AP PSYCH: Unit 13: Treatment of Abnormal Behavior

For every five assignments they complete, Senorita Vale gives her students one "Homework Puntos." They can use those passes to opt out of future assignments. She is making use of a technique known as A. family therapy. B. systematic desensitization. C. exposure therapy. D. REBT. E. a token economy.

E

Meta-analysis is A. a drug study based on a small sample. B. a treatment versus no treatment group. C. a tendency for smaller scores to move toward the average. D. regressing from unusual to usual. E. a way to combine the results of many studies.

E

No matter how embarrassing her discussions with her therapist might be, Jenny recognizes that he always treats her with respect. This acceptance illustrates the client-centered technique of A. free association. B. active listening. C. resistance. D. Freudian interpretation. E. unconditional positive regard.

E

One criticism of behavior modification is that the new behaviors are not _____. (People are dependent on extrinsic rewards that the desired behaviors will stop when reinforcers stop).

durable

Some therapists combine techniques, describing their approach as _____, using a blend of therapies.

eclectic

A therapist may use dream interpretation or free association during sessions (psychoanalytic), but also help you to change your flawed or faulty thinking patterns (cognitive). The combination of different therapies is known as the ___ ___.

eclectic approach

an approach to psychotherapy that uses techniques from various forms of therapy

eclectic approach

The ideal clinical decision making can be visualized as a three-legged stool, upheld by research evidence, clinical expertise, and knowledge of the patient

evidence-based clinical decision

Endorsed by the American Psychological Association and others, therapists integrate the best available research with clinical expertise and with patient preferences and characteristics. This is known as _____ ___.

evidence-based practice

clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences

evidence-based practice

_____ ______ try to change people's fearful reactions by repeatedly exposing them to stimuli that trigger unwanted reactions. With repeated exposure to what they normally avoid or fear, people adapt.

exposure therapies

behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization and virtual reality exposure therapy, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imaginary or actual situations) to the things they fear and avoid

exposure therapies

prescribed medications or procedures that act directly on the person's physiology

biomedical therapy

Having relentless, overgeneralized, self-blaming, and self-defeating thoughts/behaviors

catastrophizing

Taking responsibility and resisting extreme thoughts are cognitive therapy techniques that aim to ____ your beliefs.

change

In client-centered therapy, who leads the discussion?

client

In this ____ ____, the client leads the discussion. The therapist listens, without judging or interpreting, and refrains from directing the client toward certain insights.

client-centered therapy (Also called person-centered therapy)

Mary Cover Jones helped a little boy named Peter overcome his fear of rabbits by gradually moving a rabbit closer to him each day while he was eating his snack. This was one of the first applications of ____ ___.

exposure therapy

____ _____ helps family members identify their roles within the family's social system, improve communication, and discover new ways of preventing or resolving conflicts.

family therapy

therapy that treats people in the context of their family system and views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members

family therapy

a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within an accepting, genuine, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth

client-centered therapy (Also called person-centered therapy)

Individuals in humanistic therapy are referred to as "_____" rather than "patients."

clients

The ____ _____ assume that our thinking colors our feelings.

cognitive therapies

therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions

cognitive therapy

Which type of therapy is best for anxiety, PTSD, insomnia, and depression?

cognitive-behavioral therapies

a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)

cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

In humanistic therapy, which is more important: conscious or unconscious thoughts?

conscious

behavior therapy procedures that use classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; include exposure therapies and aversive conditioning.

counterconditioning

_____ can impact the client-therapist relationship. For example, clients with a collectivist perspective (Asian background) who assume people will be more mindful of family responsibilities and group goals may have trouble relating to individualist therapies that require them to think only of their own well-being.

culture

The molecules of most conventional antipsychotic drugs are similar enough to molecules of the neurotransmitter ______ to occupy its receptor sites and block its activity.

dopamine

___ ____ helps more people and costs less per person, helps you learn that others have similar problems, and helps you get feedback on new ways of behaving.

group therapy

therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, providing benefits from group interaction

group therapy

Exercise, sleep, and healthy relationships are all important for our ___.

