Ap Psych Unit 3
14) Gustatory receptors are sensitive to all of the following taste qualities EXCEPT a. bitter b. sweet c. salty d. spicy e. sour
d.
19) In visual perception, size constancy occurs as an object comes closer to the viewer because the a. image on the retina becomes smaller b. image on the retina remains constant in size c. perceived distance of the object becomes greater d. perceived distance of the object becomes smaller e. perceived distance of the object remains constant
d.
21) Luz, a math major, sees the drawing above as a Venn diagram. Her brother, an art major, sees it as two circles. The difference in perception is an example of a. synesthesia b. stereotyping c. stimulus variables d. top-down processing
d.
30) The coiled tube in the inner ear that contains the auditory receptors is called the a. semicircular canal b. ossicle c. pinna d. cochlea e. oval window
d.
32) The pitch of a sound is analogous to which of the following features of light? a. Brightness b. Size c. Saturation d. Hue e. Intensity
d.
42) Which of the following refers to the transformation of stimulus energy into neural impulses? a. Perception b. Bottom-up processing c. Top-down processing d. Transduction e. Psychophysics
d.
46) An individual who drinks alcohol daily finds it necessary to drink increasing amounts to achieve the state of well-being attained in the past. This individual is showing ... a. withdrawal symptoms b. alcohol-induced psychosis c. state-dependent learning d. alcohol tolerance e. delirium tremens
d.
50) Which of the following is a binocular cue for depth perception? a. linear perspective b. texture gradient c. interposition d. retinal disparity e motion parallax
d.
57) Which of the following parts of the brain is most active in decision-making? a. reticular formation b. corpus callosum c. hypothalamus d. cerebral cortex e. pituitary gland
d.
64) Eleanor Gibson and her colleagues have used the visual cliff to measure an infant's ability to perceive ... a. patterns b. depth c. size constancy d. shape constancy e. different hues
b.
17) In the figure above, what letter corresponds to the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain? a. A b. B c. C d. D e. E
e.
35) The thalamus processes information for all of the following senses EXCEPT a. smell b. hearing c. taste d. vision e. touch
a.
74) Curare blocks action at acetylcholine synapses and causes paralysis. This drug is an example of an ... a. antagonist b. agonist c. inhibitory postsynaptic potential d. excitatory postsynaptic potential e. excitatory neurotransmitter
a.
71) The place in the retina where the optic nerve exits to the brain is called the ... a. lens b. sciera c. fovea d. blind spot e. aqueous humour
d.
13) Feature detectors are neurons that are turned on or off by specific features of visual stimuli like edges and movement. Where in the visual system are these feature detectors located? a. Occipital cortex b. Retina c. Optic chiasm d. Lens e. Cornea
a.
16) If Carmelita stares at a red spot for one minute and then shifts her gaze to a white piece of paper, she is likely to experience an afterimage that is a. green b. red c. blue d. violet e. black
a.
2) A person with sight in only one eye lacks which of the following visual cues for seeing in depth? a. Retinal disparity b. Linear perspective c. Motion parallax d. Relative size e. Texture gradient
a.
20) Luis constructed a flip-book with 30 different still images of a cartoon cat. When Luis quickly flipped through successive images of the cat, the cat appeared to move. Which of the following concepts does the example illustrate? a. Stroboscopic movement, because the book is a series of images presented at separate time intervals. b. Perceptual constancy, because Luis still views the cat as a cat even though it appears as a moving picture. c. Depth perception, because Luis needs both eyes to view the movement. d. Color constancy, because the cat does not appear to change color. e. Interposition, because the pictures are in a sequence that is logical.
a.
22) Martin fell off his skateboard and badly bruised his elbow. He immediately began rubbing the area around the bruise until the pain subsided. This method of reducing pain can be explained by which of the following? a. Gate-control theory b. Opponent-process theory c. Trichromatic theory d. Expectancy theory e. Phantom pain
a.
27) Research has shown that a major reason for poor performance while multitasking is that while multitasking, people a. switch their attention rapidly from task to task, so they miss critical information associated with a task that is not receiving their attention b. confuse information in long-term memory associated with the various tasks they are trying to perform c. have a heightened awareness of each task they are trying to perform, so it is difficult for them to ignore one task temporarily in order to complete another task d. process information associated with the various tasks at a deep level, so they encode too much information to recall easily and therefore their performance deteriorates e. encode information efficiently, but they have a difficult time retrieving it for use on a given task
a.
