with your genes, but not necessarily how they're going to function.
Longitudinal Study
Studies the same group over a long period of time, need to account for drop out rate and allows you to see the effects of changes in individuals over time
Avoidant Attachment
Subconscious belief that needs won't be met. Mother is distant and disengaged, child becomes distant.
Narcolepsy
Sudden, involuntary drop into sleep- enters REM too quickly. Don't get enough of the stage 3 restorative sleep.
Clark Hull
Suggestibility scale, people have different levels of hypnotizability.
Bilingual Advantage
Superior attention due to language switching, increased neural networks
Stepping Reflex
Support a newborn under the arms and it will simulate walking strides- disappears around 2 months
Ventromedial Hypothalamus (VH)
Suppresses hunger
Ventromedial Hypothalamus (VMH)
Suppresses hunger (tells you when you're full)
Descriptive Studies
Surveys, Case Studies, Naturalistic Observation. Don't give causal relationships, allow us to study things that we can't experimentally.
Paraphasia
Switching related words
Positive Symptoms
Symptoms that should not be present (hallucinations, delusions)
Group Matching
Systematically assigning different groups to guarantee balance.
Frequency Distribution
Tables, BAR GRAPHS, HISTOGRAMS.
Theory of Mind
Taking others' perspectives, 4 years
Gustation
Taste: sweet, sour, bitter, salty, umami. Chemical sense!
Cognitive Therapy
Teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions
Wernicke's Area
Temporal Lobe: Interprets and understands language (makes the things you say comprehensible).
High-Reactive Infants
Tend to be apprehensive and react in intense and fearful manner when introduced to new experiences
Overconfidence
Tendency to be more confident than correct
Harry Harlow
Terry cloth and wire money experiment
Slow/High Road
Thalamus to visual cortex, then processed and you become consciously aware, pulling from frontal lobe and memory. You assess "that's a snake" and "I need to get away" LAZARUS AND SCHACHTER
Law of Pragnanz
The Gestalt principle which states that the simplest organization, requiring the least cognitive effort, will emerge as the figure. Olympic symbol- we see 5 circles and not one weird shape
Naturalistic Observation: Beware of....
The Hawthorne Effect!
Null Hypothesis
The Independent Variable will have NO EFFECT on the Dependent Variable--in an experiment, you are trying to reject the null hypothesis.
Self
The center of personality in contemporary psychology
Fovea
The central focal point in the retina, around which they eye's cones cluster. It's the center of your visual field, so whatever you're staring directly at is in your fovea. All cones!
Mental Age
The chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance
Norms of Reciprocity
The expectation is that you will return something in kind- if someone does something nice for you, you will also do something nice for them. Someone gives you something, the expectation is that you give them something back. If you don't, they feel betrayed because they gave you one!
Brain Lesion
The experimental destruction of brain tissue to study animal behaviors after such destruction (i.e. lobotomy). Often we can study this way because of a surgery resulting from a medical condition that required part of the brain to be removed, we can't just do this to people because that's so unethical!
Validity
The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to
Content Validity
The extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest- does it measure the important elements of that behavior?
Cohesiveness
The force that pulls group members together and forms bonds that last.
Neurogenesis
The formation of new neurons which happens occasionally in adulthood from exercise, sleep, non-stressful environment. Larger regeneration from stem cells.
Ames Room
The girls are the same size but we don't see it as that because the floor and ceiling are sloped and there are no right angles.
Backmasking
The hidden messages in songs like that Lady Gaga one
Latent Content
The hidden/underlying meaning that you don't even want to admit to yourself. Says that dreams are so weird because we're trying to hide our desires behind symbols.
Drive-Reduction Theory
The idea that a physiological need creates a state of tension (a drive), motivating an organism to satisfy their needs
Conservation
The idea that the amount of something doesn't change based on arrangement/appearance
Cerebral Cortex
The intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres. It is the body's ultimate control and information processing center.
Inhibitory Neurotransmitter
The key fits in but only STOPS any other keys! Activation of the receptor causes hyperpolarization and depresses action potential generation.
Rehearsal
The key for moving things from STM to LTM
Retina
The light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin processing visual information. This is where transduction occurs!
Independent Variable
The one that is manipulated, whose effect is being studied.
Dependent Variable
The one that may change in response to the IV being changed, in psychology this is usually the behavior or mental process.
Muller-Lyer Illusion
The one with the arrows like this <--------->---------< and the second part looks bigger
Behavior Genetics
The study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior. Examines the role of environment and biology.
Predictive Validity
The success with which a test predicts the behavior that it is designed to predict
Lens
The transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina (like a camera).
Hemispherectomy
The two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers (mainly the corpus callosum) between them.
Convergent Thinking
There is a particular answer- riddles. Set solution, in the end you wind up in one place.
Antipsychotic Drugs
Treat schizophrenia and severe thought disorder
Exposure Therapies
Treats people by exposing them to anxiety-provoking stimuli
Lateral Hypothalamus (LH)
Triggers hunger
Evolutionary Advantage of Heuristic
Trust your gut- fast decision making, good for survival
Dichotic
Two different things playing in your ears. You must focus on one ear, and if asked what was played into your other ear, you don't know.
Astrocytes
Type of Glial Cell for nutrition
Oligodendrocytes
Type of Glial Cell that creates the Myelin Sheath (insulate neurons).
Schwann Cells
Type of Glial Cell that creates the Myelin Sheath (insulate neurons).
Flashbulb Memory
Type of episodic (explicit) memory typically of traumatic things because they are more emotionally charged
Guilty Knowledge Test
Typically used to assess a suspect's responses of details of a crime- get you to say something that you wouldn't know unless you did it
Preconventional
UP TO AGE 10 Egocentric Punishment and Obedience Instrumental Exchange
Rogers
UPR and conditions of worth, real and ideal self
Defense Mechanisms
Unconsciously used by the ego to protect itself form pain and anxiety
Tend-and-Befriend
Under stress, people (especially women) support and bond with others (secondary appraisal)
Deep Structure
Underlying meaning of a sentence SEMANTICS
Freudian
Understand unconscious conflicts, free association. Labelled as psychodynamic.
Object Permanence
Understanding that things out of sight still exist
Prejudice
Undeserved (usually negative) attitude towards a group of people.
Dunning-Kruger Effect, AKA Illusory Superiority
Unskilled individuals overestimate their own abilities and qualities
Money and Happiness
Up to $75,000, money "buys happiness," though we do feel happy when we pay someone to do something for us, since we're buying ourselves free time.
In-Group & In-Group Bias
Us! We favor the in-group over the out-group. We favor those who a part of our in-group.
False Consensus Effect
We assume people agree with us! There are certain things we assume all people do or like (like chocolate).
Implicit Assumptions
We assume that there are rules limiting what we do even when such rules don't exist
Grouping: Closure
We assume that things are enclosed- think of the circles with the cutouts to look like triangles
Barnum Effect
We attribute or find meaning to/in vague statements- astrology.
Situational Attribution
We attribute people's behavior to a situation they might be in, rather than attributing it to their disposition.
Dispositional Attribution
We attribute people's behavior to their disposition rather than attributing it to a situation they might be in.
Just-World Phenomenon
We believe that the world is just and that people get what they deserve. That's why things like victim blaming happen, because we need to feel like the things that people do make sense- bad things happen to bad people, and good things happen to good people.
Infantile Amnesia
We don't remember anything before the age of 3, frontal lobes aren't developed enough to maintain memories.
Memory Consolidation/Information Processing
We dream to solidify our memories and experiences; solve new problems. Dreams are reflective of what's going on in our lives.
Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
We have a natural ability to produce language- innate capability
Availability Heuristic
We judge the probability of an event occurring based on what readily comes to mind- if it comes to mind more quickly it must be more likley
Perceptual Constancy
We know that our world doesn't just change because of a change in light or angle- when we sit down we're not like wow everything just changed shape
Skinner and Language
We learn by hearing and imitating, then we're reinforced or punished
Changing Size of Objects
We perceive motion because of the changing size of objects when they move
Size Constancy
We perceive objects as having a constant size, even when our distance varies (we know a car is car sized even when it's far away)
Parallel Processing
We process different parts of images separately at the same time. We see everything all together, we don't see it move and then see its color, we just process it at the same time.
Testing Effect
We remember best when we test ourselves- flashcards!
Encoding Specificity Principle
We retrieve information best when we can recreate original learning conditions
Statistical Significance
We run a T-Test on our samples and get a P-Value, which has to be less than .05 to be considered statistically significant.
Other-Race Effect
We see more uniformity in other races than in our own. We think that people of other races look more alike than people of our own.
Descriptive Grammar
We speak incorrectly but people still know what we mean because it has enough descriptive grammar
Grouping: Continuity
We tend to see things as continuous rather than broken into pieces (the squiggle with the straight line through it)
Fundamental Attribution Error
We tend to view people's actions as based on their disposition (think of when a driver cuts you off), and not to a situation that they might be in (what if they're sick and rushing to the hospital and they're not a jerk??).
Halo Effect (Hottie Factor)
We think that attractive people are healthier, happier, more honest, and more successful than their less-attractive counterparts.
Social Impairment/Inhibition
Weaker responses to tasks you don't know how to do very well in the presence of others (worse performance).
