AP Psych Unit 14
False
Children tend to perceive the mother as smarter True/False?
polarization
Clark McCauley and Mary Segal realized the _______ effect is among suicide terrorists
foot- in- the- door- Phenomenon
During the Korean War, many us prisoners were persuaded to comply with Chinese captors without the use of brutality. What tactic was used?
norms
Each cultural group evolves its own ______ - rules for accepted and expected behavior
passionate love compassionate love
Elaine Hatfield distinguishes between two different types of love: ______ and ______
people interact more with people of their own gender
Eleanor Maccoby has noted that gender diff.s (girls talking more intimately and fantasizing less aggressively) widen more over time as ______
He placed male college students in a simulated prison: 12 were "guards," 12 were "prisoners" After 1-2 days, volunteers began becoming their roles Guards became cruel and degrading Prisoners became resigned, rebelled, or broke down Philip had to call off the study after just 6 days
Explain Philip Zimbardo's experiment
limited half life
Failure to appreciate passionate love's _______ can doom a relationship
our capacity for culture
From culture to culture we differ in all kinds of habits, but beneath the differences is our greatest similarity, _______
JFK's gesture of stopping atmospheric nuclear tests began a series of reciprocated conciliatory acts that cumulated in the 1993 atmospheric test ban treaty
Give an example of GRIT
a bad day a person being hostile
Happy couples attribute spouse's rudeness to _____ unhappy couples attribute a spouse's rudeness to______
anxiety, including perspiration and increased heart rate
How did participants respond to the pain of their victims in Milgram's experiment?
when we moving along with it, we don't notice it, when we try to go against it, it becomes very noticeable
How is culture very much like the wind?
passionate love produces children whose survival is aided by the parents waning obsession with one another
How is the waning of passionate love adaptive?
63% similar results
How many men were completely obedient in Stanley Milgram's experiments? How many women
93%
How many people agreed to do Milgram's testing if someone else was doing the shocking?
what was familiar was generally safe and approachable- what wasn't, wasn't
How was the mere exposure effect adaptive for our ancestors?
we change
Human nature seems designed for culture, we are more than social because, unlike social animals, ______
without use of aggression or violence
In order to model better behavior, how should parents treat and discipline their children?
retract
In real life, opposites _____
regretted the experiment after being told the truth university students experience when facing and failing big exams
In response to ethical critics, Milgram said that virtually none of the participants _____; according to Milgram, the test produced less enduring stress than ______
physical pain, insults, odors, hot temps, cigarette smoke, etc.
Like frustration, other aversive stimuli- _________ - can also evoke hostility (give some examples)
convictions
Moral action strengthens moral _____
at work sleeping family and friends
N. Americans are spending more time _______, less time _______, and less time with ___________
others themselves
People who spend more money on _____ are happier than those who spend it all on _______
noncompetitive and between parties of equal status
Putting conflicting parties in close contact can help when such contact is _______ and _____
Latin Americans, Arabs, the French
Scandinavians, N. Americans, and Brits like more personal space than ______, _______, and_______
outright commands
Stanley Milgram tested the limit of people's response to _______
simplify the world
Stereotype beliefs are a byproduct of how we cognitively __________
be good be bad
The just world phenomenon leads us to believe that those who succeed must _____ and those who fail must ____
coerced responsible
The less _______ and more _______ we feel for a troubling actions, the more dissonance we feel
alike
The more people are ______, the longer their relationships last
the presence of others
Though many blamed the onlookers' apathy and indifference for the Genovese murder, John Darley and Bibb Latane attributed their inaction to ________
aggressive thoughts
Violent video games prime _____ and increase aggression
socialized
We are helpful in part because we have been _______ to do so
aggression pays
We are more aggressive in situations where we have been taught that ________
how people speak and what they do
We can learn about level of prejudice by ______
frequency
We overestimate the_______ of events that come more readily to mind
appreciation of the situation their own personal style
When researchers have reversed the perspective of actor and observer, seeing the world from the actor's perspective increased _____; seeing the observers Pov, actors better appreciate _______
cooperative contact
With Muzafer Sherif, what reduced conflict was not mere contact, but ________
crazy fundamental attribution error
assume 9/11 terrorists were _____, but they actually fit into neighborhoods, clubs, restaurants... etc This is an ex. of ______
intimacy
With self-disclosure, each increase in ________ rekindles passion
resist early
With the foot in the door phenomenon, when must you resist in order to resist completely?
their common values superordinate identity.
