ap psych unit 6

B. F. Skinner's work elaborated what E. L. Thorndike had called a. shaping. b. behaviorism. c. observational learning. d. the law of effect. e. latent learning.

d

Bandura's Bobo doll experiment demonstrated that the power of observational learning depends on what? a. whether the participant is directly rewarded or punished for behaving b. whether violence is performed c. whether the conditioned stimulus precedes the unconditioned stimulus d. whether we see the people as similar to us e. the power of extinction to overcome conditioning

d

Ivan Pavlov's experiments a. illustrated how the law of effect can be applied to conditioning. b. revealed how biological predispositions affect learning. c. showed that cognition is important to learning. d. demonstrated how learning can be studied objectively. e. exhibited the central principles of operant conditioning.

d

Most animals are best conditioned through reinforcers delivered immediately after the desired behavior is performed. What are these reinforcers called? a. unconditioned b. conditioned c. partial d. immediate e. primary

d

Mr. Schlenker has improved worker productivity at his furniture manufacturing plant by occasionally sending notes of appreciation to his hard-working employees. Mr. Schlenker has improved productivity by means of a. latent learning. b. classical conditioning. c. modeling. d. operant conditioning. e. observational learning.

d

Professor Kohler observed chimpanzees discover a novel way to reach a banana hung out of their reach. This scenario is most likely an example of which type of learning? a. operant learning b. classical conditioning c. observational learning d. insight learning e. latent learning

d

The infant Albert developed a fear of rats after a white rat was associated with a loud noise. In this example, fear of the white rat was the a. US. b. UR. c. CS. d. CR. e. SA.

d

B. F. Skinner's critics have claimed that he neglected the importance of the individual's a. personal freedom. b. early childhood experiences. c. pleasure-seeking tendencies. d. cultural background. e. past behaviors.

a

In Aldous Huxley's Brave New World, infants develop a fear of books after books are repeatedly presented with a loud noise. In this fictional example, the loud noise is a(n) a. unconditioned stimulus. b. unconditioned response. c. conditioned stimulus. d. conditioned response. e. preconditioned stimulus.

a

In classical conditioning, the a. neutral stimulus is presented before the unconditioned stimulus. b. unconditioned stimulus elicits the conditioned response. c. neutral stimulus elicits salivation. d. unconditioned stimulus is the same as the conditioned stimulus. e. unconditioned response produces the conditioned response.

a

In shaping a dog to shake, the command shake would be the ________. When the dog slightly moves its paw, this would be a(n) ________. a. discriminative stimulus; operant behavior b. unconditioned stimulus; respondent behavior c. conditioned stimulus; positive reinforcer d. modeling; prosocial behavior e. continuous reinforcement; conditioned reinforcer

a

Receiving delicious food is to escaping electric shock as ________ is to ________. a. positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer b. primary reinforcer; secondary reinforcer c. immediate reinforcer; delayed reinforcer d. reinforcement; punishment e. partial reinforcement; continuous reinforcement

a

To modify your own behavior using operant conditioning principles, you should a. monitor and record the actual frequency of the operant behavior you wish to promote. b. formulate goals for behavior change that are a bit more ambitious than what you can actually accomplish. c. carefully observe and imitate the specific behaviors practiced by others who have successfully achieved your goals. d. systematically reinforce the operant behavior you wish to promote with delayed rather than immediate reinforcers. e. associate the desired behavior with an unconditioned stimulus.

a

Which of the following is the best example of a conditioned reinforcer? a. applause for an excellent piano recital b. a spanking for eating cookies before dinner c. a cold root beer for mowing the lawn on a hot day d. termination of shock after removing one's finger from a live electric wire e. pudding for eating all your peas at supper

a

Which of the following is true of negative reinforcement and punishment? a. Negative reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding; punishments decrease the rate of operant responding. b. Negative reinforcers decrease the rate of operant responding; punishments increase the rate of operant responding. c. Negative reinforcers decrease the rate of operant responding; punishments decrease the rate of operant responding. d. Negative reinforcers have no effect on the rate of operant responding; punishments decrease the rate of operant responding. e. Negative reinforcers decrease the rate of operant responding; punishments have no effect on the rate of operant responding.