3) A researcher studied 30 people ages twenty to forty, 30 people ages forty-one to sixty, and 30 people ages sixty-one to eighty. The researcher set up two rooms—one with a faint rose smell, and one with a faint lemon smell. Each participant was asked to enter each room and identify the smell in the room. What research method did the researcher use, and what outcome would be found? a. Cross-sectional. As people age, their sense of smell diminishes, especially in older age. b. Cross-sectional. Middle-aged people have the strongest sense of smell. c. Cross-sectional. No conclusions can be made because the cause and effect cannot be inferred. d. Longitudinal. As people age, their sense of smell diminishes, especially in older age. e. Longitudinal. Middle-aged people have the strongest sense of smell.
a.
34) The tendency of most people to identify a three-sided figure as a triangle, even when one of its sides is incomplete, is the result of a perceptual process known as a. closure b. proximity c. similarity d. feature analysis e. shape constancy
a.
38) When Rocco views the image above, he sees it as a 13 when it is part of a larger number but as a B when it is part of a word. Rocco's response shows the importance of what perceptual concept? a. Context effects b. Binocular cues c. Divided attention d. Schemas e. Bottom-up processing
a.
41) Which of the following is an example of shape constancy? a. Even though the angle from which she viewed the table had changed, Elise still perceived the table as rectangular. b. Mariann still saw an apple as red even when the light in the room got darker. c. Allison's hair was still perceived as bright pink even when the sky became overcast. d. Sarah did not notice the sound of the air conditioner until it suddenly shut off. e. Marcia is able to catch the basketball because of binocular cues.
a.
49) In the dark, an object is more clearly seen when viewed in peripheral vision than when viewed directly. This phenomenon occurs because the rods located in the retina are ... a. more sensitive in the dark than cones and are not found in the fovea b. less sensitive in the dark than cones and are not found in the fovea c. are as sensitive in the dark as cones and are few in number in the fovea d. more numerous than cones are in the fovea e. as numerous as cones are all over the retina
a.
51) Tina is reading an important letter when she accidentally splashes water on the paper. The water has smudged a few words, but she is still able to understand what the letter says. This can be explained by ... a. top-down processing b. botton-up processing c. parallel processing d. retinal disparity e. color constancy
a.
53) Which of the following research approaches would be best for testing the hypothesis that the presence of certain odors causes people to gamble more? a. experimental b. observational c. correlational d. survey e. case study
a.
66) Research has shown that a major reason for poor performance while multitasking is that while multitasking, people ... a. switch their attention rapidly from task to task, so they miss critical information associated with a task that is not receiving their attention b. confuse information in long-term memory associated with the various tasks they are trying to perform c. have a heightened awareness of each task they are trying to perform, so it is difficult for them to ignore one task temporarily in order to complete another task d. process information associated with the various tasks at a deep level, so they encode too much information to recall easily and therefore their performance deteriorates e. encode information efficiently, but they have a difficult time retrieving it for use on a given task
a.
70) The change in the curvature of the lens that enables the eye to focus on objects at various distances is called ... a. accommodation b. adaptation c. conduction d. convergence e. consonancy
a.
11) Eleanor Gibson and her colleagues have used the visual cliff to measure an infant's ability to perceive a. patterns b. depth c. size constancy d. shape constancy e. different hues
b.
12) Even though it was nearly dark outside, Kaci could still tell that the basketball she was playing with was orange. Which of the following concepts is best illustrated in this example? a. Shape constancy b. Color constancy c. Perceptual adaptation d. Interposition e. Absolute threshold
b.
15) Hyrum is at a concert when a flute player hits a very high note at the end of a song. Which of the following best explains why the pitch of the note sounds so high? a. It has a long wavelength and high frequency. b. It has a short wavelength and high frequency. c. It has a long wavelength and low frequency. d. It has a large amplitude. e.It has a small amplitude.
b.
24) People who are color blind most likely have deficiencies in their a. rods b. cones c. lens d. optic nerve e. occipital lobe
b.
26) Receptors that are especially important for helping a person maintain balance are located in the a. gyrus cinguli b. inner ear c. tendons d. ossicles e. ligaments
b.