Working toward shared goals enables diverse peoples to discover unity in _____ and ______
stable, specific to the behavior, and easily recalled
attitudes do affect behavior when external influences are minimal, especially when attitude is ______, _____, and _______
dispositional attribution
attributing the way someone acts to their personality
situational attribution
attributing the way someone acts to their situation
consequences
attributions should be made carefully, they have real ______
overt subtle that they feel uncomfortable in socially intimate situations (dating, dancing, marrying) with someone of the other race
Yet even as _______ prejudice wanes, _______ prejudice lingers. For example, despite verbal support for interracial marriage, many ppl admit that they feel uncomfortable in socially intimate situations (dating, dancing, marrying) with someone of the other race
self-preoccupation
Yet norms grease social machinery and free us from ________
Norman Triplett
____- hypothesized that the presence of others boosts performance
music
_____ also writes social scripts
composite individual
_____ faces are liked more than _____ faces because theyare more symmetrical and sexually attractive
hindsight bias
_____ plays a part in the just world phenomenon ex: hearing about a rape victim ppl say "she should have known better"
internet
_____ provides a medium for group polarization
alcohol
_____ unleashes aggressive responses to frustration
ingroup outgroup
_____- the "us" _____- the "them"
Central wave persuasion
_____- when people engage scientific evidence and arguments and responded with favorable thoughts
discrimination
______ also increases stereotyping and prejudice through the reactions it provokes in its victims
Attitudes
______ are often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose reactions to objects, people, and events
stereotypes
______ are used to rationalize social inequalities
political conservatives political liberals
______ attribute poverty and social problems to dispositions of the poor and unemployed themselves; while _____ blame past events and present situations
normal people
______ can be agents to terrible actions
genes
______ influence both Animal and human aggression
social facilitation
______ probably contributes to home field advantage
dominance motives, alcohol, history of child abuse
______, ______, and ______ can create a predisposition to sexual violence
Conciliation
_______ allows both parties to reduce tension to a level where communication and mutual understanding can begin
Intimacy
_______ can grow from pausing to ponder and write about our feelings
virtual reality
_______ games dramatically ^ aggressive feelings and behaviors during and after gameplay
ingroup bias
_______ happens even among randomly generated groups
mediators
_______ help each side to voice its viewpoint and to understand the others
Frontal lobe
_______ inhibits aggression, when it is damaged or inactive, aggression is more likely
attractiveness after comparing themselves to superattracive people, most people think of themselves as plain sometimes think the praise they get is just for their looks
_______ is surprisingly unrelated to people's self esteem and happiness. Why?
Social Control personal control
_______(power of the situation) and _______(the power of the individual) interact- people aren't sheep
vivid
_______(violent) cases are readily available to our memory and therefore influence our judgements of a group
Charles Osgood
________ advocated a strategy of Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction (GRIT)
equity
________ both partners receiving in proportion to what they give in a relationship
Dorothy Lewis
________ inferred unrecognized neurological disorders may be partly to blame for violent acts.
sharing household chores
________ ranked third in a list of things people associate with a successful marriages- behind faithfulness and a happy sexual relationship
equity
_________ is the core of relationships for lovers, parent and child, and intimate friends
social behavior
_______arrives from social cognition
self-fulfilling prophecies
a belief that leads to its own fulfillment
the rape myth traumatic
a common myth in sexually explicit media- idea that some women invite or enjoy rape and get "swept away" while being "taken" ; in actuality rape is ________ and usually harms a woman's psychological and physical health
social traps
a situation in which, by rationally pursuing their self-interest, people become caught in mutually destructive behavior ex: whalers, elephant poachers, global climate change
Deindividuation
abandoning normal restraints to the power of the group; being less self-conscious and less restrained in a group
cost benefit analysis utilitarianism social exchange theory
accountants call the human tendency to maximize goals and minimize costs ______, philosophers call it _______, psychologists call it _________
Conformity
adjusting our behavior or thinking toward some group standard
muslims violent "greedy" "immoral"
after 9/11 4/10 Americans acknowledged prejudice against ________ and 1/2 of non-muslims in W. Europe and the US perceived Muslims as _______ ; muslims reciprocated by calling Westerners ______ and _______
use in real life relationships
after seeing sexual innuendo & acts on tv, youth acquire sexual scripts they may try to ________
biopsychosocial
aggression is a ________ phenomenon
persons and situations
aggression still arises from the interaction of ______ and _____
provocation inhibitory cues
alcohol causes people to focus on _______vs _______
the thrill of the romance
although the spark of romantic love often endures,_______ often fades
delinquency, hard drug use, and aggressive bullying responses to frustration
among teenage boys & men, high testosterone levels correlate with _______, ______, and ______
prejudice
an unjustifiable and often negative attitude towards a group- often of a different cultural, ethnic, or gender group; it is a mixture of beliefs (called stereotypes), emotions (hostility, envy, fear), and predispositions to action ( to discriminate)
bystander effect
any particular bystander is less likely to help with other bystanders present
aggression
any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy, whether done reactively out of hostility or proactively as a calculated means to an end
how we interpret and label the arousal
arousal from any source can increase one emotion or another, depending on _________
most likely
arousal increases the _______ response
perceptions of them
as enemies change, so do our ________
think alike
as nat'l standards against discrimination made people act alike, they began to _______
common interests
as we engage in mutually beneficial trade, work to protect our common destiny, and as we become more aware that our hopes & fears are shared, we can change misperceptions that feed conflict into solidarity based on _________
start small and build
To get people to agree to do something big, what should you do?