a

A choppy stop-start pattern of operant responding is associated with the ________ schedule of reinforcement. a. fixed-ratio b. fixed-interval c. variable-ratio d. variable-interval e. continuous-immediate

b

Mason, a stockbroker, runs two miles every day after work because it reduces his level of stress. Mason's running habit is maintained by a(n) ________ reinforcer. a. positive b. negative c. conditioned d. partial e. intermittent

b

Pavlov's research on classical conditioning was important because a. it highlighted the role of cognitive processes in learning. b. so many different species of animals, including humans, can be classically conditioned. c. it demonstrated an essential difference between animal and human learning. d. all learning depends on reinforcement. e. it demonstrated that rewards were more effective than punishment.

b

Researchers condition a flatworm to contract its body to a light by repeatedly pairing the light with electric shock. The stage in which the flatworm's contraction response to light is established and gradually strengthened is called a. shaping. b. acquisition. c. generalization. d. spontaneous recovery. e. latent learning.

b

Shaping is a(n) ________ procedure. a. latent learning b. operant conditioning c. classical conditioning d. observational learning e. cognitive mapping

b

Any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response is called a(n) a. conditioned stimulus. b. unconditioned stimulus. c. positive reinforcer. d. negative reinforcer. e. positive punishment.

c

The introduction of a pleasant stimulus is to ________ as the withdrawal of a pleasant stimulus is to ________. a. positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer b. acquisition; extinction c. reinforcement; punishment d. generalization; discrimination e. primary reinforcer; secondary reinforcer

c

The more often Matthew is scolded following a temper tantrum, the more frequently he loses his temper. In this case, the scolding serves as a ________ for Matthew's temper tantrums. a. negative reinforcer b. conditioned stimulus c. positive reinforcer d. punishment e. unconditioned stimulus

c

Which of the following is true of positive and negative reinforcers? a. Positive reinforcers decrease the rate of operant responding; negative reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding. b. Positive reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding; negative reinforcers decrease the rate of operant responding. c. Positive reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding; negative reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding. d. Positive reinforcers have no effect on the rate of operant responding; negative reinforcers decrease the rate of operant responding. e. Positive reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding; negative reinforcers have no effect on the rate of operant responding.

c

A dog's salivation at the sight of a food dish is a(n) a. conditioned stimulus. b. unconditioned stimulus. c. unconditioned response. d. conditioned response. e. neutral stimulus.

d

A psychologist would be most likely to use ________ to determine whether nonverbal organisms can perceive different colors. a. mirror neurons b. modeling c. a cognitive map d. shaping e. extinction

d

A slow but steady rate of operant responding is associated with the ________ schedule of reinforcement. a. fixed-ratio b. immediate-interval c. variable-ratio d. variable-interval e. fixed-interval

d

A stimulus that acquires reinforcing power by association with a primary reinforcer is called a ________ reinforcer. a. delayed b. negative c. partial d. conditioned e. positive

d

Asking for dates is most likely to be reinforced on a ________ schedule. a. continuous-ratio b. fixed-ratio c. variable-interval d. variable-ratio e. fixed-interval

d

B. F. Skinner believed that teaching machines could promote effective learning because they allow for both a. continuous reinforcement and latent learning. b. positive reinforcement and punishment. c. classical and operant conditioning. d. shaping and immediate reinforcement. e. observational learning and spontaneous recovery.

d

The introduction of an unpleasant stimulus is to ________ as the withdrawal of an unpleasant stimulus is to ________. a. acquisition; extinction b. negative reinforcer; positive reinforcer c. primary reinforcer; secondary reinforcer d. punishment; reinforcement e. partial reinforcement; continuous reinforcement

d

The most important benefit of biofeedback is its capacity to a. encourage regular aerobic exercise. b. reduce the production of lymphocytes. c. elevate blood sugar levels. d. facilitate the relaxation response. e. enhance latent learning potential.

d

In explaining prosocial behavior, B. F. Skinner would most likely have emphasized a. genetic influences. b. empathy and compassion. c. an unconscious need for social approval. d. the internalization of moral values. e. the beneficial consequences of prosocial behavior.

e

Watson to the study of learning? a. He challenged the prevailing belief that all associations can be learned equally well. b. He demonstrated that the more predictable the association, the stronger the conditioned response. c. He showed how the law of effect can be used to teach new behaviors. d. He explained how partial reinforcement schedules can be used to maintain learned behaviors. e. He demonstrated how some emotions and behaviors can be learned by classical conditioning.

e