Curse of Knowledge
Whatever they know, you know- can be vague because they assume you know what they mean
Approach-Avoidance Conflict
When ONE event or goal has both attractive and unattractive features
Change Blindness
You miss something that has changed in your visual field- failure to notice the difference between what is there now and what was just there a moment ago
Multiple Approach-Avoidance Conflict
You must choose between two or more things, each of which has both desirable and undesirable features
Fast/Low Road
You see a snake- this goes from eyes to thalamus to amygdala. You have no conscious awareness of this happening- this is so that your body can emotionally react before you even realize it's happening. ZAJONC AND LE DOUX
Spacing Effect
You should space out your studying, good for long-term retention
Door in the Face
You start with a big request, knowing that they will say no, because you actually want something smaller in comparison, and it won't look as bad after that.
Self-Disclosure
You tell them about yourself! More of this, and that increases the feeling of liking someone.
Ethnocentrism
You think your ethnicity is the best.
Sleep Paralysis
You wake up but can't move- you have semi-hallucinations (commonly: demon on chest, man in room, alien abduction)
Genetic Predisposition
You're genetically more likely to have something (more prone to it, like alcoholism)
Big Five does...
good job describing dimensions and can be predictive
Opponent Process Theory
i.e. Afterimages. Hering proposed that we process four primary colors combined in pairs of red-green, blue-yellow, and black-white. He says that we still have the three cones but we also do this.
Authoritarian
Little warmth, high demandingness
Manifest Content
The storyline of your dreams
Internal Locus of Control
Those who believe they can control their own lives
External Locus of Control
Those who think there's little they can do to influence what happens to them
Conscious
Thoughts, perceptions
Chromosomes
Threadlike structures made of coiled chain of DNA molecules that contain genes-23 pairs.
Microsleeps
Tiny, second-long sleeps that help us "get through" when we haven't had enough sleep
Descriptive Research: Purpose
To describe what is in reality.
Achievement Test
To determine what a person has learned: AP Test
Weber's Law
To perceive as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage. Light intensity- 8% Weight- 2% Tone frequency- 0.3%
Hypersomnia
Too much sleep! Opposite of insomnia.
Deductive Reasoning
Top-down logic; Starts out with a general statement (all green plants need sunlight) and reducing the generality (this rosebush is a green plant) and then draw a conclusion (this rosebush needs sunlight)
Rooting Reflex
Touch a newborn baby on the cheek, they will turn and root for food source
PPY Increase
(Digestive tract) decreases hunger
Leptin Increase
(Fat cells) decreases hunger
Gestalt
(Form or whole)- The whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Necker Cube
Orexin Increase
(Hypothalamus) Increases hunger
-->Insulin Increase
(Pancreas) Increases hunger
-->Ghrelin Increase
(Stomach) Increases hunger
Contributions to the "Fattening World"
-Highly palatable food -Supersized portions -More variety leads us to eat more -Snacking -Gigantic plates -Sedentary lifestyles -Social influence
Hubel and Weisel
/ | \ Show that cells are responding to the first rectangle but not the other two because the cell responds to things at a certain angle (the shape is the same!)
Oral Stage
1 Birth to 18 months, pleasure from mouth. Smoking, eating, drinking
Informational Processing Model
1- Encoding (input) 2- Storage 3- Retrieval (output)
Motivation...
1- connects observable behavior to internal states 2- accounts for variability in behavior 3- creates perseverance despite adversity 4- relates biology to behavior
How the Senses Are Different
1- extract different information and send it to different parts of the brain 2- all different forms of stimulus needed
How the Senses Are Similar
1- transduce stimulus energy into neural impulses 2- more sensitive to change than to constant stimulation (Sensory Adaptation) 3- provide us with information about the environment we are in
Flow of Depolarization
1. At rest 2. Sodium ions start to come in and make it depolarized 3. Moves on and depolarizes next section 4. Then they're kicked out
Age: Antisocial PD
10
Neuron
100 billion in the human brain! They are messengers.
Terman's Study
1500 kids who were smart lived longer
Emerging Adulthood
18-mid-20's. We see an increase in the age of marriage and establishing independent homes
Age: Alcoholism, OCD, bipolar, schizophrenia
20
Age: Major depressive disorder
25
Phallic Stage
3 3-6 years Pleasure from genital stimulation. Child identifies with their same sex parent.
Hans Eysenck
3 essential personality components- PEN Psychoticism, Extroversion, Neuroticism
Latency Period
4 Middle of childhood to adolescence Sexual energy submerged and hidden, channeled into socially acceptable activities
Emotion
4 part process- physiological arousal, cognitive interpretation, subjective feelings, behavioral expression
Genital Stage
5, final Mature adult sexuailty
Central Traits
5-10 significant characteristics that form our core personaltiy
Normal Distribution
68-95-99
Age: Phobias
8
Sleep cycles are...
90 minutes
: )
:o)
Insecure Attachment=
=High reactive baby, because mother doesn't want to or can't deal with it
Electroconvulsive Therapy
A biomedical therapy for severely depressed people in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient
Unconditional Positive Regard
A caring, accepting, non-judgmental attitude that would help clients develop self-awareness and self-acceptance
Farsightedness
A condition in which far away objects are seen more clearly than near objects
Nearsightedness
A condition in which nearby objects are seen more clearly than distant objects
Chronic Stress
A continuous state of stressful arousal, persisting over time (long-term stress)
Achievement Motivation
A desire for significant accomplishment. For mastery of things, people, or ideas for attaining a higher standard. People like to be good at things that look hard but they know they will succeed in.
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
A disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, anxiety, numbness, and/or insomnia that lingers after traumatic experience
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
A disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and actions (compulsions)
Conversion Disorder
A disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found- may lose sensation in a way neurology can't explain (paralysis, blindness) Symptoms more severe than SSD.
Illness Anxiety Disorder
A disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease- continues to move between doctors looking for an answer and attention
Synapse
A junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. The tiny gap is called the Synaptic Junction or Cleft.
Negative Symptoms
A lack of characteristics that should be present (reduced speech, lack of emotional and facial expression, social withdrawal)
Glutamate
A major EXCITATORY neurotransmitter; involved in memory EXCESS: ALS, migraines, seizures
GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)
A major INHIBITORY neurotransmitter that does a lot UNDERSUPPLY: Huntington's Disease, anxiety, epilepsy, insomnia
Perception
A mental process that elaborates and assigns meaning to the incoming sensory patterns. Perception creates an interpretation of sensation.
Intelligence Test
A method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores
Prototype
A model, or best example of a thing/natural concept
Cyclothymic Disorder
A more mild version of bipolar
The Need to Belong
A motivation to form and maintain enduring, close personal relationships.
Action Potential
A neural impulse. A brief electrical charge that travels down an axon caused by the movement of positively charged sodium ions in and out of channels in the axon's membrane.
Bipolar Disorder
A person alternates with depressive and manic states. Manic- quick, nonsensical talking
Panic Disorder
A person experiences sudden episodes of intense dread
Phobias
A person is intensely and irrationally afraid of any object or situation
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
A person views an ambiguous picture and makes up a story about it. The story is a projection of their own feelings.
Sexual Orientation
A person's preference for emotional and sexual relationships with individuals of the same sex, other sex, and/or either sex.
Factor Analysis
A statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person's total score
Stressor
A stressful stimulus or situation demanding adaptation. Hypothalamus and pituitary
Psychological Disorder
A syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation or behavior (must be MALADAPTIVE and CAUSE DISTRESS)
Memory
A system that encodes, stores, and retrieves information.
Intellectual Disability
ADHD has a lot of controversy. Adderall common medication.
Moro Reflex
AKA Startle Reflex- an unexpected stimulus will elicit a response where child throws arms in the air, legs out, then pulls them back into body. Followed by shaking. This is the reason for swaddling
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
ALBERT ELLIS!!! Confrontational therapy that forces people to challenge irrational, illogical, self-defeating attitudes and beliefs
Fluid Intelligence
Ability to reason speedily and abstractly- tends to decrease in late adulthood
Encoding Acoustically
According to a rhythm or rhyme
Semantic Encoding
According to meaning- mnemonic device
Crystallized Intelligence
Accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; increases with age
How a Neurotransmitter Works
Action Potential comes through and tells the neurotransmitters to release into the synaptic gap, then bond to receiving sites on the dendrite of the receiving neuron. The neurotransmitters bind to specific receptor sites on the receiving neuron, and will either make it start another action potential or not.
Prescriptive Grammar
Actual rules of grammar
Conformity
Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.
Accommodation
Adjusting schemas or behaviors to incorporate new information (i.e. learning animals)
Environmental Relative
Adoptive relative, husband or wife, step parent. Share the same environment but no genes.
Serotonin
Affects mood, hunger, sleep, sensory perception, and mood MOOD AND FOOD EXCESS: anxiety, limits dreaming UNDERSUPPLY: depression, can be raised by Prozac
Refractory Period
After a neuron fires an action potential, it pauses for a short period to recharge itself to fire again.
Subliminal Persuasion
After seeing things used in TV shows (Steve was drinking a coke in Stranger Things) we think after the show "I want a coke"
Cohort
Age groups
Autism risk increases with...
Age of parents Other prenatal complications Premature babies
Happiness is Not Related to...
Age, gender, education levels, parenthood, physical attractiveness
Insight
Aha moment
Tertiary Prevention
Aim to keep people's mental health issues from becoming more severe such as working with those with diagnosed disorders and keeping them from developing
Universal Grammar
All languages have certain grammatical aspects
Peripheral Nervous System
All nerves running throughout body. Connect Central Nervous System to rest of body.