health

Any psychotherapy offers the expectation that, with commitment from the therapy seeker, things can and will get better. This provides the benefit of ____.

hope

According to _____ ____, the path to growth is taking immediate responsibility for one's feelings and actions, rather than uncovering hidden determinants.

humanistic therapy

Freud believed that in therapy, people could achieve healthier, less anxious living by releasing the energy they had previously devoted to _______ ____.

id-ego-superego conflicts

therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing a person's awareness of underlying motives and defenses

insight therapies

in psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight

interpretation

therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition; views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and seeks to enhance self-insight

is psychodynamic therapy

____ (exercise, nutrition, relationships, recreation, relaxation, religious engagement etc.) influences our brain and body, which affects our overall mental health.

lifestyle

People with seasonal depression can be helped with ___ ____ therapy.

light eposure

giving people a timed daily dose of intense light

light exposure therapy

______ give us the bottom-line result of lots of studies.

meta-analyses

Researchers look through the results of dozens, even hundreds of similar studies and summarize the data using statistics to paint a larger picture. This is known as _____.

meta-analysis

a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies

meta-analysis

Any psychotherapy offers people a plausible explanation of their symptoms. This offers the benefit of a ___ ___.

new perspective

Modern researchers have found that ____ ____ in a natural environment reduces stress and promotes health.

physical activity

One reason why critics are skeptical of the success of psychotherapy is because clients often believe that the therapy will help and the ____ _____ helps heal the person.

placebo effect

There are many case studies of successful psychotherapy. However; therapists, like all humans, are prone to the cognitive errors (such as confirmation bias) and thus may only perceive the _____ client comments that support what the therapist already believes about the therapy.

positive

Pairing the fear-provoking stimulus with new ____ _____, can change the unwanted behavior.

positive response

The focus in humanistic therapy is ___ ___.

promoting growth

Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences—and the therapist's interpretations of them—released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight. He called this technique _____.

psychoanalysis

Much of its underlying theory of ________ is not supported by scientific research. Analysts' interpretations cannot be proven or disproven.

psychoanalysis

Although influenced by Freud's ideas, ____ _____ don't talk much about id-ego-superego conflicts. Instead they try to help people understand their current symptoms by focusing on important relationships, including childhood experiences and the therapist-client relationship.

psychodynamic therapists

___ ____ focus on important relationships, including childhood experiences and the therapist-client relationship.

psychodynamic therapists

Which type of therapy is good for depression and anxiety?

psychodynamic therapy

Which two therapies are referred to as "Insight Therapies"?

psychodynamic, humanisitc

the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior

psychopharmacology

In cognitive therapy, a person's emotional reactions are produced not directly by the event but by the person's _____ in response to the event.

thoughts

One reason why critics are skeptical of the success of psychotherapy is because people often enter therapy in crisis. When the crisis naturally passes (as crises do), people credit the therapy rather than the passing of ____.

time

One reason why critics are skeptical of the success of psychotherapy is because clients want to believe the therapy was worth the ___ and ___.

time, effort

One drawback to traditional psychoanalysis is that is takes considerable ______ and _____ (often years of several sessions per week).

time, money

When people display a desired behavior, such as getting out of bed, washing, dressing, eating, talking coherently, cleaning up their rooms, or playing cooperatively, they receive a token or plastic coin. This is known as ___ ___.

token economy

an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token (a chip, stamp or other non-monetary item) for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange tokens for privileges or treats

token economy

in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent)

transference

Over many sessions, your relationship patterns surface in your interaction with your therapist. You may find yourself experiencing strong positive or negative feelings for your analyst. The analyst may suggest you are ________ feelings, such as dependency or mingled love and anger, that you experienced in earlier relationships with family members or other important people.

transferring

Given a nonjudgmental, grace-filled environment that provides ______ ______ _______, people may accept even their worst traits and feel valued and whole.

unconditional positive regard

a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients develop self-awareness and self-acceptance

unconditional positive regard

Highly religious people may prefer and benefit from religiously similar therapists, and may have trouble forming an emotional bond with one who does not share their ____.

values

a counterconditioning technique that treats anxiety through creative electronic simulations in which people can safely face their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking.

virtual reality exposure therapy

People living in "cultures of honor" prize being strong and tough. They may feel that seeking mental health care is an admission of _____ and choose not to seek therapy.

weakness

reinforcing behaviors considered desirable, and failing to reinforce—or sometimes punishing—behaviors considered undesirable

behavior modification

Dr. Carlson advises his depressed patients to discuss their childhood as well as their present lives. He also prescribes medications for them. His therapeutic style would be best described as A. eclectic. B. biomedical. C. psychoanalytic. D. transference. E. psychodynamic.