aggression no
castrated animals have lower ______. Is effect present in humans?
behavior
changing our _______ can change the way we feel about ourselves and others
positive attitudes
cooperative contact between members of rival groups promotes ________
devilish villains
cruelty doesn't require _______, all it takes is ordinary people corrupted by evil situations
customs beliefs
culture provides shared and transmitted _________ and _________ that enable us to communicate and agree upon ways to pay for things, drive, eat, etc.
compassionate love
deep, affectionate attachment to another
group participation aroused and anonymous
deindividuation occurs when _____ makes group members feel _______
asked blindfolded U. of Massachusetts students to pull on a rope as hard as they could fooled them into thinking that 3 others were pulling w/ them. People exerted an avg. of 82% as much effort as when they knew they were pulling alone
describe Alan Ingham experiment
PARTICIPANTS IN A GROUP OF CONFEDERATES MUST NAME WHICH 2 LINES ARE THE SAME 128 participants, 18 trials when Alone, participants erred less than 1% When confederates erred intentionally, more than 1/3 of the time the participant would go along with the group
describe solomon asch's famous experiment
testosterone
drugs that reduce ________ subdue violence
grow
educational researchers have noted that initial differences between groups of college students tend to _____
mastery of language
enables us to have preservation of innovation
mirror images
enemy perceptions often form ________
group polarization
enhancement of a group's prevailing tendencies; occurs when people within a group discuss an idea that most of them either favor or oppose
a small conciliatory gesture
even during intense personal conflict with no communication- ________ may work wonders
lesser evil
evil comes from people's compliance with
Taiwanese man wrote 700 letters 2 his girlfriend proposing to her- she married the mail carrier
explain the Taiwanese man incident
hostile, domineering
exposure to violent pornography fosters _______ attitudes and behaviors
brain responses
extensive experience in violent video games blunts ______ to violent images
some may slack off unless highly motivated and identified with their group
f group members share equally in benefits regardless of how much they contribute, what may happen?
groupthink
failure to anticipate Pearl Harbor, escalation of Nam war, Watergate cover-up, Chernobyl nuclear reactor incident, the Challenger shuttle explosion, the Iraq WMB issue these are all examples of:
just world phenomenon
belief that good is rewarded and evil is punished
ingroup bias
favoring of one's own group
death
fear of _____ increases ingroup bias ex: after remembering 9/11 and their own mortality, people increased support for president W. Bush
scapegoat theory
finding someone to blame when things go wrong can provide a target for one's anger. After 9/11, people lashed out at innocent Arab Americans
inhibit produce
brains have neural systems that, when stimulated, either ________ or _______ aggressive behavior
personal space
buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies, when it is invaded, we feel uncomfortable
building bridges
by acknowledging each cultures important contributions to today's world we can affirm our own culture while _______across cultural traditions
think about other's underlying needs and goals
by helping each side to _______, the mediator aims to replace a competitive win-lose situation with a mutually beneficial win-win situation
relax and enjoy one another embarrassment or insult
by knowing what is expected and how to act, we can ________ without fear of ________ or ______
what they deserve
bystanders often assume "people get _______" ex: just watching ppl receive painful shocks makes many ppl think less of them
others' opinions
if being right is important and we are unsure, we're more receptive to _____
blame the victim
if the circumstances of poverty breed a higher crime rate, someone can then use the crime rate to justify cont'd discrimination against the poor Gordan Allport called this the ________ dynamic
social exchange theory
if the rewards you anticipate from helping exceed the costs, you will help
attractive
if we think a person has more appealing traits, we see them as more ________
more crimes
in 2 groups, the one that listened to accounts of 10 violent crime remembered _______ than those that heard 10 non-violent ones
internal cultural differences
in Japan 99% of the country's 127 mill. ppl are of Japanese descent- ___________ are therefore minimal
individualistic countries
in _________, conformity rates are lower
dispensible
in a group people view their contribution as _____
stereotype
in categorizing people, we often ______ them, biasing our perceptions of their diversity
passionate love
intense positive absorption in another
True
foot in the door phenomenon works for good behaviors too True or False?