Motivation
All of the processes involved in starting, directing, and maintaining physical and psychological activities.
Population
All the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study.
Pituitary Gland
An Endocrine Gland- Controlled by hypothalamus. Secretes hormones which control the output of hormones by other endocrine glands. Monitors hormone levels to prevent imbalances. HGH- growth Oxytocin- bonding Norepinephrine is also a hormone released by adrenal glands.
Discrimination
An action!!!! based on prejudice.
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
An amplified recording of the electrical waves sweeping across the brain's surface, measured by electrodes placed on the scalp. Gives us a broad picture of brain activity, used for sleep research. Very non-invasive.
Anorexia Nervosa
An eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly (15% or more) underweight
Bulimia Nervosa
An eating disorder in which a person alternates between eating (usually high calorie food) with purging (by vomiting or laxative use), excessive exercise, or fasting
Cannon-Bard Theory
An emotion-triggering stimulus and the body's arousal take place simultaneously
Personality
An enduring pattern of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that make each of us unique. Themes include nature vs. nurture, and stability across situations and over time.
Social Responsibility Norm
An expectation that people will help those needing help.
Aphasia
An impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage to either Broca's Area (impaired speaking) or Wernicke's Area (impaired understanding. The person sounds like they know what they're talking about but make no sense.).
Nerve Deafness
An inability to hear, linked to a deficit in the body's ability to transmit impulses from the cochlea to the brain. Usually relating to damaged hair cells.
Conduction Deafness
An inability to hear, resulting from damage to the structures of the middle ear or inner ear blockage.
Bottom-Up Processing
Analysis of the stimulus begins with the sense receptors and works up the the level of brain and mind.
Spillover Effect
Arousal spills over from one event to another
Sympathetic Nervous System
Arousing- fight or flight. Activated when you're in danger or scared. Evolution-reaction to predators. Pupils dilate, heart beats faster, stop digesting, glucose for energy, relaxes bladder, sweat. ANXIETY
Critical Period
As we age, our ability to learn language decreases
Random Assignment
Assigning subjects to experimental and control conditions by chance, MAKES IT A TRUE EXPERIMENT.
Aversive Conditioning
Associates unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior
Nomothetic Method
Assume that all people pretty much share the same basic traits to different degrees; compare individuals to each other- similar to a norm
Management Theory X
Assumes that workers are basically lazy, error-prone, and extrinsically motivated by money-- workers should be directed from above
Management Theory Y
Assumes that, given challenge and freedom, workers are motivated to achieve self esteem and to demonstrate their competence and creativity.
Face Validity
At a quick glance, does the assessment test what it is meant to?
Pervasive Depressive Disorder
At least 2 symptoms but over 2 years; longer period but less intense
Moon Illusion
At that particular point on the horizon we think that the moon looks bigger because it throws off our depth cues, using the horizon as a comparison
Mary Ainsworth
Attachment styles
Primary Prevention
Attempt to reduce the incidence of societal problems such as joblessness and homelessness that can give rise to mental health issues
Myers Briggs
Attempted to sort people according to Jung personality types, used in counseling and career placement, doesn't predict
Assimilation
Attempting to fit a new experience into cognitive framework (schemas) that one already possesses
Self-Serving Bias
Attribute your success to personal characteristics, your failures to other things that aren't you
Bar Graph vs. Histogram
BAR GRAPHS HAVE GAPS, CATEGORIES ON X. HISTOGRAMS DON'T HAVE GAPS, NUMBER RANGES ON X.
Baby Math
Babies know if the number of things changes
Baby Physics
Babies look longer at unexpected things
Habituation
Babies will look at a new stimulus but they will stop looking at something once it's been present for a while. Drawn to new things, stop looking at unchanging stimuli
Reciprocal Determinism
Bandura Interacting influences of behavior, cognitions and environment.
Trichromatic Theory
Based on behavioral experiments, Helmholtz suggested that the retina should contain three receptors that are sensitive to red, blue, and green colors.
Superego
Based on morality; the "mother's voice" or conscience; guilt. The angel on your shoulder.
Id
Based on the pleasure principle; primitive drives. You know what you want and you want it now. The devil on your shoulder.
Ego
Based on the reality principle; balance. Wants to justify id
Phoneme
Basic sounds of any language- pronunciation
Francis Galton
Began modern intelligence movement through surveying and using applied statistics
Gender Role
Behaviors considered appropriate for males and females in a given social setting
Natural Selection
Biological fears faced by ancestors
Sex
Biologically determined
Glucose
Blood sugar- major source of energy. When levels are low, it signals to your brain that you need to eat.
Inductive Reasoning
Bottom-up logic; Begins with specific pieces of information or observations, concludes with a not usually reliable generalization.
Central Nervous System
Brain and spinal cord
Frequency Theory
Brain identifies pitch of sounds according to how rapidly nerve impulses fire. High pitch is a faster firing neuron. A neuron can only go one speed, so here's the Volley Principle
Sleep Deprivation
Brain slows down: -Lack imagination -Creativity -and logical conclusions -Stutter -Talk in cliches
Continuity Theories
Development is gradual and difficult to notice changes
Tolerance
Builds with repeated use, requires increased amount of substance.
Sleep Spindle
Burst of brain activity- nREM 2
Client Centered Therapy
CARL ROGERS!!! Looked at as clients, not patients, to try to achieve a common ground. Active listening, unconditional positive regard, empathy.
Correlation
CORRELATION DOES NOT IMPLY CAUSATION!!! EXPERIMENTATION IS THE ONLY WAY TO PROVE CAUSATION!!!
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Calming- rest and digest.
fMRI (Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
Can reveal brain functioning and structure by examining changes in blood flow based on different activities. SHOWS STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION. (Shows function overlaid on structure).
Descriptive Research: Disadvantages
Can't help you predict, can't give you cause and effect.
Anterograde Amnesia
Can't make new memories (HM)
Insomnia
Can't sleep! Increases in ghrelin (hunger) and cortisol (stress), decreased immune functioning.
Egocentric
Can't take others' perspectives
Archetypes
Carl Jung Sense of femaleness in males (ANIMA) Sense of maleness in females (ANIMUS)
Frontal Lobes
Cerebral Cortex: Decision making, planning, movement. Front part of Frontal Lobe is the Prefrontal Cortex, involved in critical thinking, which is the last thing to develop. Back part of Frontal Lobe is voluntary movement.
Parietal Lobes
Cerebral Cortex: Include the sensory cortex & processes somatic information. Top of head!
Occipital Lobes
Cerebral Cortex: Include the visual areas, which receive visual information from the opposite visual field.
Descriptive Research: Advantages
Certain Descriptive Research methods can be quick, you can generalize your findings with some.
Hierarchy of Needs
Certain needs have priority over others. Physiological needs like breathing, thirst, and hunger come before psychological needs such as achievement, self esteem, and the need for recognition. KNOW THE ORDER!!!
Pheromones
Chemically produced odor that sends messages to other species members.
Neurotransmitters
Chemicals released from the sending neuron travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing it to generate an action potential. This is how neurons communicate! Live on the axon tip.
Ambivalent Attachment
Child cannot rely on needs to be met. Mother is inconsistent- sensitive & neglectful. Child becomes anxious, insecure, angry.
Chunking
Chunk the letters into more memorable things like FBI CIA SIA
Representative Sample
Closely parallels the population on relevant characteristics. WE WANT THIS, so that we can generalize our findings!!!
Monocular Depth Cues: Relative Size
Closer objects are larger
Biological Psychology
Concerned with the links between biology and behavior.
Corpus Callosum
Connects the two hemispheres. Allows them to communicate with each other- sends messages from the left to the right and vice versa.
Deep Processing
Consciously adding meaning and making connections. Adds meaning to something through elaborative rehearsal
Contact Theory
Contact between hostile groups will reduce animosity if they are made work towards an overarching goal.
Orgasm
Contractions all over the body, increase in breathing, pulse, and blood pressure, sexual release.
Test-Retest Reliabilty
Correlation between a person's score on one administration of the test with the same person's score on a subsequent administration of the test
Equivalent Form Reliabilty
Correlation between performance on the different forms of the test
Inter-Rater Reliabilty
Correlation in scoring between DIFFERENT scorers
Intra-Rater Reliabilty
Correlation in scoring when the same scorer scores the same test more than once
Myelin Sheath
Covers the axon of some neurons and helps speed up neural impulses. Covered with a fatty substance.
Restored Vision
Critical period for vision! We need to have sensory input during this period or else the brain will never be able to interpret that signal in the future, because your brain will do it's neuroplasticity thing and the areas will no longer be accessible. As you age you can go much longer without, say, being able to see because the connections have already been established.
Carol Gilligan
Criticized Kohlberg, since he only looked at males- boys more absolute girls more situational morally, moral reasoning vs. moral behavior
Gender
Culturally acquired behavior and attitudes associated with one's biological sex
Social Script
Culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations. Music, TV, movies, video games.
Down's, Turner's, William's, PKU
D, T, W: intellectual disabilities PKU: ability to digest phenylalanine which can build up in the brain and cause mental retardation
Thorazine and Haldol
Dampened responsiveness to irrelevant stimuli. Molecules are antagonists and occupy dopamine receptor sites to block its activity. Powerful side effects- slugishness, tremors, twitches
Thanatos
Death drive- accounts for some of our aggressive, self-destructive thoughts and behaviors.