29) The ability to see a cube in the diagram above is best explained by which of the following? a. The resting potential of neurons in the optic nerve b. Gestalt principles of closure and continuity c. The inverted and reversed image that a visual stimulus produces on the retina d. The opponent process theory of vision e. The trichromatic theory of vision
b.
33) The reversible figure above illustrates the Gestalt organizing principle of a. proximity b. figure-ground c. closure d. common fate e. simplicity
b.
36) To study the effects of smoking on sense of smell, a researcher would most likely conduct a a. longitudinal study on 200 smokers to determine whether their sense of smell improved over time b. longitudinal study on 100 smokers and a matched sample of 100 nonsmokers to determine whether the smokers' sense of smell declined more over time than the nonsmokers' did c. cross-sectional study of 100 nonsmokers to determine whether nonsmokers' sense of smell improved with age d. cross-sectional study on 200 smokers to determine whether smokers' sense of smell stayed the same over time e. a survey asking 100 participants how long they have been smoking and how many packs of cigarettes a day they smoke
b.
37) When a pair of lights flashing in quick succession seems to an observer to be one light moving from place to place, the effect is referred to as a. stroboscopic movement b. the phi phenomenon c. autokinetic motion d. binocular vision e. induced displacement
b.
5) After his friend said a new movie was the funniest he had seen in years, Willard found himself laughing throughout the viewing, even though the movie was not very funny. What concept is Willard demonstrating? a. Functional fixedness b. Perceptual set c. Inattentional blindness d. Bottom-up processing e. Context-dependent memory
b.
55) When viewed from the window of a moving train, nearby objects seem to pass by more quickly than do more distant objects. This cue for depth perception is called ... a. stroboscopic motion b. motional parallax c. motion constancy d. linear perspective e. the Muller-Lyer illusion
b.
61) The intensity at which a sound becomes audible for a given individual is known as the individual's ... a. contrast sensitivity b. absolute threshold c. response threshold d. critical frequency e. just noticeable difference
b.
63) David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel's research on responses of the brain to visual stimuli showed that ... a. patterns are recognized exclusively by template matching b. many cortical cells respond most strongly to specific visual information c. pattern recognition occurs in the lateral geniculate nucleus d. the retinal image must be upside down to be recognized e. pattern recognition is better in normal-sighted individuals than in nearsighted or farsighted individuals
b.
68) Jason is attending a parade that features the local high school band. Jason's friend Brent plays the trombone in the band. It is difficult for Jason to hear Brent play at the parade. Which of the following would best allow Jason to hear Brent's trombone? a. sensory adaptation? b. selective attention c. perceptual constancy d. Weber's law e. functional fixedness
b.
73) Which of the following most accurately describes a dependent variable? a. Some characteristic of research participants that is constant, such as gender b. Some aspect of a participant's response that is measured in an experiment c. A factor that is manipulated by the experimenter in order to observe its effects on some other factor d. A factor that can be used to predict how people in an experiment will respond e. A factor that is equated for the experimental and the control group
b.
77) Laura arrives at a park that is located very close to a factory that produces cookies. She immediately notices the strong odor of chocolate chip cookies, but after a while she no longer detects the smell of the cookies. This can best be explained by which of the following? a. accommodation b. sensory adaptation c. Weber's law d. Assimiliation e. Phi phenomenon
b.
79) After his friend said a new movie was the funniest he had seen in years, Willard found himself laughing throughout the viewing, even though the movie was not very funny. What concept is Willard demonstrating? a. functional fixedness b. perceptual set c. Inattentional blindess d. bottom-up processing e. context-dependent memory
b.
83) People who are color blind most likely have deficiencies in their ... a. rods b. cones d. optic nerve e. occipital lobe
b.
9) Damage to which of the following best explains conduction deafness? a. Basilar membrane b. Hammer, anvil, and stirrup c. Auditory nerve d. Temporal lobe e. Central sulcus
b.
47) Which of the following scenarios most clearly describes the effects of a strong kinesthetic sense? a. Developing a craving for a food after smelling it b. Being able to navigate using directions c. Being able to tell exact bodily position without looking at the body d. Being able to locate where a sound is coming from e. Balancing oneself on a ladder
c.
1) A person is asked to listen to a series of tones presented in pairs, and asked to say whether the tones in each pair are the same or different in pitch. In this situation the experimenter is most likely measuring the individual's a. sound localization ability b. dichotic listening ability c. difference threshold d. echoic memory e. attention span
c.