helping
for most people, _____ is intrinsically rewarding
Proximity
friendships most powerful predictor
frustration-aggression principle
frustration creates anger, which in some people may generate aggression, esp. in the presence of an aggressive cue, such as a gun
individualistic countries collectivist societies
fundamental distribution error is most common in _________; _______are more sensitive to the power of the situation
proximity
geographic nearness
*NYU women dressed in depersonalizing KKK hoods delivered 2xs the electric shock to a victim as an identifiable woman *tribal warriors who depersonalize themselves with facepaints or masks R more likely than those with exposed faces to kill or injure captured enemies rioting behaviors and internet
give some examples of people exhibiting deindividuation
compassionate love
given self-disclosing intimacy in addition to mutually supportive equality, odds are in the favor of enduring _______
other race effect/own race bias
great recognition for our own race faces
groupthink
group thinking that is harmonious but unrealistic; enthusiasm and desire for harmony causes a suppression of dissenting views
group polarization
groups make more extreme decisions than the individual
categorize the world as "us" and "them"
grp members (who may be isolated with other like minded people in camps) increasingly _____
primitive, automatic
gut level prejudice may thus be a ________ emotional response
unconscious mimicry
he most eager to fit in with a group are especially prone to _______
exchange and cooperation
he power of cooperation to make friends out of enemies has lead psychs to urge increased international _________
"mood contagion"
hearing ppl read neutral texts in happy or sad- sounding voices creates a ________ in listeners
pornography consumption
high ________ has predicted greater sexual aggressiveness among University men
popular influential
holding consistently to a minority opinion doesn't always make you _______, but it will make you ______
neural systems
hormones, alcohol, and other substances in the blood influence the _________that control aggression
hen a leader welcomes various opinions, invites experts' critiques on developing plans, and assigns people to identify possible problems
how is groupthink prevented?
interracial friendships
replacing competitive classroom situations with cooperative ones promoted _________
more aggressive and less sensitive to cruelty
research has shown passively watching violence makes people _________
liking self-disclosure
self-disclosure breeds ________ and liking breeds _______
role
set of experiences about a social position
superordinate goals
shared goals that override the differences of groups and that can only be accomplished through cooperation
mood linkages
sharing up and down moods
most like us
ironically, we reserve our most intense dislike for those _______
when sitting close together, participants in an experiment like friendly people even more and mean ones even less
social facilitation increases other reactions, such as _______
our right to pursue our personal well-being our responsibility for the well-being of all
social traps challenge us to find ways of reconciling ________ with _________
compatible background and interests
some cultures say rather than on passionate love, people should choose a partner (or have someone choose for them) based on _________
time culture
standard of beauty reflect _____ and ______
conflict
is a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals,or ideas
compassionate love
is compassionate love or passionate love more enduring?
no in reality, expressing anger breeds more anger
is the catharsis hypothesis accurate?
eroticism sexual violence
it's not the__________, but the depictions of ___________ that most directly affect man's acceptance and performance of aggression against women
more hostile more fights and arguments worse grades
kids who play more violent video games see the world as ______, get into ______, and get ______
brain areas associated with reward
making charitable donations activates _______
True
media influence on sexual aggression is not a minor issue True/False?