Resolution
Engorged genital release blood. Male goes through refractory phase, women resolve slower.
Standardization
Defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of pretested group
State Dependent Memory
Dependent on physical state- tired, hungry, under influence
Context Dependent Memory
Depends on physical environment
Nontasters vs. Supertasters
Depends on the amount of taste buds and sesnsitivity
Opiates
Depressant Suppress pain, induce sleep, induce state of euphoria. Agonists for endorphins and are highly addictive. Leads brain to stop producing own endorphins. Opium Morphine Heroin Oxycodone
Depressive Cycle
Depressed behavior fuels ostracism and increases feelings of rejection
Depressants
Depresses CNS- slows you down, slows nervous system Alcohol (stimulates GABA) Barbiturates (tranquilizers) Benzodiazepines (anti-anxiety) Opiates
Goals of Psychology
Describe, explain, predict, control
Normative Social Influence
Desire to conform to social norms to fit in or gain approval- fashion trends- because of the mere exposure effect, the more we see it, the more we like it.
Shape Constancy
Despite different angles we view things as they are the same shape. You don't suddenly think a door transformed into a different shape when it opens, you understand it's at a different angle.
Agonists
Enhance effect of neurotransmitter
Temperaments
Difficult, slow to warm up, easy
Sensory Adaptation
Diminished physical sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation (cold pool). The sensory stimulators aren't firing anymore because the stimulus is unchanging. Physically can't change this
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
Distinct facial features, behavioral impairments, and in some cases, mental retardation occurs
Stranger Anxiety
Distress upon encountering new, unfamiliar faces, peaking at 13-15 months old
Separation Anxiety
Distress when separated from parent/caregiver
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
Divide between what a child knows and can do on their own and what they have the "potential" to do with a supportive environment: A developmentally appropriate task is in the zone. What I can do with help.
Stability /Change
Do our early personality traits persist throughout life, or do we become different people as we age?
Minnesota Twins Study
Done by Bouchard at the University of Minnesota. Located 74 pairs of identical twins and continued to find similarities.
The Limbic System
Donut-shaped system of neural structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebrum, associated with emotions such as fear, aggression, and drives for food and sex. It includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus.
Depressant vs. Stimulant
Downer vs. Upper
Working Memory
Draws on STM and LTM and allows for stored info to be brought to conscious awareness while also juggling new material that is entering STM. When we bring an LTM into working, you make it vulnerable
Activation-Synthesis
Dreams have no meaning- we have random neural firing and our brains are trying to make sense of it, so our dreams become disjointed since the firings are so unconnected.
Sociocultural
Dysfunctional society
Acetylcholine (ACh)
EXCITATORY Enables muscle action, learning, and memory. UNDERSUPPLY: Alzheimer's, paralysis
Norepinephrine
EXCITATORY Noradrenaline; helps control alertness and arousal. Is also a hormone! UNDERSUPPLY: depressed mood
Dopamine
EXCITATORY AND INHIBITORY Influences movement, alertness, and PLEASURE EXCESS: schizophrenia UNDERSUPPLY: Parkinson's Disease
Lewis Terman
Edited Binet's test and created Stanford-Binet test to identify innate intelligence
Repression
Ego pushes unacceptable impulses out of awareness, back into unconscious mind. You have no knowledge of it ever happening.
Robert Plutchik
Eight primary emotions and eight secondary emotions, the emotion wheel
Neural Impulse
Electrical signal travelling down the axon
Neuroticism
Emotional Stability
Amygdala
Emotional memories (flashbulb)
Active Listening
Empathetic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies
Incentive Theory
Extrinsic Motivation: a desire to perform the behavior because of promised reward or threat of punishments Intrinsic Motivation: a desire to perform a behavior for its own sake and to be effective.
Physiology of Sex
FOUR PHASES IN ORDER: 1- Excitement 2- Plateau 3- Orgasm 4- Resolution
Mimicking
Facial expressions, can imitate many expressions by 12 days old- mirror neurons
Humanistic
Failure to strive toward one's potential or being out of touch with one's feelings
Evolution
Favors genetic variations that produce adaptive behavior.
Agoraphobia
Fear of crowded places, open spaces, leaving one's home, dying somewhere. Fear that you'll be somewhere and something bad will happen to you and you won't be able to get back home to safety. Oftentimes starts with a crowded place, has a panic attack, and they're afraid of that happening again
Unconscious
Fears, violent motives, immoral urges, selfish needs, irrational wishes, unacceptable sexual desires, shameful experiences
FAS
Fetal alcohol syndrome- growth, FAS face, brain severe
Recall
Fill in the blank or free response- come up with info without a cue
Mirror Neurons
Fire when you're engaging in an activity AND when you're watching someone do it. Whether you do it or watch someone else do it, it's the same firing.
Excitatory Neurotransmitter
Fits and OPENS the receiving neuron. Activation of the receptor causes depolarization of the membrane and promotes an action potential in the receiving neuron.
George Sperling Experiment
Flashing the group of letters and then the tone and what letters did you see
Medical Model
Focuses on physical causes and hospital treatment
Habituation
Focuses on the cognitive/perceptual level (heater). You can bring your attention back to the stimulus.
Biopsychosocial Approach
Focuses on the combination of factors that leads to psychological disorders
International Review Board
For ethical issues surrounding humans and animals in experiments.
Forgetting Curve
Forget most in the first day
Terminal Branches/Buttons
Form junctions with other cells
Natural Concept
Formed from everyday experience; no formal rules, but typical characteristics (home)
Penis Envy
Freud thinks that girls want penises and boys envy each other's. he's weird
Psychoanalysis
Freud's therapeutic technique- release previously repressed feelings between id, superego, and ego. Free association, resistance, interpretation, transference
Broca's Area
Frontal Lobe: Controls ability to speak (creating words)
General Adaptation Syndrome
GAS- A pattern of general physical responses that take essentially the same form in responding to any serious chronic stressor - ARE (Alarm reaction, Resistance, Exhaustion)
Vision
Gathers and focuses light, converts it to a neural signal, and sends them on for further processing
Positively Skewed
Graph points to the left.
Negatively Skewed
Graph points to the right.
Psychoticism
General level of caring/empathy
Schema
General understanding of a concept and related concepts
Cohort Effect
Generational difference can skew your data (tech generation)
William's
Genes are missing from chromosome , retardation, spatial weakness, tend to be highly sociable and gravitate towards people and kindness - inability to be prejudice
Color Blindness
Genetic disorder in which people are blind to green or red colors. This supports the trichromatic theory. (Ishihara Test with the numbers)
Nature
Genetics/biology
Excitement
Genitals become engorged with blood, vagina expands, secretes lubricant, penis enlarges
Aaron Beck
Gentle approach! Wanted clients to find negative themes and reverse catastrophizing beliefs about themselves and their future. Gentle questioning and COGNITIVE TRIAD
The Gestalt Theory
Gestalt Psychologists argue that the brain forms a perceptual whole that is more than the mere sum of its sensory parts.
Alfred Binet
Goal was to find children in France who needed special classes, he and Simon developed IQ test for mental age
Instrumental Aggression
Goal-focused
Task Leadership
Goal-oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals.
Posthypnotic Suggestion
Goes with suggestibility theory. Found mixed results in treating addiction, more useful for obesity. Doesn't support research for age regression or discovery of buried memories.
Hormones
Growth of bodily structures like muscles and bones, differences between males and females, metabolism, energy levels, preparing the body for stressful situations, mood.
Clinical Observation
Have shed light on a number of brain disorders. Alterations in brain morphology due to neurological and psychiatric diseases are now being cataloged.
Fraternal Twins
Have the same genetic relationship as any other sibling pair., they're just born at the same time.
Rosenhan Study
He had confederates go into mental institutions who were admitted as schizophrenic and then didn't show any symptoms after being admitted, they were kept for 3.5 weeks because everything they did afterward was viewed as schizophrenic activity
Factors That Reduce Sexual Activity in Teens
High intelligence, religiosity, father presence, learning programs.
Authoritative
High responsiveness, warmth, and demandingness
Happy People Tend to...
High self esteem, optimistic, agreeable, close friendships, work and leisure to engage skills, meaningful religious faith, sleep well, exercise
Surface Structure
How a sentence is written (word order) SYNTAX
Nature/Nurture
How do genetic inheritance (our nature) and experience (the nurture) influence our behavior?
Self Concept
How one thinks of oneself
Cognition
How people learn, structure, store, and use knowledge. Memory, thought, language.
Secondary Appraisal
How we can cope with the stressor
Construct Validity
How well a test measures what it claims to measure and not any similar things- JUST DEPRESSION
Criterion Validity
How well the results correlate with other measures designed to assess similar things- SAT vs. ACT scores
Operational Definition
How you are measuring your DEPENDENT VARIABLE.
Wavelength
Hue (color) is determined by the dimension of color determined by the wavelength of the light. Distance from the peak of one wave to the peak of the next. SHORT=BLUE LONG=RED
Arousal Theory
Human motivation aims to seek optimum levels of arousal, not to eliminate it. Young monkeys and children are known to explore the environment in the absence of a need-based drive.
Contact Comfort
Humans do need physical touch and nurturance
Self-Determination Theory
Humans have "inherent growth tendencies" and do most things out of intrinsic motivation
Thyroid Gland
Hypothyroidism- too little thyroxine Hyperthyroidism- too much thyroxine Thyroid cancer Goiter- swelling of the neck
Hindsight Bias
I knew it all along phenomenon. Once you find out the answer, you feel as if you had always known it, but this is just because now you're connecting it.