A

Jayne has been diagnosed with depression. Her therapist suggested that she get out and interact with her friends more, and that she not allow herself to worry about whether her friends want to be around her. Jayne's therapist is using what type of approach to treat her depression? A. Cognitive-behavioral therapy B. Group therapy C. Rational-emotive behavior therapy D. Behavior modification E. Systematic desensitization

A

What do psychodynamic therapists call the blocking of anxiety-laden material from conscious awareness? A. resistance B. interpretation C. transference D. face-to-face therapy E. interpersonal psychotherapy

A

Which of the following is the best phrase for a bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapist and client who are working to overcome the client's problem? A. therapeutic alliance B. EMDR C. Evidence Based Practice D. Meta Analysis E. Outcome Research

A

Dr. Welle tries to help her clients by teaching them to modify the way they think when under stress or experiencing symptoms. This means that Dr. Welle engages in __________ therapy. A. behavior B. cognitive C. group D. humanistic therapy E. client-centered

B

Trevor spends 45 minutes a day in front of an intense light. It is most likely that he is being treated with A. cognitive therapy. B. light therapy. C. EMDR therapy. D. rational-emotive behavior therapy. E. psychodynamic therapy.

B

Which type of therapy is best for specific behavior conditions (EX: bed wetting, phobias, compulsions, marital problems, sexual dysfunctions)?

Behavioral conditioning therapies

______ _______ is a widely practiced integrative therapy that aims to alter not only the way people think but also the way they act.

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) .

Known that you have taken AP Psych, a friend of yours asks for your opinion on which type of psychotherapy she consider for her anxiety. What would be your advice? A. Psychodynamic Therapy is best for anxety B. REBT has had the best results in treating anxiety C. She should avoid client centered therapy as it has been shown to have very little value D. Cognitive, Cognitive-Behavioral, and Psychodynamic therapies have all demonstrated effectiveness for treating anxiety E. It doesn't matter what type of psychotherapy she choose, because anxiety can only be treated with medication

D

Which of the following is one of the ways humanistic therapies differ from psychoanalytic therapies? A) humanistic therapies believe the past is more important than the present and future B) humanistic therapies boost self fulfillment by decreasing self acceptance C) humanistic therapies believe the path to growth is found bu uncovering hidden determinants D) Humanistic Therapies believe that unconscious thoughts are more important than conscious thoughts E) Humanistic Therapies focus on promoting growth, not curing illness

E

Skeptics suspect that what is therapeutic is not the eye movements of _____, but the combination of exposure therapy—repeatedly calling up traumatic memories and reconsolidating them in a safe and reassuring context—and perhaps some placebo effect.

EMDR

____ is a therapy adored by thousands and dismissed by thousands more as a sham. During this therapy, the client pulls back traumatic memories and simultaneously focus on external stimuli, such as the therapists waving finger, or an external focal point.

EMDR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing)

_____ therapists aim to boost people's self-fulfillment by helping them grow in self-awareness and self-acceptance.

Humanistic

_____ ____ focuses on exploring feelings as they occur, rather than on achieving insights into the childhood origins of those feelings.

Humanistic Therapy

Which type of therapy is best for mild to moderate depression?