watch more tv
men and women who _________ are more likely to accept the rape myth
physically aggressive
men who spend the most time playing violent vgs are the more________
social scripts
mental tapes for how to act provided by our culture
contact
mere _____ is not always enough to reconcile conflicting parties ex: segregation within desegregated schools
when high prejudice students discussed racial issues, they became more prejudiced
name a bad result of group polarization
amplifies sought-after spiritual awareness or reinforces the resolve of those in a self-help group
name two good results of group polarization
social identity
numerical minorities are especially conscious of their ________
cruelty respond aggressively
observing tv violence tends to desensitize people to _______ and prime them to ______ when provoked
good reasoning situational causes
often attribute intentional, admirable actions to our own ______ > _______
communications skills, training them to control anger, and encouraging more thoughtful moral reasoning
one aggression-replacement program has brought down re-arrest rates of juvenile offenders and gang members by teaching the youths and their parents _______, ______, and _______
GRIT
one first announces its recognition of mutual interests and its intent to reduce tensions; it then initiates one or more small conciliatory acts- without weakening its retaliatory ability, this modest beginning opens the door for reciprocity by the other party; should the enemy respond with hostility, one reciprocates in kind, but so too with a conciliatory response
equity
one key to a gratifying and enduring relationship is ________
self interest maximize goals and minimize costs
one widely held view is that ________ underlies all human interactions, that our consistent goal is to ________
Informational social influence
one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality; belief that groups may provide valuable information
feelings for a person
our _______ affects our perception of someone's attractiveness
fundamental attribution error
overestimating the influence of personality and underestimating the influence of situations
stereotype
overgeneralized idea about a group of people
positive
parent training programs advise a more _____ approach to raising children
like
people are most inclined to ___ those who live in the same neighborhor,, eat in the same cafeteria, etc
Normative Social influence
people conform to avoid rejection and gain social approval
experience
people get better at recognizing individual faces from another group with ______
keep focused on what they are doing or where they are going
people in a group of strangers are more likely than in a solitary situation to _________ in the event of an emergency
its victims
people often justify their prejudice by blaming ________
Attribution theory
people usually attribute others' behavior either to their internal dispositions or external situations (Fritz Heider)
social pressures
strong ______ can weaken the attitude
the gap between reality and expectations the death or injury of a close friend or family members
poverty/ lack of education do not produce terrorists, _______ or ____ does
have been drinking
ppl who ______ commit 4/10 violent crimes, 3/4 acts of spousal abuse
falsehoods cruelty
strong social influences can make people conform to ____ or capitulate to ______
social facilitation
stronger performance in the presence of others
Stanely Milgram
student of Solomon Asch who studied the limits of obedience
Irving Janis
studied whether group interaction ever distorted important decisions; coined the term groupthink
brain damage
studies reveals 15/15 death row inmates had ________
Social psychologists
study how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
social loafing
tendency for people in a group to exert less effort than if they were individually accountable
mirror-image perceptions
tendency of people in conflict to see themselves as good and the other person as untrustworthy and evil intentioned
social loafing Bob Lanane
tending to work harder when doing a task alone then when in a group; this name came from ____
their non-game playing counterparts
the amount of violent video game players that have been in fights is 10xs that of _________
culture
the behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next
the person appears to need and deserve help the person is in some way similar to us we have just observed someone else being helpful we are not in a hurry we are in a small town or rural area we are feeling guilty we are focused on others and not preoccupied we are in a good mood
the best odds of our helping someone occur when: ___
aggression
the most destructive force in our social relations is _______
majority influence
the power of one or two individuals to sway majorities
give about as much as we receive
the reciprocity norm compels us to ________
more and more women feel unhappy with their looks
the result of the American beauty race is _________
self-disclosure
the revealing of intimate details about ourselves
two conflicting views
the truth must lie midway between ________
altruism
the unselfish regard for the welfare of others
prejudice scapegoat
there is increased ______ in economically frustrated people, and students who experience failure or are made to feel inferior; this is evidence of the _____ theory
trusting and cooperative
they are also more _______ with faces that look like their own
miserable
those made miserable often make others _______
helping the poor and infirm
those who attend religious services once a week report volunteering twice as much of their time _______ as those who don't
altering behavior
though we cannot directly control our feelings, we can influence them by _______
social identities
through our _________we associate ourselves with certain groups and contrast ourselves with others
others to denigrate
to boost our own sense of status, it helps to have _________
model sensitivity and cooperation from an early age
to foster a kinder, gentler, world we had best _______
division of labor
ulture enables an efficiet ________- commitment and coordination of men and women to accomplish more tasks no one could do alone
chameleon effect
unconsciously mimicking others' expressions, postures, and voice tones
to feel what they are feeling (empathy)
unconsciously mimicking others' expressions, postures, and voice tones helps us _______
*one is made to feel incompetent *the group in unanimous *one admire's the groups status and attractiveness *one has made no prior commitment to any response *others in the group observe one's behavior *one's culture strongly encourages respect for social standards
under what conditions do conformity increase?