Procedural Memory
IMPLICIT/NONDECLARATIVE, specific actions, not consciously processing like riding a bike, tying a shoe, driving
Konrad Lorenz
IMPRINTING with the ducks-- humans don't imprint
Endorphins
INHIBITORY Alleviate pain, very similar to opioids (opium, morphine, heroin) UNDERSUPPLY: chronic pain disorders
Antagonists
INHIBITS They don't mimic, they just block. Not similar enough to stimulate the receptor.
Sensory (AFFERENT) Neurons
INPUT from sensory organs to the brain and spinal cord. When you touch something, the feeling goes up your hands, arm, spine, and brain. BOTTOM UP-BODY SENDS MESSAGE TO BRAIN.
Intellectually Disabled
IQ 70 or below. Those with these IQ scores can live more independently than before (Flynn Effect)
Flynn Effect
IQ scores have been improving since 1920!
Phrenology
Idea that bumps on the head represent mental abilities. If the brain worked like a muscle, it would get bigger in the spots one used most. It was wrong, but showed us that different parts of the brain serve different functions.
Concepts
Ideas that we group together because they share some properties or characteristics Superordinate- fruit Basic- apple Subordinate- macintosh
EQ
Identify emotion in oneself and others, awareness of how emotions shape thinking and decision making, understand and analyze emotions they are experiencing, self-control to regulate emotions
Stigmatizing
If other people know you were diagnosed, you might be treated differently
Persuasive Communicators
If someone attractive or famous is the one advertising it, it will affect our likelihood of changing our actions and beliefs.
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
If someone goes into something expecting a certain outcome, they may unknowingly cause it because they expected it to happen in the first place.
Heritability
Intelligence is 50% heritable, the difference in intelligence between individuals is due to genetics
Self-Serving Bias
If we do something well, we say that it's obviously dispositional because that's how we are! We naturally succeed! But, if we don't do something well, you blame it on other things because that wasn't your fault, right?
Afterimages
If we view colored stimuli for an extended period of time, we will see an afterimage in a complementary color (NOT explained by trichromatic theory). If you're staring at one of the colors for a long time it exhausts the receptor in that cell and then it becomes the opposite.
Anchor Bias
If you base your response based on a number given to you in the question, you use it as your reference point.
Self Referencing
If you can relate a concept to yourself, you will remember it more.
Foot in the Door
If you get someone to comply with a small request, you are more likely to get them to comply with a larger request later on.
Babinski Reflex
If you stroke the bottom of a newborn's foot, the toes fan out then curl back in
Good Samaritan Laws
If you're scared because you're afraid of the consequences of helping someone (will they get hurt? Will you get in trouble?), you won't help. Good Samaritan Laws protect you, so you're not responsible for what happens when you're helping.
Binocular Depth Cues: Retinal Disparity
Images from the two eyes differ. 2 vs 1 eye finger touching experiment!
Diffusion of Responsibility
In a group, the responsibility falls on everyone instead of just you. If it's just you, then the responsibility falls on your shoulders, but if you're in a group, then it's on the whole group.
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)
In hypothalamus, controls 24-hour clock sending messages through endocrine system telling the Pineal Gland to secrete melatonin
Systematic Desensitization
JOSEPH WOLPE!!! Begins with relaxed state, paired with gradually increasing, anxiety-triggering stimuli
Social Context
Includes the real, imagined, or symbolic presence of other people; the activities and interactions that take place among people; the settings in which behavior occurs; and the expectations and social norms governing behavior in a given setting.
Misinformation Effect
Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event
Lateral Hypothalamus
Increases hunger (tells you when you're hungry)
An experiment is testing the effect of the _____________ on the _____________.
Independent Variable / Dependent Variable
Lazarus and Folkman
Individual's cognitive appraisal of the situation is the key to responding to stress
Alfred Adler
Inferiority Complex
Informational Social Influence
Influencing from one's willingness to accept other's opinions about reality- mostly when you're not sure about something.
Top-Down Processing
Information processing guided by higher-level mental processes as we construct perceptions, drawing on our experience and expectations. Interpretation of the sensation. BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE AND EXPERIENCE
Antagonists
Inhibit the effect of neurotransmitters
Grasping Reflex
Innate reflex babies are born with
Sucking Reflex
Innate reflex babies are born with
Peg Word
Instead of Method of Loci, use a set rhyme.
Eros
Instinctual life drive that is directed by sexual energy called libido. Powered by sex and relationships and love
Glial Cells
Insulate and support neurons. Creates the Myelin Sheath and removes waste products, provides nourishment, and prevent harmful substances from entering the brain.
Physical Dependence
Intense cravings and physiological need
Body Dysmorphic Disorder
Intense preoccupation over one's features and a distorted view of them.
Neural Networks
Interconnected neural cells. With experience, networks can learn, as feedback strengthens or inhibits connections that produce certain results. The brain learns by modifying certain connections in response to feedback.
Circadian Rhythm
Internal biological clock that governs sleep and wake cycle. Fluctuations in body temperature
Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic
Internal, unconscious conflict
8 Different Intelligences
Interpersonal, intrapersonal, bodily-kinesthetic, spatial, musical, logical-mathematical, linguistic, naturalistic.
Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love
Intimacy, Commitment, Passion.
Consummate Love vs. Companionate Love
Intimacy, passion, and commitment vs. intimacy and commitment.
Split-Half Reliability
Involves randomly dividing a test into two different sections and correlating people's performance on the two halves.
Secondary Prevention
Involves working with people at risk for developing specific problems such as working with those who have experienced loss of a loved one to avoid depression
Cognitive
Irrational, dysfunctional thoughts or ways of thinking
Continuity/Stages
Is a developmental a gradual, continuous process or a sequence of separate stages?
Belief Perseverance
It is hard to change someone's beliefs despite evidence to the contrary
Representative Heuristic
Judge the probability of an event based on how well it matches some prototype or schema in our mind (poetry loving truck driver)
Environment does not begin at birth!!!
Just know that!!! You still have an environment in the womb
Maintenance Rehearsal
Just reading over your notes, not thinking about it like when you read 5 pages of a book and you're like what did I just read
Kinesthetic Sense
Keeps track of body parts, relative to each other. Kinesthesis provides constant sensory feedback about what the muscles in your body are doing. Receptors found in joints, muscles, tendons, usuallly automatic unless the person is learning a new skill.
Employee Engagement
Know expectations, feel need to work, feel fulfilled, opportunities to do best, part of significant, can learn and develop
Social Contract
Kohlberg: Morality: What is just under these circumstances? Punishment protects future victims. Interest in justice for others.
Instrumental Exchange
Kohlberg: Morality: What's in it for me? Eye for an eye
Punishment and Obedience
Kohlberg: Morality: how do I avoid punishment?
Law and Order
Kohlberg: Morality: laws must be upheld for the greater social order, "what if everyone did that?"
Universal Principles
Kohlberg: Morality: set of rights that apply to everyone, value principles more than life, what is justice for all?
Interpersonal Conformity
Kohlberg: Morality: what is socially acceptable? "Good boy, nice girl", good behavior is what pleases others
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder
Lack of REM paralysis, people physically act out their dreams. This can be extremely dangerous.
Group Test
Large number of people at once- less expensive, more objective
Speed Test
Large number of questions in a short time
LGN
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (in thalamus). LGN Neurons synapse onto primary visual cortex
REM Deprivation
Leads to REM Rebound (takes less time to fall into REM sleep)
Social Learning Theory
Learn gender behavior by observing, imitating, and receiving rewards/punishments
Steven Pinker
Learning new words helps thinking
Depressed Brain
Left frontal lobe (reward) less active, too little norepinephrine (too much in mania)
Phi Phenomenon
Lighted signs appear to move as one light jumping from bulb to bulb but each is just turning on or off
Counterconditioning
Like extinction, but sometimes you get rid of the behavior and want to replace it with another
Stroboscopic Movement
Like flip books or animated movies! They're just a bunch of picture being switched between really fast. 24 FRAMES PER SECOND
Group Polarization
Like minded groups tend to enhance beliefs after discussion within the group.
Amygdala
Limbic System: Consists of two almond-shaped neural clusters linked to the emotions of fear and aggression.
Reward Center
Limbic System: Dopamine affects the LS leading to addiction with opioid drugs.
Hypothalamus
Limbic System: Lies below the thalamus. Controls the 4 F's (FIGHT, FLIGHT, FOOD, FORNICATION). Also body temperature and circadian rhythms. Helps govern the endocrine system via the Pituitary Gland.
Hippocampus
Limbic System: Structure that contributes to the formation of memories. When people drink too much it messes with their hippocampus temporarily (causing memory loss!) Damage=memory loss associated with Alzheimer's
Short Term Memory
Limited capacity of less than 20 seconds, 7+-2 unrelated items, can be expanded through chunking
Long Term Memory
Limitless capacity!
Monocular Depth Cues: Linear Perspective
Lines converge in the distance
Nonfluent Aphasia
Long hesitation between words and you can understand others. Hard to name everyday objects.
Twin Studies
Look at identical twins raised apart and together to see if similarities can be attributed to nature or to nurture. Find that identical twins are more behaviorally similar than fraternal.
Brightness Constancy
Look at surrounding context and objects to assess the color of things.