18) In vision, transduction occurs within the a. optic nerve b. visual cortex c. retina d. lens e. cornea
c.
25) Receptors for olfaction are located a. on the basilar membrane of the cochlea b. in taste buds on the tongue c. in the nasal cavity d. in the esophagus e. in the dermis
c.
28) Scott lost his vision at a young age. When he was much older, he received a corneal transplant that allowed him to see again. After so many years of not being able to see, he had a very difficult time interpreting visual information such as faces and expressions. His visual problems most likely came from processing difficulties in the a. lens b. optic chiasm c. visual cortex d. fovea e. cornea
c.
44) Ana injured her eye in an accident and has to wear a patch over the eye while it heals. Which of the following cues would she best be able to use to make judgments about the distance objects are from her? a. Convergence b. Binocular disparity c. Linear perspective d. Similarity e. Closure
c.
58) Hunger and eating are primarily regulated by which of the following? a. androgens b. estrogens c. the hypothalamus d. the kidneys e. the medulla oblongata
c.
6) Ana injured her eye in an accident and has to wear a patch over the eye while it heals. Which of the following cues would she best be able to use to make judgments about the distance objects are from her? a. Convergence b. Binocular disparity c. Linear perspective d. Similarity e. Closure
c.
62) As you watch a friend walk away from you, your retinal image of your friend gets smaller. Despite this, you do not perceive him to be shrinking. This is an example of ... a. motional parallax b. retinal disparity c. size constancy d. continuity e. common fate
c.
7) As you watch a friend walk away from you, your retinal image of your friend gets smaller. Despite this, you do not perceive him to be shrinking. This is an example of a. motion parallax b. retinal disparity c. size constancy d. continuity e. common fate
c.
72) Respondents to surveys and questionnaires often report that they are healthier, happier, and less prejudiced than would be expected based on the results of other types of research. This finding can best be explained by which of the following? a. sampling bias b. experimenter bias c. the social desirability bias d. the bystander effect e. the placebo effect
c.
75) Of the following, a behavioral psychologist is most likely to study the ... a. perceived locus of control of adults who experience panic attacks b. formation of emotional attachments to significant others c. defense mechanisms used by depressed adults and children in stressful situations d. genetic basis for schizophrenic disorders e. effects of token economies on establishing social skills among children with emotional disturbances
c.
76) An industrial-organizational psychologist would be most likely to study the ... a. cognitive development of adults b. recreational activities in a community center c. effectiveness of management training d. industrialization of the United States e. career development of high school students
c.
80) Significant damage to which of the following parts of the brain will most likely cause a person to fall into a deep coma from which the person will be unable to awaken? a. hypothalamus b. frontal lobe c. reticular formation d. amygdala e. thalamus
c.
60) An evolutionary psychologist would explain that humans desire social interaction, social acceptance, and social affiliation due to a need for ... a. achievement b. individualism c. behavioral change d. survival e. self-actualization
d.
67) Ben was enjoying a walk in the woods on a beautiful Saturday afternoon. As he went around a curve, he noticed a bear walking toward him. Immediately his pupils dilated, he began to perspire, and his heart accelerated. These changes are most closely related to the function of the ... a. angular gyrus b. hippocampus c. parasympathetic nervous system d. sympathetic nervous system e.ventricular system
d.
78) In an experiment to test the effects of hunger on aggressive behavior, aggressive behavior would be the ... a. placebo b. control c. hypothesis d. dependent variable e. independent variable
d.
10) Domingo has just hit Play to begin listening to a new song he bought. Based on the structure of the ear, what will the sound waves contact first after moving through Domingo's auditory canal? a. The cochlea b. The auditory nerve c. The anvil d. The stirrup e. The eardrum
e.
23) People listening to rock music played backward often perceive an evil message if specifically told what to listen for. That phenomenon best illustrates a. parapsychology b. complementary afterimages c. perceptual constancy d. perceptual adaptation e. top-down processing
e.
31) The perceived pitch of a tone is largely determined by its a. loudness b. timbre c. amplitude d. complexity e. frequency
e.
39) When Rosa has a cold, she cannot taste the flavor of her pizza. Which of the following psychological terms describes Rosa's inability to taste? a. Vestibular sense b. Just-noticeable difference c. Feature analysis d. Optic chiasm e. Sensory interaction
e.