Nondirective (client-centered) counseling

Therapists practicing ____ _____ use operant conditioning principles such as giving positive reinforcement to shape wanted behavior and Using punishment to decrease unwanted behavior.

behavior modification

Carl Rogers encouraged humanistics therapists to foster their clients' growth by exhibiting ____, ___, and ____.

acceptance, genuineness, empathy

A client-centered therapist echoes, restates, and seeks clarification of what the client expresses (verbally or nonverbally) and acknowledges those expressed feelings. This is known as ___ ___.

active listening

Paraphrasing, Inviting Clarification, and reflecting on the feelings of others are all ways to improve on ____ ___.

active listening

empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies

active listening

Some side effects of ____ ___ are sluggishness, tremors, and twitches similar to those of Parkinson's disease .

antipsychotic drugs

_________ _______ dampened responsiveness to irrelevant stimuli. They provided the most help to patients experiencing positive (actively inappropriate) symptoms of schizophrenia, such as auditory hallucinations and paranoia.

antipsychotic drugs

drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder

antipsychotic drugs

One criticism of behavior modification is that it is too _____. Those who set up token economies deprive people of something they desire and decide which behaviors to reinforce.

authoritarian

To treat nail biting, the therapist may suggest painting the fingernails with a nasty-tasting nail polish. This method is known as ___ ___.

aversive conditioning

a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)

aversive conditioning

Rather than delving deeply below the surface looking for inner causes of bad behavior, _____ therapists assume that problem behaviors are the problems.

behavior

The more specific the problem, the greater the hope that ______ might solve it.

psychotherapy

Those with less-focused problems, such as depression and anxiety, usually benefit from ______ in the short term but often relapse later.

psychotherapy

_________ is very good for those who experience phobias or panic or who are unassertive.

psychotherapy

treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth

psychotherapy

According to Albert Ellis, the creator of ____ ____ ____, many problems arise from irrational thinking.

rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

a confrontational cognitive therapy, developed by Albert Ellis, that vigorously challenges people's illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions

rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

Psychotherapy has the benefit of an empathic, trusting, caring ______. Effective therapists seek to understand the client's experiences, communicate care & concern, respectfully listen, and give reassurance and guidance.

relationship

Freud believed that there are threatening things we _____—things we do not want to know, so we disavow or deny them.

repress

To the analyst, the mental blocks and editing that occur during free association indicate ______ (in psychoanalysis).

resistance

in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material

resistance

Questioning your interpretations of events and ranking your thoughts/emotions are cognitive therapy techniques aiming to ____ your beliefs.

reveal

When _____a therapist, ask about the treatment approach, the therapist's values, how much the therapist charges, and the therapist's credentials.

selecting

When therapists enable their clients to feel unconditionally accepted, drop their facades and genuinely express their true feelings, and empathically sense and reflect their clients' feelings, the clients may deepen their _____ and __________.

self-understanding, self-acceptance

Humans were designed for ___ ____. For example, our ancestors hunted, gathered and built in groups.

social engagement

One reason why critics are skeptical of the success of psychotherapy is because clients generally ___ ____ of their therapists even if there are unresolved issues.

speak kindly

A person with a phobia of flying may first learn to relax when looking at airline sale ads in the paper, then learn to relax when driving by an airport, then visit a museum of aircraft, and lastly attempt to fly on a plane. This method of slow exposure is known as ___ ___.

systematic desensitization

Behavior therapists using ____ _____ might have an anxious patient develop an anxiety hierarchy of stimuli that are causing fear and help the patient to work through each step on the hierarchy, getting closer and closer to the fear-producing stimulus. At each level of the hierarchy, relaxation methods are practiced until the client is calm at that level of exposure

systematic desensitization

a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety- triggering stimuli

systematic desensitization

Long-term use of antipsychotics can produce ______ __________, with involuntary movements of the facial muscles (such as grimacing), tongue, and limbs.

tardive dyskinesia

Examining consequences and decatastrophizing thinking are cognitive therapy techniques that aim to ___ your beliefs.

test

a bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapist and client, who work together constructively to overcome the client's problem

therapeutic alliance

Many people exhibit a more stable and outgoing personality after _____.

therapy

When a person experiences feelings of hopelessness, deep & lasting depression, self-destructive behavior, disruptive fears, sudden mood shifts, thoughts of suicide, compulsive rituals, or delusions/hallucinations, he or she should seek ____.

therapy