Central Route Persuasion
Looks at facts and information
Cross-Sectional Correlational Study
Looks at many groups at one time period (many ages, but over a few months). Large sample size, short time.
Longitudinal Correlational Study
Looks at one group over a long period of time (years!). Small sample size, long time.
Oppositional Defiant Disorder
Losing temper, arguing, see more in kids in juvenile detention centers. Defiant for literally no reason.
Anosmia
Loss of smell
Permissive
Low control and demandingness, high warmth
Uninvolved
Low control, demandingness, warmth, responsiveness
Conventional
MOST TEENAGERS AND ADULTS Society and others Interpersonal Conformity Law and Order
Inferiority Complex
Made to feel not good enough
Womb Envy
Males jealous of female ability to have children
Freudian Psychoanalytic/Wish Fulfillment
Manifest vs. Latent content- We dream to fulfill wishes that we can't in life, because they're unacceptable. We can't just flat out dream it, though, so we hide it behind symbols.
Positive Psychology
Martin Seligman! Self Determination Theory. Feel Good Do Good.
Central Tendency
Mean, median, mode, skewed distributions.
Stanford Binet Test
Mental/Chronological Age x 100 Avg is 100, standard deviation is 15
Immigrant Paradox
Mexican-Americans born in the US are at a great risk of mental disorder than their Mexican-born parents
Drugs
Mimic neurotransmitters, increasing the number of synapses firing. Release NT from neurons with or without a signal!
Absolute Threshold
Minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time. The point when you just notice something
Experimental Method Disadvantages
Money, ethics, time consuming, might be difficult to make it feel natural--you lose authenticity.
Individualist Culture
More about you as a person and you put yourself first, more prominent in the western areas.
Optimistic Explanatory Style
More likely to tell someone bad times are temporary. Boosted immune systems, longer life
Monocular Depth Cues: Texture Gradient
More texture when closer
Encoding Failure
Most of the time this is why we forget- we need to pay attention, rehearse, repeat
Trial and Error
Most problem solving done this way
Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
Most widely used intelligence test that contains a verbal and nonverbal scale
Rorschach Inkblot Test
Most widely used, 10 inkblots that seek to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots
Recognition
Multiple choice
Human Research
Must be voluntary, have informed consent, have anonymity, no significant risk, and must be debriefed after the experiment.
Mirror-Image Perceptions
Mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive. Turns into a vicious cycle of hostility.
Night Terrors
NOT NIGHTMARES! Awakening in high physical arousal with little to no memory of it. Screaming and freaking out, usually worse for the people witnessing it.
Free Association
Name the first thing that comes to your mind
Sexual Behavior Motives
Necessary for the survival of a species, lower animals motivated by female hormonal changes, higher species motivated by learning and environmental influences
Major Depressive Disorder
Need at least 5 signs of depression lasting 2 weeks or more- problems: regulating appetite, sleep, low energy, difficulty concentrating & making decisions, hopelessness.
Cognitive Triad
Negative thoughts about self -> negative thoughts about future -> negative thoughts about the world
Feature Detectors
Nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features
Volley Principle
Neural cells alternate firing and by firing in rapid succession, they can achieve a combined frequency above 1000. They volley the pitch back and forth between them, so that combined, they can go fast enough to reach higher pitches.
ND/AE
Neurobehavioral Disorder/Alc Exposed- brain moderate
Binocular Depth Cues: Convergence
Neuromuscular cues. When two eyes move inward (toward the nose) to see near objects and outward (away from the nose) to see far away objects. Helps in establishing depth when things are coming at you or moving away.
Resting Potential/State
Neuron is not transmitting information-it's resting and not firing. There are more negative ions inside the neuron.
Restorative Theory
Neurons need time to repair during sleep, and it supports growth.
Bipolar Cells
Neurons that connect rods and cones to the ganglion cells
Ganglion Cells
Neurons that connect to the bipolar cells, their axons form the optic nerve
Reuptake
Neurotransmitters in the synapse are reabsorbed into the sending neurons through the process of reuptake! Applies the brakes on the neurotransmitter action. The unattach from the dendrite and go back to the vesicles in the sending neuron's axon tips where they came from. Part of the refractory period is because we need to wait for the neurotransmitters to go back inside the vesicle to be used again.
Automatic Processing
No conscious effort. IMPLICIT/NONDECLARATIVE MEMORIES
Hostile Aggression
No particular aim
Nativist Theory
Noam Chomsky- language is nature
Right Hemisphere
Non-verbal, spatial reasoning, patterns, emotional understanding. Controls rhythm and emotions, tone of speech.
Stress
Not a situation- a response. A physical and mental response to a challenging or threatening situation.
Hypnosis: Suggestible State
Not another state of consciousness, you're just really relaxed and open to suggestion. Think of Clark Hull.
Shallow Processing
Not looking at the meaning- surface level
Big Five
OCEAN Openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
Motor (EFFERENT) Neurons
OUTPUT from the brain and spinal cord, to the muscles and glands. When you're walking around the room, something in the brain is telling you to and it goes down spine into legs. TOP DOWN-BRAIN SENDS MESSAGE TO BODY.
Milgram's Study
Obedience- the shocking. People did it.
Monocular Depth Cues: Relative Motion/Motion Parallax
Objects near you appear to move more quickly than objects far away
Bandura's Modeling- Bobo Doll
Observational learning seen- the children repeated what they saw the adults doing with the dolls.
Eye: Transduction
Occurs in retina
Secondary Traits
Often are present in the person but are not as defining, in varying degrees based on the situation.
Proactive Interference
Old memories inhibit new memories
Individual Test
One on one testing, can be more subjective
Symbolic Thinking
One thing represents something else
Self Esteem
One's feelings of high or low worth
Whorfian Hypothesis/Linguistic Relativity Theory
One's language determines how they think, debatable hypothesis because that's how we create words!
Self Efficacy
One's sense of competence and effectiveness
Semi/Selectively Permeable Membrane
Only certain things can pass through
Epigenetic Marker
Organic methyl which, if attached to DNA, stop proteins from being encoded.
Biomedical
Organic problems, biochemical imbalances, genetic predispositions
Confounding Variables
Other variables that may alter the outcome of the experiment or survey, etc. that you didn't think of.
Primary Appraisal
Our evaluation of whether an event is stressful to us
Personal Constructs
Our own explanation of how the world around us works based on experiences and observations
Two Factor Theory (Schachter Two Factor!)
Our physiology and cognitions create emotions- arousal and the cognitive label
Out-Group Homogeneity Effect
Out-group members are interchangeable and they are all the same. We assume that other out-groups are more similar in personality and in terms of being, not just looks- because we think they look similar, the must BE more similar. We think our group is more diverse. This leads to stereotypes!
Cornea
Outer covering of the eye
Extroversion
Outgoing, friendly, social
Spotlight Effect
Overestimating how often others notice and evaluate our appearance, performance, and mistakes
Stereotype
Overgeneralized idea about a group of people.
Atkinson Shiffrin Model
Overlaps with information processing but differentiates storage mechanisms- says that we don't have one storage level, we have multiple. Sensory, STM, LTM
Substance P
P is for PAIN! Responsible for sending pain messages throughout the body.
Withdrawal
Painful side effects from stopping after long term usage
Cataplexy
Paralysis and falling to the floor, usually combined with narcolepsy so you fall asleep and become paralyzed.
Autonomic
Part of PERIPHERAL. Involuntary actions, self-regulated actions of internal organs and glands. More automatic.
Somatic
Part of PERIPHERAL. Voluntary actions, voluntary movement of skeletal muscles.
Brain
Part of the Central Nervous System that plays important roles in sensation, movement, and information processing
PFAS
Partial FAS- FAS face, brain severe
Axon
Passes messages away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands.
Effortful Processing
Paying attention! EXPLICIT/DECLARATIVE MEMORIES- facts and experiences we consciously know.
Feel-Good-Do-Good Phenomenon
People do nice things when they are happy and they become happy from doing nice things
Reward Deficiency Syndrome
People genetically predisposed to crave whatever provides that missing pleasure or relieves negative feelings.
Deindividuation
People get swept up in a group and lose sense of self. They feel anonymous and aroused! When you lose your individuality, you're more likely to engage in negative behavior. When people feel like they wouldn't be connected and think that people won't know it's them!
Volunteer Bias
People respond based on volunteering- this is difficult and often skewed because we don't know how many people responded, and those that did may have just used it as an outlet to complain.
Overconfidence
People think they're better or more right than they actually are. In reality, most of us are average.
Cognitive Dissonance
People want to have consistent attitudes and behaviors, and when they don't, they experience dissonance (unpleasant tension). Usually, they will change their attitude or belief to fit their past behavior rather than preventing the behavior in the future.
Blindsight
People's Reticular Formations detect motion and objects and can alert to stimuli without visual input, unconsciously.
Stanford Prison Experiment
Performed by Philip Zimbardo. Showed how we deindividuate and become the roles we are given. It ended in 6 days rather than two weeks!
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
Person is unexplainably and continually tense and uneasy
Social Anxiety Disorder
Phobia: fear social interaction and social situations with large or small groups. Wouldn't like public speaking, meet and greets, dinner with people they don't know, new people, and interacting.
Emotion vs. Motivation
Physical & mental arousal vs. arousal becoming action
James-Lange Theory
Physiological activity before emotional experience-- sad because you're crying, etc.