4) A sound is often detected by one ear more intensely and a fraction of a second earlier than it is detected by the other ear. These cues help individuals determine the a. pitch of the sound wave b. timbre of the sound wave c. absolute threshold for sound perception d. frequency of the sound wave e. location of the source
e.
40) Which monocular depth cue is illustrated in the figure above? a. Accommodation b. Texture gradient c. Relative size d. Interposition e. Linear perspective
e.
43) Which study is a researcher who wants to draw correct cause-and-effect conclusions about the sense of smell likely to conduct? a. A case study in which the researcher records a person's facial expressions when the person encounters different smells and then determines that when a person smells a good smell, the person smiles. b. A case study in which the researcher asks a person to name the smells the person is experiencing and then finds that the person has a hard time naming smells that are offensive. c. A study in which 50 participants are asked to rate the degree to which different smells evoke happy memories. The researcher then determines which smells are associated with happy memories. d. A study in which the researcher randomly selects two groups of 30 people and exposes one group to the smell of roses and the other group to the smell of gasoline to determine whether members of the group that smelled roses act nicer to one another afterward. e. A study in which the researcher randomly assigns 50 people to a group that is exposed to a strong smell of roses and 50 people to a group that experiences an odor-free environment to see whether the group exposed to the strong smell of roses reports experiencing more memories.
e.
45) Photoreceptors relay visual information to the brain through which of the following cells? a. Trigeminal and vestibular b. Ganglion and vestibular c. Bipolar and vestibular d. Bipolar and Schwann e. Bipolar and ganglion
e.
48) Researchers looking to create a drug to reduce the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease would most likely focus their efforts on which of the following neurotransmitters? a. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) b. Serotonin c. Norepinephrine d. Dopamine e. Acetylcholine
e.
52) Damage to which of the following brain structures may cause the inability to detect the emotional significance of facial expressions, especially those demonstrating fear? a. hippocampus b. thalamus c. cerebellum d. hypothalamus e. amygdala
e.
54) Which of the following is the correct path a neural impulse will follow through the different layers of the retina? a. Ganglion cells, bipolar cells, rods and cones, optic nerve b. Bipolar cells, ganglion cells, rods and cones, optic nerve c. Optic nerve, ganglion cells, bipolar cells, rods and cones d. Rods and cones, ganglion cells, bipolar cells, optic nerve e. Rods and cones, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, optic nerve
e.
56) Which of the following scenarios best demonstrates a context effect? a. Carol performs better in her recital when she practices in short sessions, several times a day. b. Edgar solves his jigsaw puzzles faster when he completes the edges first. c. Rosemarie shoots more accurately at her archery competition when other people are around. d. Vernon is more social at parties when he has had caffeine. e. Jeannette does better on her exam when she takes it in the same room where she studies.
e.
59) A reason that one typically does not notice a blind spot in the visual field is that ... a. the blind spot is very small, and no visual stimuli are likely to be so small that the blind spot completely obscures them b. most visual stimuli affect only one visual hemisphere, and one hemisphere can cover for the other c. visual stimuli usually affect the occipital cortex in both hemispheres d. the blind spot habituates to a stimulus when the head is held still e. the brain fills in missing information so there is no awareness that the visual field is incomplete
e.
65) Ernst Weber's and Gustav Fechner's psychophysical laws concern the relation between which of the following? a. The perceived uniformity and size of a stimulus b. The darkness of a room and the time needed for the rods to adjust c. The quality of a stimulus and the likelihood that it is perceived as pleasurable d. The perceived sizes of afterimages projected across different distances e. The intensity of a stimulus and its corresponding psychological sensation
e.
69) When Rosa has a cold, she cannot taste the flavor of her pizza. Which of the following psychological terms describes Rosa's inability to taste? a. vestibular sense b. just noticeable difference c. feature analysis d. optic chiasm e. sensory interaction
e.
8) Balance is influenced by the a. cochlea b. basilar membrane c.eardrum d. auditory nerve e. semicircular canals
e.
81) An individual's ability to focus on a particular conversation in a noisy and crowded room is called ... a. auditory localization b. dichotic listening c. deep processing d. divided attention e. selective attention
e.
82) Which of the following is used to reduce the effects of confounding variables in experiments? a. Descriptive statistics b. Inferential statistics c. Meta-analysis d. An algorithm e. Random assignment
e.