social norms
understood rules for accepted and expected behavior
uncommitted sex
viewing porn leads viewers to trivialize rape, devalue their partners, and engage in ________
intelligence scores serotonin testosterone
violent criminals tend to be muscular young males with lower than average ________, low levels of _______, and higher than average _________ levels
lasting relationship
when both partners freely give and receive, when they share decision-making- their chance for a _________ are good
how behavior changes changes with the situation
when explaining the behavior of those we know well and see in varied situations, we are sensitive to _____
applaud those who are "open minded" and "sensitive enough to respond" scorn others' "submissive Conformity"
when influence supports what we believe, we ______; when we don't approve, we________
obedience
when kindness and obedience were on a collision course, ________ usually won
peripheral route
when people respond to incidental cues, such as endorsements by respected people, and make snap judgements
diffusion of responsibility
when people share responsibility for helping someone, there is a _______
accepting of the praise
when plain looking people are praised for their work, they are more _____ than attractive people
the least the 2nd most the most
when receiving identical applications, those with the name Tyrell Jackson got ______ approval, Al-Rahman got _______, Patrick McDougal got _______ (the most, 2nd most, the least)
analyze why people act as they do
when the when the unexpected happens, we ______
social prescriptions
when you adopt a new role, you strive to follow _________
In a crowded room
where are gatherings more fun and comedians more entertaining?
mere exposure effect
within certain limits, familiarity breeds fondness
True
women are more likely to get help than men True/False?
women men feminized
women like ______ more than men like ________; ppl prefer slightly more _______faces
9/11
A shared predicament and superordinate desire to overcome it likewise had a powerful effect in what major event?
compassionate love
As love matures, it becomes a steadier _______
pornography
Canadian and US Sex offenders report a greater than usual appetite for _______
nature diversity
Capacity for culture enables our striking group differences. In other words, human ______ manifests human _______
True
2/3 of US citizens said that they would rather have a boy True/ False?
violent pornography
21 social scientists produced the consensus that watching ________, rather than being an outlet for pent up impulses, increases punitive behavior toward women
personal control
3 individual soldiers asserted ________ in response to the horrors of Abu Grahaib
attitude formation
Advertising is ALL based on ________
situation self serving bias
After behaving badly, we also recognize how the ______ affected our own behavior; this is an example of ______
biology
Aggression is learned, but ______ does influence aggression
biology experience
Aggression research shows behavior emerges from the interaction of _______ and ________
father absent
American male youths from ________ homes have double their peers' incarceration rates
video games
Anderson and his colleagues believe _______ have an even greater effect on aggressive behavior than violent movies & tv
these things would never happen to them
Blaming the victim of injustice serves to reassure people that _______
former subgroups
Cooperation has especially positive effects when it leads people to define a new, inclusive group that dissolves their _______
the 4 degree increase of global warming
Craig Anderson predicts that _________could induce 50,000 additional assaults and murders in the US alone
*earners grunted with shocks 3-5 *shock 8 (mod. shock, 120 volts) makes the learned shout out in pain *shock 10 ( strong shock 150 volts) makes the learner plea for the teacher to stop (if you try to back out at this point, experimenter insists that you go on) *After 330 volt level (switch 22) learner refuses to answer *still experimenter pushed you toward the final 450 (XXX danger) shock level
Describe the important points in Milgram's experiment
cultures
Different _________ model, reinforce, and evoke different tendencies toward violence
collide
Differing norms befuddle when cultures ________
racism and war
Dividing the world into "us" and "them" creates __________, but also provides the benefits of communal solidarity
men
Do men or women get payed more for their work?
hard and important
Do people conform more when a task is easy and important or hard and important?
teach
Do video games teach, or release, violence?
by having a confederate work in a room alongside study participants. When the confederate shook his foot or rubbed his face, participants would do so also
How did Tanya Chartrand and John Bergh demonstrate automatic mimicry?
third party mediator
When real life conflicts get intense, a _________ may facilitate much needed communication
False just identical ones do
Identical and fraternal twins share aggression True/ False?
deliberation
Ideological separation + ______ = polarization between groups
decreased racial prejudice
Immediately following school desegregation, and civil rights Act of 1964, white americans expressed _________
"modern prejudice"
In W. Europe, _______ - rejecting immigrant minorities as job applicant for supposedly non-racial reasons- has replaced blatant racism
female
In countries with sex-selective abortions, what gender is the most often killed?
the presence of others
In each of the steps to helping in a situation, _____ turns people away from the path that leads to helping
doing believing
In foot-in-the-door phenomenon, _______ becomes _______
increasing trust and cooperation
In lab experiments, GRIT has been an effective strategy for __________
cultural diversity
In separate regions of the world with homogeneous ethnic groups ______ is less relevant
those experiencing escalating intimacy felt closer to their partner than those who had spent the time with small-talk
In the experiment that paired college students through 45 minutes of increasing self-disclosing conversation, which people felt closer to their partners?
personal space expressiveness pace of life
In what three major ways do cultures vary?
Low ball
Make a request, secure it, then apply hidden costs
personal situational influence
Managers attribute poor performance to _________; employees attribute it to _____
*person giving the orders was close at hand and perceived to be a legit authority figure *When authority figure was supported by prestigious institution. *the victim was personalized or at a distance, even in another room *there were no models for defiance.