Lying Tells
Physiological responses and body language
Formal Operational
Piaget: 11+ years Abstract, hypothetical thinking Consider future and imaginary scenarios
Preoperational
Piaget: 2-7 years Pretend play, language development, curse of knowledge, animism, egocentric, develop theory of mind
Concrete Operational
Piaget: 7-11 years Logical thinking Conservation
Sensorimotor
Piaget: Birth-2 Exploring, learning about environment through senses and motor abilities Object Permanence 4-8 months
Spinal Cord
Plays a role in the body reflexes and in communication between the brain and the Peripheral Nervous System. Makes the decision in reflexes-if you touch something hot, you actually move before you're conscious of moving or of the pain.
Optic Chiasm
Point in the brain where the optic nerves from each eye meet and partly cross over to opposite sides of the brain. The switch over when things from the right go to the left, vice versa.
Genes
Positive correlation between identical twins with anxiety disorders- 17 genes with typical anxiety disorder symptoms
Conduct Disorder
Precursor to antisoicial personalities
Temperament
Precursor to personality. Heritable, you are born with a temperament.
Signal Detection Theory (SDT)
Predicts how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background noise (other stimulation). SDT assumes that there is no single absolute threshold and detection depends on: Person's experience, expectation, motivation, level of fatigue
Androgyny
Presence of both male and female behaviors and characteristics in the same person
Flooding
Presenting high level of anxiety stimuli at once
Basal Ganglia
Procedural memory
Cerebellum
Procedural memory
Implicit Memory
Procedural memory like remembering how to brush teeth
Anxiety Disorders
Psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety
Social Psychology
Psychology that studies the effects of social variables and cognitions on individual behavior and social interactions.
Schizoaffective Disorder
Psychotic illness with mood disorder (can look like schizophrenia/bipolar combination)
Drug Therapies
Psychpharmacology- uses double blind procedure to find effectiveness of drugs
Trichotillomania
Pulling out hair, more common in girls. When they're anxious
Sodium-Potassium Pump
Pumps positive ions out from the inside of the neuron, making them ready for another action potential.
Saturation
Purity. Adding monochromatic light.
Variance
Range, standard deviation, normal distribution.
Anxiety Hierarchy
Ranked list of anxiety-provoking stimuli
Optimal Arousal
Rather than reducing a physiological need or tension state, some motivated behaviors increase arousal
Dendrite
Receives messages from other cells and is attached to the cell body.
Maturation
Refers to development that largely unfolds on its own, as according to a biological program in a reasonably supportive environment. Gives evidence of critical periods
Framing
Refers to the general wording of the question.
Socialization
Refers to the impact of social environment on development. It is an ongoing process in which culturally desirable skills, attitudes, and behaviors are shaped by society-- i.e. manners
Effector Cells
Respond to stimulus at the terminal end of neuron
nREM 3
Restorative period when the brain clears out junk and we gain restfulness from body.
Here is an order for things in the eye
Rods & Cones --> Bipolar --> Ganglion
Rods & Cones
Rods dim light Cones good in light and very color & detail sensitive, higher acuity
Humanistic Theory
Rogers and Maslow
Classical and Operant Conditioning
Role of stimulus generalization and reinforcement in maintaining fears/phobias/compulsions
Norms
Rules of conduct
Sensory vs. Motor Neurons
SAME: Sensory : Afferent Motor : Efferent
Gender Identity
Sense of being a girl or a boy
Gender Constancy
Sense that one is a boy or a girl and will remain so
A-S Model Levels
Sensory- everything comes here STM- what you're paying attention to. Limited in capacity and time LTM- through rehearsal
John Bowlby
Separation anxiety. 6-9 mo.
Collective Unsconscious
Set of common themes (archetypes) inherited from the wealth of human experience and shared by all people
Disorganized Attachment
Severely confused with no strategy to have needs met. Mother is extreme, passive, frightened, frightening. Child becomes depressed, angry, passive, and non-responsive.
Heuristics
Shortcuts in problem solving- rule of thumb
Cocktail Party Effect
Shows Selective Attention. In a crowded and busy room, we are able to focus on the one conversation we're having and tune everyone else out, and also can recognize our name being said in the crowd.
Correlational Research
Shows a relationship between two variables. If you know how they're related, you can PREDICT outcomes.
The Homunculus
Shows what our body would look like if our body size mirrored the size of the parts of the brain associated with the different parts of our body. Horribly disproportionate!
Minimally Shared Environment
Siblings have this- they grow up in the same place, but they aren't necessarily treated the same and have different experiences.
Gambler's Fallacy
Since we try to make sense of the world, we try to perceive order in random patterns. Our brains always want to find relationships.
Spearman's General Intelligence (g)
Single factor for intelligence Verbal, mechanical, spatial, numerical
Excoriation
Skin picking
Adaptive/Evolutionary Theory
Sleep protects us by keeping us out of harm. This is the time our predators are out, our eyes are bad at seeing in the dark. Why we need blankets, otherwise we would feel vulnerable.
Somniloquy
Sleep talking
Somnabmbulism
Sleep walking
Genes
Small segments of DNA molecules that code for proteins. Can be either "turned on" or "turned off".
Morpheme
Smallest linguistic unit that carries meaning
Olfaction
Smell. Chemical sense as opposed to a physical wave
Low-Reactive Infants
Sociable and calm
Holmes and Rahe
Social Readjustment Rating Scale to measure Life Changing Units- high scores on the SRRS are more likely to have a stress-related disease
Social Exchange Theory
Social behavior is an exchange process to maximize benefits and minimize costs.
Lev Vygotsky
Social interaction/context rather than biological maturation Zone of Proximal Development
Depolarization
Sodium ions flow in and then are pumped out of the neuron.
Repolarizing
Sodium ions kicked out of the neuron.
Savant Syndrome
Someone who excels in one element but has obvious deficiencies in others, most are males with autism
Monocular Depth Cues: Interposition
Something in front is closer
Male Strongsuit
Spatial and complex math
Formal Concept
Specific rules that define it
SE/AE
Static Encepalopathy/Alc Exposed- brain severe
Autokinetic Effect
Stationary beam of light is projected on a wall in an otherwise dark room. If you stare at the light long enough the light appears to move.
Inferential Statistics
Statistical significance, through t-test and p-values. You are trying to reach conclusions that extend beyond just describing the data. They allow us to apply the research data to the entire population, not just the sample.
Algorithm
Step by step method that guarantees a solution as long as each step is properly executed
Triarchic Theory
Sternberg Analytic, creative, practical
Pupil
The adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters. Lets light in, opening to your eye.
Depth Perception: Visual Cliff
The babies were afraid of falling showing that they have some idea of depth and the danger!!! Therefore depth perception is kinda innate-ish.
Exhaustion
The body depletes its resources
Alarm Reaction
The body mobilizes its resources to cope with a stressor
Resistance
The body seems to adapt to the presence of the stressor
Endocrine System
The body's SLOW (chemical) communication system. Communication is carried out by hormones in your blood that is synthesized by a set of glands.
Plasticity
The brain's ability to modify itself after some type of injury or illness.
Denial
The ego refuses to acknowledge anxiety-producing realities
Rationalization
The ego replaces a less acceptable motive with a more acceptable one. You justify something so you feel like it isn't your fault.
Sublimation
The ego replaces an unacceptable impulse with a socially acceptable one. Think of Jack in this is us doing construction instead of drinking
Regression
The ego seeks the security of an earlier developmental stage in the face of stress.
Displacement
The ego shifts feelings toward an unacceptable object to another, more acceptable object.
Reaction Formation
The ego transforms an unacceptable motive into its opposite. Act the opposite of how you feel
Just Noticeable Difference (basically Difference Thresholds)
The minimal amount of change in the signal that is still recognizable
Groupthink
The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic view of alternatives. The want to agree is more desirable than actually assessing all sides of the argument.
Bystander Effect
The more people that are watching something, the less likely any one person is to help.
Mere Exposure Effect
The more you interact with something/someone and the more exposure you get, the more you like it. Familiarity breeds liking!
Long Term Potentiation
The more you use a neural pathway, the stronger it becomes, and the closer the neurons move together.
MMPI
The most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to find emotional disorders
"Rape Myth"
The myth(!!!) that women want to be raped stemming from violent pornography.
Optic Nerve
The nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain. The Nerve leaves the eye and goes to the brain because the information has to get to the brain somehow!
Frequency
The number of cycles completed by a wave in a given amount of time- DETERMINES PITCH (COLOR HUE)
SDT Matrix
The observer decides whether she hears the tone or not, based on the signal being present or not. This translates into four outcomes.
Percentile Rank
The percentage of scores that fall below a particular score.
Illusory Correlation
The perception of a relationship where no relationship actually exists, because we notice and recall instances that confirm our belief.
Critical Period
The period of one's life that certain skills must be taught, so long as the person is exposed to them-- i.e. speaking for language.
Amplitude
The physical strength of a wave- the volume of the sound. This is like the intensity of color/brightness.
Set-Point Theory
The point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.
Blind Spot
The point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a "blind" spot because no receptor cells are located there
Sensation
The process by which a stimulated receptor (eyes, ears...) creates a pattern of neural messages that represent the stimulus in the brain, giving rise to our initial experience of the stimulus. You take something in the outside world and create a neural message that the brain can interpret
Accommodation
The process by which the eye's lens changes shape to help focus near or far objects on the retina. FAR AWAY=STRETCH OUT CLOSE=FOCUSES IN
Heritability
The proportion of variability among individuals that can be attributed to genes- How different you are from someone else and what that difference has to do with your genes.
Vestibular Sense
The sense of body orientation with respect to gravity. Receptors for this information are tiny hairs in the semicircular canal of the inner ear
Transduction
The sensory process that converts energy, such as sound or light waves, into the form of neural messages. Changes physical stimulation into neural impulses.
Acuity
The sharpness of vision (20/20 is great). Most acuity is in the center of your visual field
Difference Thresholds
The smallest amount by which a stimulus can be changed and the difference be detected, half of the time
Social Loafing
The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts towards attaining a common goal than when individually accountable. They are less accountable, laziness is contagious, contribution is not as important.
Social Desirability Effect
The tendency of subjects to give socially acceptable answers so that people have a favorable opinion about them.
Experimenter Bias
The tendency to see what we want to see or what we expect to see.
Instinct Theory
The theory that all behaviors will be determined by innate factors and biologically-based behaviors that generally lead to survival
Place Theory
The theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated. Works well with high pitched sounds.
Reward Theory of Attraction
The theory that says we like those who give us maximum rewards or benefits at minimum costs. Basically social exchange theory.
Gate-Control Theory
The theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on the brain. The "gate" is opened by activity of pain signals traveling up a small nerve fiber and is closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain.
Priming
The unconscious activation of certain associations (the tiger picture in the ppt)
Standard Deviation
The variation of scores around the mean. The higher the variance or SD, the more spread out the distribution is. You want a small deviation because they're more consistent, making them more accurate.
Hearing
The vibrational energy of vibrating objects, such as guitar strings, transfer the surrounding medium (air) as the vibrating objects push the molecules of the medium back and forth.
Social Identity
The we or us aspect of our self concept; the part of our answer to "who am I?" that comes from our group membership
Fissure
The wrinkles in our brains that create more surface area for interconnected neurons.
Out-Group
Them
Psychodynamic Approach
Therapy derived from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences and that seeks to enhance self-insight
Discontinuity Theories
There are stages and changes occur dramatically and obviously- stages are unchanging and universal.
Yerkes-Dodson Law
There is an optimal level of arousal for the best performance of every task; the more complex the task, the lower the level of arousal that can be tolerated before performance deteriorates. Easy task=can handle high arousal Best performance=moderate level of arousal
Hoarding
They don't throw anything away because they think they might need it
Tourette's
They have tics. Autory or motor tics- can be a noise or an actual word. Doesn't go away and is diagnosed in childhood.
Secondary Sex Characteristic
Things that develop at puberty- female breasts
Primary Sex Characteristic
Things that you are born with- female ovaries
Divergent Thinking
Think creatively and come up with lots of answers. Multiple solutions, there could be infinite!
Figure-Ground
Think of the firemen and the arrows
Elaborative Rehearsal
Thinking about examples, times you've seen it in your life. Connect it to yourself.
Metacognition
Thinking about thinking- reflecting on our own thoughts and methods
Jean Piaget
Thinking and development- ERRORS, STAGE THEORIST. Got the general sequence of cognitive milestones correct but underestimated abilities at certain points.
Natural Selection
Those individuals best adapted to the environment are more likely to flourish and reproduce; those that are poorly adapted will tend to leave fewer progeny, and their line may even die out.
Mood Stabilizing Medication
Used for bipolar. Lithium
Polygraph
Used in attempts to detect lies, measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion- perspiration, heart rate, blood pressure, breathing changes
Antidepressant Drugs
Used to treat depression, anxiety, PTSD, OCD. MAO inhibitors. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor. Agonists that increase norepinephrine and serotonin in synapse- Prozac, zoloft, paxil
Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy
Uses electronic simulations rather than real life exposures
Power Test
Uses increasing difficulty levels to find difficulty level one can solve
MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
Uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of brain tissue. SHOWS STRUCTURE.
Counterbalancing
Using the same group as experimental and control.
Psychoactive Drugs
Usually influence dopamine pleasure centers (Lymbic System)
Survey
Usually questions a random (each person has equal chance of being a part of it), representative (mirrors population) sample of people.
Collectivist Culture
Valuing the group more, seen in Asia.
Hypothalamic Centers
Ventromedial Hypothalamus and Lateral Hypothalamus
Female Strongsuit
Verbal and emotional tasks, locating objects, more sensitive to touch, taste, color
Family Therapy
Views that family as a system and individuals unwanted behaviors and embedded in the family system
Specific Absolute Thresholds
Vision- Candle flame 30 miles Hearing- Watch tick 20 feet Touch- Bee's wing from 1 cm (.4 in) Smell- 1 drop perfume 3 room apartment Taste- 1 tsp sugar 2 gal water
Iconic Memory
Visual sensory memory
Social Belongingness/Affiliation Need
Wanting to belong, social acceptance, maintaining relationships, ostracism, fortifying health
Sixteen Personality Factors
Warmth, intellect, emotional stability, aggressiveness, liveliness, dutifulness, social assertiveness, sensitivity, paranoia, abstractness, introversion, anxiety, open-mindedness, independence, perfectionism, tension
Light Characteristics
Wavelength (hue/color) Intensity (brightness) Saturation (purity)
Inferiority Complex
We all have a drive to be competent, but as children we develop a sense of inferiority that we try to compensate for throughout life
Basic Anxiety
We all have feelings of unease in a dangerous world
Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis
We are aggressive because of frustration. We are angry when someone is stopping us from doing what we want, leading to frustration and aggression.
Equity
When each partner feels like they're equal in the relationship.
Facial Feedback Effect
When people mimic expressions of emotion, they experience those emotions
Stereotype Threat
When reminded of a negative stereotype, people did worse on IQ tests
Hawthorne Effect
When someone's watching you, you tend to act differently.
Scapegoat Theory
When something bad happens, we'll probably blame the out-group. You're blaming someone who didn't do it, typically you blame someone who is not the source of the problem and usually it's a minority group. When you scapegoat, you want the out-group to seem the least like you as possible.
Subliminal Threshold
When stimuli are below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness. Anything below your absolute threshold
Demand Characteristics
When subjects pick up cues during an experiment and modify their behavior, thereby possibly affecting and altering the results of the study.
Split-Brain Patients
When the corpus callosum is severed, objects presented in the right visual field (go to left brain-language) can be named, and objects in the left cannot (go to right-though they can be drawn!)
All-or-None-Response
When the depolarizing current exceeds the firing/absolute threshold, a neuron will fire. If the depolarizing current fails to exceed the threshold, a neuron won't fire.
Basal Metabolic Rate
When we are semi-starved, this drops. When we overeat, we can raise our set point.
Pluralistic Ignorance
When we aren't sure how to act, we use other people to gauge our response. If everybody else isn't acting, then neither do we.
Feel-Good-Do-Good Phenomenon
When we do good things, we feel good. When we feel good, we do good things.
Imagination Inflation
When you imagine something happening, you sometimes can't remember if it actually happened or not
Approach-Approach Conflict
When you must choose between two desirable outcomes
Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict
When you must choose between two unattractive outcomes (lesser of two evils)
Overlearning
When you think you're done studying, do it one more time. You won't start to forget it if you keep doing it.
Peripheral Route Persuasion
When you're influenced by incidental cues- attractiveness, colors, coolness of it, and not necessarily the facts of it.
Mood Congruent Memory
When you're upset, you can only remember other times you've been upset
Identity Crisis
Who are you? You don't feel like you fit in
Karen Horney
Womb Envy Basic Anxiety
Gender, Emotion, Nonverbal Behavior
Women are better at discerning nonverbal emotions than men
Positive Correlation
X and Y go UP.
Negative Correlation
X goes UP, Y goes DOWN.
Turner's
X0 do not have functioning ovaries or secondary sex characteristics.
Benzodiazepines
Xanax, valium
Perceptual Adaptation
You adapt when you wear the displacement goggles!
Syesthesia
You also know what this is. Experiencing one sense in terms of another. See music, hear colors, Grapheme-Color Synesthesia.
Conditions of Worth
You are just useful to someone, can hurt self concept.
Behaviorist Theory
You aren't born with traits, they are conditioned. Nurture. Watson and Skinner.
Productive Language
You can produce it
Fluent Aphasia
You can say things but anything you say doesn't make any sense and lacks meaning.
Experimental Method Advantages
You can study causation-causal findings-cause and effect, isolate variables, control confounding variables. You can't do this in other methods because you aren't controlling in them.
Receptive Language
You can understand it/comprehension
Leveling
You don't remember the details, you remember generalities.
Inattentional Blindness
You don't see something obvious in your visual field because you are paying attention to something else
Hypnagogic Hallucination
You feel like you're falling. Your muscles are starting to relax and your brain misinterprets that sensation as falling and you jerk to try to grab onto something.
Repression
You hide something in unconscious to not remember it
Visual Cliff
You know
Source Amnesia
You know information but you don't know where you got the information from
Blindsight
You know that already
Phantom Limb Pain
You know what that is
RANDOMIZATION HELPS TO AVOID...
false results and confounding variables!
Stages of Sleep
nREM 1: light sleep nREM 2: sleep spindles- largest % of total sleep nREM 3: deep sleep- delta (slow) waves REM: Rapid Eye Movement/Dreaming
Correlation Coefficient
r, ranges from -1 to 1, and closer to either means a stronger relationship. A positive r value is a positive correlation, and a negative is a negative.