Milgram found that obedience was highest with what factors?
self-fulfilling prophecies
Mirror image perceptions often feed a vicious cycle of hostility by becoming __________; they confirm themselves by influencing the "enemy" to react in ways that seem to justify them
That's not all
Offer an additional product to someone in order to entice them and increase desirability
about 40% more pressure than they had received
On average, when people are supposed to return the same amount of pressure they received, they responded with ________
less
On tougher tasks (learning nonsense syllables or solving complex multiplication problems) people perform more/less well when others working on the same task are present
flight- or- flight
Organisms respond with ________ to stress
between 3-9 months
Other race effect emerges when?
our surrounding culture
Our human readiness to learn from and adapt to those around us includes the influences of _____
our values
Our view of whether social influence is good or bad depends on ______
False
Overt prejudice doesn't exist anymore True or False?
greater availability
Part of the reason proximity affects attraction if the ______ of those we often meet
pace of life punctuality
Peace Corps. volunteers say that after languages, ________and differing senses of ________ were their two biggest culture shocks
accountable
People acting as part of a group feel less ________ and therefore worry less about what others think
sounds like theirs
People are more likely to marry someone whose first or last name ______
race, religion, ethnicity, sexual orientation, and gender
People are prejudice about what 5 things?
responses to provocation
People in conflict tend to see their own actions as __________, not as causes of what happens next
most people prefer
People see women as possessing traits that _______
frequency of dating, feelings of popularity, other's impressions of them
People's physical attractiveness also predicts their ______, ______, and ______
pressure to conform with the group or withhold criticism, and collective rationalization
Personnel of the WMD issue showed several aspects of groupthink: examining few alternatives, selective gathering of information, _____, ______
point of view traits
Reflecting on our past selves 5-10 years ago also switches ____ we adopt an observers pov and attribute more to our _____
liking of them
Repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases our ______
the Y chromosomes
Researchers are searching for genetic markers found in those who commit the most violence (one well known gene is ________)
shared predicaments goals
Sherif used _______ and _______ to reconcile the enemies and make them friends
love economic need rights
Since the 1960s, today's women are more likely to marry for _____ and less likely to endure abusive relationships out of _______; minority groups enjoy expanded _______
men in individualistic cultures
Social loafing occurs everywhere, especially among _____
social scripts
Social psychs attribute the media's influence partly to the _______ that they portray
*men like women who look young *women like men that look healthy, mature, dominant, affluent *people prefer average looks
Some aspects of beauty cross place and time, such as:
divorces, delinquency, and depression
Some negative changes from the 1960s are increasing _______, _______, and _____
oppressive
Sometimes norms can feel ______, like in the social enforcement of dress codes
align our attitudes with our actions
The increasing dissonance we feel for a troubling action, the more motivated we are to ________
people who get together because of a grievance as they interact in isolation from any moderating influences
Terrorist mentality usually arises among ____ and the intensifies as ______
*emotions have two key ingredients *arousal form any source can increase one emotion or another
That things does the two factor theory of love assume?
facilitates aggression when stimulated
The brain does not have a "violence center" which produces aggression, rather it has a neural system that ________
legitimate close at hand authorities
The power of ______ is apparent in stories of those who carried out Holocaust atrocities
each other a clock
Triplett's cyclists' performance times are better against _____ than against _______
*with conflicting co-workers *interracial contact in S. Africa *heterosexuals with gay family members or close friends
What are some examples of when contact can help conflicting parties?
Suicide and school shootings
What are to negative effects of suggestibility?
Williams College students attributed a girl's behavior to personal disposition even when told her behavior was situational
What experiment by David Napolitan and George illustrated fundamental attribution error?
after the rape/stabbing of Kitty Genovese who was attacked outside of her apartment and with no help from any her 38 neighbors who did not even call the police until 20 minutes after the attacker fled
What incident caused social psychologist's to begin to study altruism?
When people are in a good mood, they are more generous and more eager to help
What is the most consistent finding in all of psychology?
disruption of camp water supply that needed all 22 boys to fix it buying DVDs took the boys pooled resources stalled truck need all the boys to move it
What kind of superordinate goals did Muzafer Sherif use in his experiment?
Physical attractiveness
What most predicts our initial attraction to a person?
they often didn't survive to reproduce
What often happened to our predecessors who didn't band together in groups?
Elaine Hatfield
What psychologist focuses on the different kinds of romantic love?
foot in the door phenomenon
What tactic did Milgram use to gain compliance?
Karen Dill, Craig Anderson, Douglas Gentile
What three scientists did extensive studies on the effect of violent video games?
mention a slight heart condition 65% complied fully
When Milgram repeated his experiments, what did he ask the learner to do? How did this effect the study?
stereotyped rigid difficult, impossible
When conflicts intensify, images become more _______, judgements more _______ , and communication more _______, or even ______.
others' strangers we have observed in only one type of situation
When explaining ______ behavior, we often commit fundamental attribute error; this is especially true of _____
as not inviting rape
When hearing the same account of a woman who was raped with the rape part taken out, how do people often perceive her behavior?
infer from the unaffected demeanor of other ppl that the situation is not an emergency
When in a group of people if a person notices something unusual, they may __________
cognitive dissonance theory
When one becomes aware that their actions and attitudes don't coincide, we develop tension which is relieved once we bring our actions in line with our attitudes
responsive to the group experience
Wherever you are, to lose self-consciousness is to become more __________
John Darley Bibb Latane
Which two psychologist were known for their studies on the factors that encourage altruism?
Tanya Chartrand and John Bergh
Who created the term "chameleon effect"
Muzafer Sherif Placed 22 OC boys in two separate areas of a BS camp, then made them compete against each other Before long, each group developing pride for itself Sheriff then used superordinate goals in order to turn the enemies into comrades
Who made the experiment that tested cooperation among 22 boys in a Boys Scout Camp? Describe the experiment
Leon Festinger
Who proposed the cognitive dissonance theory?
True
babies and blind people are affected by the physical attractiveness of people True/ False
True
bad situations turn some people into rotten apples True/ False
central route persuasion
because central route persuasion/ peripheral route persuasion if more thoughtful and less superficial, it is more durable and more likely to influence behavior
Door in the Face phenomenon
begins with a request that is likely to be denied and then substituted with a lesser alternative
genetic, neural, and biochemical
biology influences at three levels: ______
individuals
committed ________ can sway the majority and make history
sheep
in our eyes we are individuals in a crowd of ____
hit back harder
in responding to perceived provocation, poeple often ________ though perceiving themselves as merely getting even
our collective well-being
in some situations, we harm ________ by pursuing our personal interests.
our personal interests
in some situations, we support our collective well-being by pursuing _______
well-learned tasks unmastered tasks
in the presence of others we perform _____ more quickly and easily and _____ less
reduce prejudice
indirect contact with a member of an outgroup (via story reading or friends of friends) tends to ________
socially excluded aggression
people who feel ______ are more likely to insult or deliver a blast of noise to those who have insulted them; rejection intensifies ______
six years old
prejudice can develop as early as _______
attitude behavior
prejudice is a negative ______, discrimination is a negative________
regulations, better communications, promoting awareness of our responsibilities
psychologists are therefore searching for ways to convince people to cooperate for their mutual betterment through ______, ______, and _____
a minority that flip flops (waffles)
psychologists found that minority that holds it's position unswervingly is far better at swaying a majority than _______
reciprocity norm
the expectation that we should return help, not harm, to those who have helped us
catharsis hypothesis
the idea that we feel better if we blow off steam by venting our emotions
group bound
we are a ________ species - there is safety in numbers
groups
we define who we are partly in terms of our ______
our groups outgroups "they all look alike"
we recognize difference between people in ______, but not of people in _____. What is an example of this?
healthier, happier, and more sensitive, more successful, socially skilled; honest or compassionate
we see attractive people as ________ though not more ______ or ______
social-responsibility norm
we should help help those who need our help- young children and others who cannot give as much as they receive- even if the costs outweigh the benefits
a situation enables us to notice and incident, interpret it as an emergency, and then assume responsibility for helping
we will only help in a situation if _________
physical arousal cognitive appraisal
what are the two key ingredients to emotion?
makes one's own partner seem less attractive, makes a woman's friendliness seem more sexual, and makes sexual aggression seem less serious
what effect does repeatedly watching x-rated films have?
beliefs, role models, interactions with one another, and their own initial acts
what factors allowed the defiant people of Chambon to remain resistant?
those who attend religious services once a week
what kind of people tend to exhibit the social- responsibility norm?
Solomon Asch
what psychologist was famous for his studies on conformity?
central wave persuasion peripheral route
what two ways do tidal waves of change occur?
men like men and women like women when the face they are looking at incorporates some of their own features
what were the findings of Lise DiBruine?
with access to the control switch for that electrode, one small monkey would push the button every time the boss became domineering
when a leader of a caged monkey colony had an electrode on the part of his brain that inhibits aggression, what would happen?
